| Goulburn New South Wales | |||||||||||||||
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 Goulburn city centre | |||||||||||||||
  Goulburn | |||||||||||||||
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| Coordinates | 34°45′21″S149°43′14″E / 34.75583°S 149.72056°E /-34.75583; 149.72056 | ||||||||||||||
| Population | 24,565 (SUA2021)[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Established | 1833 | ||||||||||||||
| Postcode(s) | 2580 | ||||||||||||||
| Elevation | 642 m (2,106 ft) | ||||||||||||||
| Location | |||||||||||||||
| LGA(s) | Goulburn Mulwaree Council | ||||||||||||||
| County | Argyle | ||||||||||||||
| Parish | Goulburn | ||||||||||||||
| State electorate(s) | Goulburn | ||||||||||||||
| Federal division(s) | Hume | ||||||||||||||
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Goulburn (/ˈɡoʊlbərn/GOHL-bərn) is a regional city in theSouthern Tablelands ofNew South Wales, Australia, approximately 195 kilometres (121 mi) south-west ofSydney and 90 kilometres (56 mi) north-east ofCanberra. It was proclaimed as Australia's first inland city throughletters patent byQueen Victoria in 1863. Goulburn had a population of 24,565 as of the2021 census.[2] Goulburn is the seat ofGoulburn Mulwaree Council.
Goulburn is arailhead on theMain Southern line, and regional health & government services centre, supporting the surroundingpastoral industry as well as being a stopover for travellers on theHume Highway. It has a central historic park and many historic and listed buildings. It is also home to the monument theBig Merino, a sculpture that is the world's largest concrete sheep.
Goulburn was named by surveyorJames Meehan afterHenry Goulburn, Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, and the name was ratified by GovernorLachlan Macquarie.
The colonial government made land grants to free settlers such asHamilton Hume in the Goulburn area from the opening of the area to settlement in about 1820. Land was later sold to settlers within theNineteen Counties, includingArgyle County (the Goulburn area). The process displaced the local indigenousMulwaree population and the introduction of exotic livestock drove out a large part of the Aboriginal peoples' food supply.[3]
The Mulwaree People lived throughout the area covering Goulburn, Crookwell and Yass and belong to theNgunawal language group. To the north of Goulburn,Gundungurra was spoken within the lands of theDharawal people. This was due to Gundungurra people of the Blue Mountains being driven south from their traditional land due to Governor Macquarie's punitive parties sent tomassacre the Dharawal[4] and Gundungurra[5] People, at the behest of influential settlers.
Their neighbours were the Dharawal to their north andDharug surrounding Sydney,Darkinung,Wiradjuri, Ngunawal and Thurrawal, eastwards peoples.[citation needed]
The first recorded settler in Goulburn established 'Strathallan' in 1825 (on the site of the present Police Academy) and a town was originally surveyed in 1828, although moved to the present site of the city in 1833 when the surveyorRobert Hoddle laid it out.[6]
George Johnson purchased the first land in the area between 1839 and 1842 and became a central figure in the town's development. He established a branch store with a liquor licence in 1848. The 1841 census records Goulburn had a population of 665 people, 444 males and 211 females.[7] This number had jumped to 1,171 inhabitants by 1847, 686 males and 485 females.[8] It had a courthouse, police barracks, churches, hospital and post office and was the centre of a great sheep and farming area.
A telegraph station opened in 1862, by which time there were about 1,500 residents, ablacksmith's shop, two hotels, two stores, the telegraph office and a few cottages. The town was a change station (where coach horses were changed) forCobb & Co by 1855. A police station opened the following year and a school in 1858. Goulburn was proclaimed a municipal government in 1859 and was made a city in 1863.[9]
The arrival of the railway in 1869, which was opened on 27 May by theGovernorLord Belmore (an event commemorated by Belmore Park in the centre of the city), along with the completion of the line from Sydney toAlbury in 1883, was a boon to the city.[10] Later branchlines were constructed toCooma (opened in 1889) and later extended further toNimmitabel and then toBombala, and toCrookwell andTaralga. Goulburn became a major railway centre with a roundhouse[11] and engine servicing facilities and a factory which made pre-fabricated concrete components for signal boxes and station buildings. The roundhouse is now theGoulburn Rail Heritage Centre with steam, diesel and rolling stock exhibits.Rail First Asset Management (previously known as CFCL Australia) operate theGoulburn Railway Workshops.
St Saviour's Cathedral, designed byEdmund Thomas Blacket, was completed in 1884 with the tower being added in 1988 to commemorate the Bicentenary of Australia. Though completed in 1884, some earlier burials are in the graveyard adjacent to the cathedral. St Saviour's is the seat of theBishop of Canberra and Goulburn. The Church of SS Peter and Paul is the former cathedral for theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn.
