Agospel harmony is an attempt to compile thecanonical gospels of theChristianNew Testament into a single account.[1] This may take the form either of a single, mergednarrative, or a tabular format with one column for each gospel, technically known as asynopsis, although the wordharmony is often used for both.[1]
Harmonies are constructed for a variety of purposes: to create a readable and accessible piece ofliterature for the general public,[2] to establish a scholarlychronology of events in thelife of Jesus as depicted in the canonical gospels, or to better understand how the accounts relate to each other.[3]
Among academics, the construction of harmonies has been favoured by conservative scholars, though some scholars, for example, B. S. Childs, opposes this.[4] Students ofhistorical criticism see the divergences between the gospel accounts as reflecting the construction of traditions by theearly Christian communities.[5] Among modern academics, attempts to construct a single story have largely been abandoned in favour of laying out the accounts inparallel columns for comparison, to allow critical study of the differences between them.[6]
The earliest known harmony is theDiatessaron byTatian in the2nd century and variations based on theDiatessaron continued to appear in the Middle Ages.[7][8] The 16th century witnessed a major increase in the introduction of gospel harmonies and the parallel column structure became widespread.[9] At this time visual representations also started appearing, depicting the life of Christ in terms of a "pictorial gospel harmony", and the trend continued into the 19th–20th centuries.[10][11]
A gospel harmony is an attempt to collate the Christian canonical gospels into a single account.[1] Harmonies are constructed by some writers in order to make the gospel story available to a wider audience, both religious and secular.[2] Harmonies can be studied by scholars to establish a coherent chronology of the events depicted in the four canonical gospels in thelife of Jesus, to better understand how the accounts relate to each other, and to critically evaluate their differences.[3][6]
The termsharmony andsynopsis have been used to refer to several different approaches to consolidating the canonical gospels.[1] Technically, a "harmony" weaves together sections of scripture into a single narrative, merging the four gospels. There are four main types of harmony:radical,synthetic,sequential andparallel.[1] By contrast, a "synopsis", much like a parallel harmony, juxtaposes similar texts or accounts in parallel format, synchronized by time, while preserving their individual identity, usually in columns.[1] Harmonies may also take a visual form and be undertaken to create narratives for artistic purposes, as in the creation of picture compositions depicting the life of Christ.[10]
The oldest approach to harmonizing consists of merging the stories into a single narrative, producing a text longer than any individual gospel.[3] This creates the most straightforward and detailed account, and one that is likely to be most accessible to non-academic users, such as lay churchgoers or people who are reading the gospels as a work of literature or philosophy.
There are, however, difficulties in the creation of a consolidated narrative. AsJohn Barton points out, it is impossible to construct a single account from the four gospels without changing at least some parts of the individual accounts.[12]
One challenge with any form of harmonizing is that events are sometimes described in a different order in different accounts – theSynoptic Gospels, for instance, describe Jesus overturning tables in the Temple at Jerusalem in the last week of his life, whereas the Gospel of John records a counterpart event only towards the beginning of Jesus's ministry. Harmonists must either choose which time they think is correct, or conclude that separate events are described. Lutheran theologianAndreas Osiander, for instance, proposed inHarmonia evangelica (1537) that Jesus must have been crowned with thorns twice, and that there were three separate episodes ofcleansing of the Temple.[13] On the other hand, commentators have long noted that the individual gospels are not written in a rigorously chronological format.[14][15] This means that an event can be described as falling at two different times and still be the same event, so that the substantive details can be properly brought together in a harmony, although the harmonist will still have the task of deciding which of the two times is more probable.
A less common but more serious difficulty arises if the gospels diverge in their substantive description of an event. An example is the incident involving the centurion whose servant is healed at a distance. In the Gospel of Matthew the centurion comes to Jesus in person;[16] in the Luke version he sends Jewish elders.[17] Since these accounts are probably describing the same event, the harmonist must decide which is the more accurate description or else devise a composite account.[18][19]
The modern academic view, based on the broadly accepted principle that Matthew and Luke were written using Mark as a source, seeks to explain the differences between the texts in terms of this process of composition. For example, Mark describes John the Baptist as preaching the forgiveness of sins, a detail which is dropped by Matthew, perhaps in the belief that the forgiveness of sins was exclusive to Jesus.[20]
The modern popularizing view, on the other hand, while acknowledging these difficulties, deemphasizes their importance. This view suggests that the divergences in the gospels are a relatively small part of the whole, and that the accounts show a great deal of overall similarity.[1] The divergences can therefore be sufficiently discussed in footnote in the course of a consolidated narrative, and need not stand in the way of conveying a better overall view of the life of Jesus[1] or of making this material more accessible to a wider readership.
To illustrate the concept of parallel harmony, a simple example of a "synopsis fragment" is shown here, consisting of just four episodes from thePassion.[21] A more comprehensive parallel harmony appears in a section below.
