City in Golestan province, Iran
"Astarabad" redirects here. For the administrative division of Golestan province, see
Gorgan County . For other places with the same name, see
Astarabad and
Gorgan .
City in Golestan, Iran
Gorgan (Persian :گرگان ;[ɡoɾˈɡɒːn] ⓘ [ a] Central District ofGorgan County ,Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county,[ 6] [ 7] Tehran , and some 30 km (19 mi) away from theCaspian Sea .
History There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, includingTureng Tepe andShah Tepe , in which remains dating from theNeolithic andChalcolithic eras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area areYarim Tepe , andSange Chaxmaq . The nearbyShahroud Plain has many such sites. More than 50 are on theGorgan Plain .[ 8]
Historic wall of Gorgan signs According to the Greek historianArrian ,Zadracarta was the largest city ofHyrcania and the site of the "royal palace".[ 9] [ 10]
Hyrcania became part of theAchaemenid Empire during the reign ofCyrus the Great (559–530 BC), its founder, or his successorCambyses (530-522 BC).
TheGreat Wall of Gorgan , the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in theParthian andSasanian periods.
At the time of theSasanians , "Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.[ 11]
Gorgan maintained its independence as aZoroastrian state even afterPersia was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century.
In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army ofKingdom of Georgia under command of the brothersMkhargrdzeli .[ 12] [ 13]
"Old Gorgan" was destroyed during theMongol invasion in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".
Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered part of theTabaristan region.
Astarabad was an important political and religious city during theQajar era .
Demographics Linguistic Map of Golestan province
Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 269,226 in 73,702 households.[ 14] [ 15] [ 4]
Geography
Location The wideDasht-e Gorgan (Plains of Gorgan) is located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi).
Some 150 km (93 mi) east of Gorgan is theGolestan National Park , home to a large portion of thefauna of Iran .
Gorgān Dam is situated 60 km northeast of Gorgan city and has a capacity of 100 millioncubic meters .[ 16]
Climate Gorgan has a subtropicalmediterranean climate (Köppen :Csa ,Trewartha :Cs ), with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate". The effective factors behind such a climate areAlborz mountain range, the direction of the mountains, the height of the area, the neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude, and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F).
The annual precipitation is roughly 584 millimetres (23.0 in), and usually does not exceed 700 millimetres (28 in) or dip below 350 millimetres (14 in). The driest year on record was 1953 with only 182.7 millimetres (7.19 in) of precipitation, while the wettest year was 1959 with 1,579.9 millimetres (62.20 in).[ 17]
Highest recorded temperature:46.2 °C (115.2 °F)
Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 7 January 2008.[ 18]
Climate data for Gorgan36°54′18″N 54°24′47″E / 36.905°N 54.413°E /36.905; 54.413 [ i] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 29.0 32.4 35.0 39.8 46.2 45.0 44.0 44.0 42.8 41.2 36.0 29.2 46.2 Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.8 13.4 16.6 21.4 28.0 32.2 33.5 33.8 30.8 25.8 18.8 14.3 23.5 Daily mean °C (°F) 6.7 7.5 10.5 15.0 20.9 25.7 27.8 27.8 24.5 18.8 12.6 8.3 17.2 Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.9 2.7 5.5 9.6 14.8 19.8 22.9 22.7 19.3 13.2 7.5 3.5 11.9 Record low °C (°F) −11.8 −7.4 −3.7 −1.4 1.4 10.0 15.0 13.0 9.0 1.8 −5.9 −7.0 −11.8 Averageprecipitation mm (inches) 53.8 55.2 66.1 43.9 31.7 24.9 17.4 19.3 38.6 52.9 66.3 46.1 516.2 Average snowfall cm (inches) 1.6 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.6 Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 0.62 0.88 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.28 0.07 0.88 Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 6.4 7.4 8.5 6.9 4.7 3 3 3 4 4.5 5.8 5.9 63.1 Average rainy days 9.3 10.6 13.7 12.5 9.5 6.3 5.8 5.1 6.2 7.5 9 8.9 104.4 Average snowy days 0.8 1.4 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 2.9 Averagerelative humidity (%) 80 79 79 78 71 65 67 69 71 73 78 81 74 Averagedew point °C (°F) 3.6 4.2 7.1 11.1 15.0 18.1 20.8 21.2 18.5 13.6 8.8 5.4 12.3 Mean monthlysunshine hours 147 132 145 166 226 248 243 256 217 206 159 142 2,287 Source 1:NCEI.NOAA [ 19] [ 20] Source 2: IRIMO(snow depth[ 21] [ 18] [ 22]