The Goulburn Viaduct was built in 1915 replacing an earlier structure. This brick arch railwayviaduct spanning theMulwaree Ponds is the longest on theMain Southern railway line and consists of 13 arches each spanning 13.1 m (43 ft).[12]
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Goulburn holds the distinction of being proclaimed a City on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of RoyalLetters Patent issued byQueen Victoria on 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn. It was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as it was required by the traditions of the Church of England. The Letters Patent also established St Saviour's Church as the Cathedral Church of the diocese. This was the last instance in which Letters Patent were used in this manner in the British Empire, as they had been significantly discredited for use in the colonies, and were soon to be declared formally invalid and unenforceable in this context.[13] Several legal cases[14] over the preceding decade in particular had already established that the monarch had no ecclesiastical jurisdiction in colonies possessing responsible government. This had been granted to NSW in 1856, seven years earlier. The Letters Patent held authority only over those who submitted to it voluntarily, and then only within the context of the Church—it had no legal civil authority or implications. An absolute and retrospective declaration to this effect was made in 1865 in the Colenso Case,[13] by the Judiciary Committee of the Privy Council.
However, under the authority of the Crown Lands Act 1884[15] (48. Vict. No. 18), Goulburn was officially proclaimed a City on 20 March 1885[16] removing any lingering doubts as to its status. This often unrecognised controversy has in no way hindered the development of Goulburn as a regional centre, with an impressive court house (completed in 1887) and other public buildings, as a centre for wool selling, and as an industrial town.
In 1962, Goulburn was the focus of the fight for state aid to non-government schools. An education strike was called in response to a demand for installation of three extra toilets at a localCatholic primary school, St Brigid's. The local Catholic archdiocese closed down all local Catholic primary schools and sent the children to the government schools. The Catholic authorities declared that they had no money to install the extra toilets. Nearly 1,000 children turned up to be enrolled locally and the state schools were unable to accommodate them. The strike lasted only a week but generated national debate. In 1963 the prime minister,Robert Menzies, made state aid for science blocks part ofhis party's platform.[17]
Goulburn has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
According to the2021 census, there were 24,565 people in Goulburn. Of these:
Goulburn is located a small distance east of the peak ridge of the Great Dividing Range and is 690 metres (2,264 ft) above sea level. It is intersected by theWollondilly River and theMulwaree River, and theconfluence of these two rivers is also located here. The Wollondilly then flows north-east, intoLake Burragorang (Warragamba Dam) and eventually into theTasman Sea via theHawkesbury River. The city is located within theSouthern Tablelands Temperate Grassland.
Owing to its elevation, Goulburn has anoceanic climate (Cfb) with warm summers and cool to cold winters; with a highdiurnal range. Its climate is variable much of the year, though generally dry with maximum temperatures ranging from 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) in July to 28.3 °C (82.9 °F) in January. Rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year, with an annual average of 542.8 mm (21.4 in). Snow occasionally falls,[37] although rarely in significant quantities due to therainshadow brought about by the hills to the west-northwest of Goulburn (aroundCrookwell). Temperature extremes have ranged from −10.9 to 42.8 °C (12.4 to 109.0 °F).
| Climate data for Goulburn Airport AWS (1991–2024); 640 m AMSL; 34.81° S, 149.73° E | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 42.8 (109.0) | 41.8 (107.2) | 37.6 (99.7) | 31.0 (87.8) | 25.1 (77.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 19.7 (67.5) | 24.1 (75.4) | 30.5 (86.9) | 31.3 (88.3) | 39.9 (103.8) | 42.1 (107.8) | 42.8 (109.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.1 (82.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 23.7 (74.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 11.8 (53.2) | 13.4 (56.1) | 16.6 (61.9) | 19.9 (67.8) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.9 (78.6) | 19.8 (67.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) | 12.6 (54.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 5.8 (42.4) | 2.5 (36.5) | 1.3 (34.3) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.6 (33.1) | 3.0 (37.4) | 5.3 (41.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 10.7 (51.3) | 6.1 (43.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) | 0.7 (33.3) | −0.8 (30.6) | −6.3 (20.7) | −8.1 (17.4) | −10.2 (13.6) | −10.4 (13.3) | −10.9 (12.4) | −7.4 (18.7) | −5.6 (21.9) | −4.4 (24.1) | −1.2 (29.8) | −10.9 (12.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 54.8 (2.16) | 54.9 (2.16) | 49.3 (1.94) | 26.8 (1.06) | 34.6 (1.36) | 56.4 (2.22) | 32.6 (1.28) | 44.3 (1.74) | 44.9 (1.77) | 52.4 (2.06) | 61.3 (2.41) | 56.4 (2.22) | 575.2 (22.65) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2mm) | 8.3 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 9.1 | 11.9 | 14.7 | 13.9 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 8.4 | 129.2 |
| Average afternoonrelative humidity (%) | 41 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 54 | 63 | 61 | 52 | 50 | 46 | 45 | 39 | 49 |
| Source:Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Goulburn Airport AWS | |||||||||||||
As a major settlement of southern New South Wales, Goulburn was the administrative centre for the region and was the location for important buildings of the district.The first lock-up in the town was built in 1830.[38]In 1832 a postal service commenced in Goulburn, four years after the service was adopted in New South Wales.[citation needed]
The first town plan had been drawn up by Assistant Surveyor Dixon in 1828, but the site was moved, as it was subject to flooding. The new town plan was drawn up by Surveyor Hoddle and was gazetted in 1833.[9]
Goulburn is the seat of theGoulburn Mulwaree Shirelocal government area (LGA) of New South Wales, Australia formed in 2004. The most recent elections for Council were held on 4 December 2021.[39]
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The Police Academy relocated to Goulburn from Sydney in 1984. From 2002, it was known as theNew South Wales Police College; however, the name was changed back in 2011.[40]
The Academy has relocated to the former campus of the Goulburn College of Advanced Education located on the banks of theWollondilly River. The New South Wales Police Academy is now the largest education institution for law enforcement officers in the southern hemisphere.