Tatian's influentialDiatessaron, which dates to about AD 160, was perhaps the first harmony.[1][7][22] TheDiatessaron reduced the number of verses in the four gospels from 3,780 to 2,769 without missing any event of teaching in the life of Jesus from any of the gospels.[1] Some scholars believe Tatian may have drawn on one or more noncanonical gospels.[23] TheGospel of the Ebionites, composed about the same time, is believed to have been a gospel harmony.[24]
Variations based on theDiatessaron continued to appear in the Middle Ages. For example, theCodex Sangallensis (based on the 6th centuryCodex Fuldensis) dates to 830 and has a Latin column based on theVulgate and anOld High German column that often resembles theDiatessaron, although errors frequently appear within it.[8] The Liege harmony in theLimburg dialect (Liege University library item 437) is a keyWestern source of theDiatessaron and dates to 1280, although it was published much later.[8][25] The two extant recensions of the Diatessaron in Medieval Italian are the single manuscript Venetian from the 13th or 14th century and the 26 manuscript Tuscan from the 14th–15th century.[8][25]
In the 3rd centuryAmmonius of Alexandria developed the forerunner of modern synopsis (perhaps based on theDiatessaron) as theAmmonian Sections in which he started with the text of Matthew and copied along parallel events.[1][26] There are no extant copies of the harmony of Ammonius and it is only known from a single reference in theletter from Eusebius to Carpianus.[26] In the letter Eusebius also discusses his own approach, i.e. theEusebian Canons in which the texts of the gospels are shown in parallel to help comparison among the four gospels.[26]
In the 5th century,Augustine of Hippo wrote extensively on the subject in his bookHarmony of the Gospels.[27] Augustine viewed the variations in the gospel accounts in terms of the different focuses of the authors on Jesus: Matthew on royalty, Mark on humanity, Luke on priesthood and John on divinity.[28]
Clement of Llanthony'sUnum ex Quatuor (One from Four) was considered an improvement on previous gospel harmonies,[29] although modern scholars sometimes opine that no major advances beyond Augustine emerged on the topic until the 15th century.[9] Throughout theMiddle Ages harmonies based on the principles of theDiatessaron continued to appear, e.g., the 'Evangelienbuch' of Otfrid von Weissenburg inOld High German,[30] the Liege harmony by Plooij inMiddle Dutch, and the Pepysian harmony inMiddle English.[25][26] The Pepysian harmony (Magdalene College, Cambridge, item Pepys 2498) dates to about 1400 and its name derives from having been owned bySamuel Pepys.[25]
In the 15th and the 16th centuries some new approaches to harmony began to appear. For example,Jean Gerson produced a harmony in 1420 which gave priority to theGospel of John.[26]Cornelius Jansen also published his harmony in 1549, focusing on the four gospels and even referring to the Acts of the Apostles.[32] On the other handJohn Calvin's approach focused on the three synoptic Gospels, and excluded the Gospel of John.[33][34]
By this time visual representations had also started appearing, for instance, the 15th-century artistLieven de Witte produced a set of about 200 woodcut images that depicted theLife of Christ in terms of a "pictorial gospel harmony" which then appeared in Willem van Branteghem's harmony published inAntwerp in 1537.[10][31] The importance of imagery is reflected in the title of Branteghem's well known work:The Life of Jesus Christ Skillfully Portrayed in Elegant Pictures Drawn from the Narratives of the Four Evangelists.[31]
The 16th century witnessed a major increase in the introduction of gospel harmonies. In this period theparallel column structure became widespread, partly in response to the rise ofbiblical criticism.[9] This new format was used to emphasize the trustworthiness of the gospels. It is not clear who produced the first parallel harmony, butGerardus Mercator's 1569 system is a well-known example.[9][35] In terms of content and quality,Johann Jakob Griesbach's 1776 synopsis was a notable case.[9][35]
At the same time, the rise of modern biblical criticism was instrumental in the decline of the traditional apologetic gospel harmony. The Enlightenment writer,Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, observed:
Oh that most excellent Harmony, which can only reconcile two contradictory reports, both stemming from the evangelists, by inventing a third report, not a syllable of which is to be found in any individual evangelist![36]
W. G. Rushbrooke's 1880Synopticon is at times considered a turning point in the history of the synopsis, as it was based onMarcan priority, i.e. the assumption that the Gospel of Mark was the first to be written.[9] Thirteen years later,John Albert Broadus used historical accounts to assign priorities in his harmony, while previous approaches had used feasts as the major milestones for dividing the life of Christ.[9]
Towards the end of the 19th century, after extensive travels and study in the Middle East,James Tissot produced a set of350 watercolors which depicted thelife of Christ as a visual gospel harmony.[11] Tissot synthesized the four gospels into a singular narrative with five chapters: "the Holy Childhood, the Ministry, Holy Week, the Passion, and the Resurrection". He also made portraits of each of theFour Evangelists to honor them.[37]
In the 20th century, theSynopsis of the Four Gospels byKurt Aland[38] came to be seen by some as "perhaps the standard for an in-depth study of the Gospels."[9] A key feature of Aland's work is the incorporation of the full text of the Gospel of John.[9]Bernard Orchard's synopsis (which has the same title)[39] was of note in that it took the unusual approach of abandoningMarcan priority and assuming the synoptic gospels were written with Matthean priority and Markan posteriority.[9]
An attempt has been made to create gospel concordance by adjusting only the modern chapter-and-verse boundaries (rather than rewriting the underlying text), as chapter and verse numbering is a later addition to the gospels.[40][41][42]
The following table is an example of a parallel harmony. The order of events, especially during the ministry period, has been the subject of speculation and scholarly debate. The order below is based on those of AnglicanWilliam Newcome in 1778[43] and Baptists Steven L. Cox and Kendell H. Easley in 2006.[44]
| Chronology ofJesus's life |
|
|---|---|
| New Testament | |
| Historical Jesus | |
| Depictions | |
| Christianity | |
| In other faiths | |
| Family |
|
| Related | |