Since its relocation there has been significant expansion of the facilities including a new site on theTaralga Road which houses theNew South Wales PoliceSchool of Traffic and Mobile Policing.
Goulburn is home toGoulburn Correctional Centre, more generically known as Goulburn Gaol. It is a maximum-security male prison, the highest-security prison in Australia and is home to some of the most dangerous, and infamous, prisoners.[41] One of these prisoners was Ivan Robert Marko Milat (27 December 1944 – 27 October 2019) an Australian serial killer who was convicted of the backpacker murders in 1996.
Goulburn is home to Australia's oldest existing theatre company Lieder Theatre Company, established in 1891. The Lieder Theatre Company presents up to five major performance projects each year, along with numerous community events, readings, workshops, and short seasons of experimental and new work. The company, along with the Lieder Youth Theatre Company, is based in the historic Lieder Theatre, built by the company in 1929.[42]
A formerquarry adjacent to theMain Southern railway line in North Goulburn was used to film cliff top scenes in the 2016 filmHacksaw Ridge.[43]
The most popular sport in Goulburn isrugby league. The town has a team, the Goulburn City Bulldogs, who play in theCanberra Rugby League. The club was founded in 2020, superseding the Goulburn Workers Bulldogs. Historically, there have been many clubs in Goulburn, including:
Goulburn United Roosters (1932–1986)
Goulburn Workers Bulldogs (1958–1984, 2008–2019)
Goulburn City (1987)
Goulburn Gladiators (1991–1995) Goulburn Stockmen (1996–2007)The Goulburn Stockmen played in both the Canberra Rugby League and also theGroup 6 Rugby League before folding. The town's junior rugby league team is still called the Goulburn Junior Stockmen.
The Goulburn Dirty Redsrugby union team play in theJohn I Dent Cup third grade and Goulburn City Swans Australian rules club play in a lower grade Canberra competition.
The Goulburn BearsBasketball team play in theBasketball NSW Waratah League (Senior). The Bears wear predominantly Navy and Sky Blue. The Bears have been representing Goulburn inBasketball for over 50 years. The Bears defeated theWagga Wagga Wolves in the 1991NBL1 East Grand Final
Other sports played in the town include soccer, cricket and tennis among others.
The Goulburn Medical Clinic was established in 1946 making it the most longstanding medical practice in the city. Historically, it was the firstgroup practice of any size established inNew South Wales and probably only the third in Australia.[44] The clinic has a mixture ofgeneral practitioners andspecialists that provide comprehensive healthcare.[44]
With a history of water shortages,[45] an 84 km (52 mi) underground water supply pipeline was constructed to pump water from theWingecarribee Reservoir in theSouthern Highlands to Goulburn, opening in 2011.[46] This pipeline has a capacity of 7.5 ML per day.[47]
The $54 million water supply pipeline was at the time the largest construction project in the history of Goulburn.[48]
Goulburn is approximately two hours' drive fromSydney via theHume Highway, or a one-hour drive fromCanberra via theFederal and Hume Highways. Goulburn benefited from the 1992 Hume Highway bypass, prompting significant civic rejuvenation and removing 23,000 cars from the city each day.[49] Goulburn's city centre was populated by a notable number of eateries owned and operated by Greek migrants,[50] as part of a broader trend of Greek cafes and milk bars in regional Australia.[51][52] Years after the bypass, the main street featured numerous neon signs advertising businesses that had since gone out of business some of which are preserved today.[53]
Goulburn railway station is the southern terminus of theSouthern Highlands Line which reaches from the Sydney suburbCampbelltown and is part of theNSW TrainLink intercity passenger train system. Most services for Goulburn operate toMoss Vale, some 65 km (40 mi) north-east, while there are also daily direct expressSydney Central services covered by Sydney's suburbanOpal card. The station is also served by the long distance SouthernXPT andXplorer trains betweenSydney andGriffith,Canberra andMelbourneSouthern Cross railway station. All services are operated by NSW TrainLink.[54]
Goulburn also has eight direct return NSW Trainlink buses to Canberra per week giving access toCanberra Airport, city and hospitals.
Goulburn Airport is approximately 7 km (4 mi) south of Goulburn and services light aircraft.
Public transport within Goulburn consists of the local taxi service that operates twenty-seven taxis, Goulburn Radio Cabs.[55] A bus service is operated byPBC Goulburn.
The Goulburn Post, established as theGoulburn Evening Post in 1870[56] is Goulburn's local newspaper. It runs three times per week and is owned byAustralian Community Media.
Radio stations with transmitters located in or nearby to Goulburn include:
AM:
FM:
Depending on location some Illawarra- and/or Canberra-based radio stations can also heard. Commercial radio services from Goulburn are also broadcast toBraidwood.
Goulburn receives five free-to-air television networks relayed from Canberra, and broadcast from nearby Mt Gray:
A much smaller retransmission site also exists to cover residences in the suburb of Eastgrove.
Goulburn's second court house was built in 1847; designed byMortimer Lewis, thecolonial architect.[57]James Barnet, the colonial architect from 1862 to 1890, built a number of buildings in Goulburn. These included theGoulburn Gaol that opened 1884; thecurrent court house that opened in 1887; and a post office in 1881. Barnet's successor,Walter Liberty Vernon, was responsible for the first buildings of Kenmore Hospital, completed in 1894. St Saviour's Anglican Cathedral and Hall were designed byEdmund Blacket. Building started in 1874 and it was dedicated in 1884. It was finally consecrated in 1916. A tower was added in 1988 as part of a Bicentennial project but Blacket's plans included a spire which is yet to be added.E.C. Manfred was a prominent local architect responsible for many of the buildings in the city, including the first public swimming baths opened in 1892; the old Town Hall constructed in 1888; the Goulburn Base Hospital designed in 1886; the old Fire Station built in 1890; the Masonic Temple built in 1928; he also designed the earlier building of 1890 it replaced. Goulburn's first permanent fire station built 1890 and designed by local architect E.C. Manfred. The city was home to Kenmore Hospital, a psychiatric hospital which was finally closed in 2003.[58] Goulburn remains a hub for mental health with facilities now located at theGoulburn Base Hospital.
Theroundhouse at Goulburn was a significant locomotive depot both in the steam and early diesel eras. After closure it became theGoulburn Rail Heritage Centre, a railway museum with preserved steam and diesel locomotives as well as many interesting examples of rolling stock. Some minor rail operators such as RailPower have used the site to restore diesel locomotives to working order for main line use. TheRailway Barracks built in 1935 is situated opposite the roundhouse. It accommodated the steam engine drivers, and now converted into an accommodation wedding & events centre.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1921 | 12,715 | — |
| 1933 | 14,849 | +16.8% |
| 1947 | 15,991 | +7.7% |
| 1954 | 19,183 | +20.0% |
| 1961 | 20,544 | +7.1% |
| 1966 | 20,871 | +1.6% |
| 1971 | 21,606 | +3.5% |
| 1976 | 21,735 | +0.6% |
| 1981 | 21,755 | +0.1% |
| 1986 | 21,552 | −0.9% |
| 1991 | 21,451 | −0.5% |
| 1996 | 21,293 | −0.7% |
| 2001 | 20,846 | −2.1% |
| 2006 | 20,127 | −3.4% |
| 2011 | 21,484 | +6.7% |
| 2016 | 22,419 | +4.4% |
| 2021 | 23,963 | +6.9% |
| Source:Australian Bureau of Statistics data.[59][2][60][61][62][63] | ||
Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence.The following candidates were declared elected on 21 December 2021: Bob KIRK (IND) Michael PREVEDELLO (IND) Daniel STRICKLAND (IND) Jason SHEPHERD (ALP) Carol JAMES Andy WOOD (SFF) Peter WALKER (IND) Andrew BANFIELD (IND) Steven RUDDELL (IND)
Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC BY 4.0licence.
The following candidates were declared elected on 21 December 2021: Bob KIRK (IND) Michael PREVEDELLO (IND) Daniel STRICKLAND (IND) Jason SHEPHERD (ALP) Carol JAMES Andy WOOD (SFF) Peter WALKER (IND) Andrew BANFIELD (IND) Steven RUDDELL (IND)
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