Climate data for Gorgan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 29 32.4 35 39 43 45 44 44 41.6 39 36 29.2 45 Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.4 13.2 15.5 21.2 27.0 31.1 32.8 32.8 30.0 24.9 18.9 14.4 22.8 Daily mean °C (°F) 7.8 8.6 10.9 15.9 21.2 25.5 27.8 27.9 24.8 19.5 13.9 9.8 17.8 Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.2 3.8 6.2 10.6 15.5 19.9 22.9 22.9 19.6 14.0 8.8 5.1 12.7 Record low °C (°F) −11.8 −6 −3.2 −1.4 2.8 10 15 13 9 3 −2 −7 −11.8 Averageprecipitation mm (inches) 54.0 55.5 76.7 51.4 42.1 31.4 20.7 26.2 39.5 62.8 67.1 56.4 583.8 Average precipitation days 9.6 10.4 13.6 11.2 8.8 6.7 5.8 6.3 7.2 7.4 8.3 8.8 104.1 Average snowy days 1.5 1.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 4.5 Averagerelative humidity (%) 74 74 75 73 68 64 65 68 69 70 73 75 71 Mean monthlysunshine hours 138.7 129.3 135.3 161.7 206.4 225.6 224.1 227.9 202.5 198.2 156.2 135.1 2,141 Source 1:Synoptic Stations Statistics Source 2: IRIMO(Snow and Sleet days 1952-2010)[ 23]
^ Rainy days calculated using parameters 46 and 71 from the source
Sports Gorgan has a sports venue, Shohada stadium, which is located north of the city limits near the village ofKarimabad .[ 24]
Shahrdari Gorgan competes in theIranian Basketball Super League andEtka Gorgan F.C. competes in theAzadegan League .
Education Mirdamad Cultural Institute (MCI)
Notable people
Ancient Picture showingMirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi in pink clothes and Nader Shah Afshar on horseback. Fakhroddin Asaad Gorgani , 11th-century Persian poet and the composer ofVis and Ramin Abu Sa'id al-Darir al-Jurjani , 9th century astronomer and mathematicianAl-Masihi , 10th century physician and teacher ofAvicenna Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī , 11th century grammarian and literary theoristZayn al-Din al-Jurjani , 12th century royal physicianBahram al-Da'i , 12th-century Nizari Ismaili missionary and military leader in SyriaFazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi) , 14th century mystic and founder ofHurufism Rustam Gorgani , 16th century physicianMir Fendereski , philosopher, poet and mystiMir Damad , 17th century Islamic scholar and Neoplatonic philosopherMirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi , 18th century chief minister toNader Shah Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi , writer, satirist and feministFirishta , historianSardar Rafie Yanehsari , Governor of AstarabadAgha Mohammad Khan Qajar , Shah of Iran (1789–1797) noted for the reunification of Iran
Modern Mohammad Reza Lotfi Iraj Etesam , Iranianarchitect , educator and author; born in Gorgan.[ 26] Nader Ebrahimi , author, poet, director and researcherHossein Khanzadi , admiral in theIranian Navy Mohammad Reza Lotfi , traditional Persian musicianMaryam Zandi , photographerParham Maghsoodloo ,Chess grandmaster Emad Rajabloo , writer, director and actor
Sister cities
See also Gorgan at Wikimedia Commons
Notes ^ Alsoromanized asGorgān ,Gurgān , andGurgan ; formerlyEsterabad (استرآباد;Persian pronunciation: [ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd] Astarābād ,Asterabad , andEsterābād [ 5]
References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (17 October 2024)."Gorgan, Gorgan County" (Map).OpenStreetMap . Retrieved17 October 2024 . ^ "Golestane Javan" . Archived fromthe original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved6 September 2023 .^ " .خبرگزاری فارس (in Persian). 17 June 2023. Retrieved16 January 2024 .^a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Golestan Province .amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original (Excel) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved19 December 2022 .^ Gorgan can be found atGEOnet Names Server , atthis link , by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3064853" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Golestan province establishment law .lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Guardian Council. c. 2024 [Approved 7 December 1997]. Official Gazette Registration Number 15412. Archived fromthe original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved14 February 2024 – via Lam ta Kam.^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2024) [Approved 12 September 1990].Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city .lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Subject Letter 3233.1.5.53; Notification 83346/T144K. Archived fromthe original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved14 January 2024 – via Lam ta Kam. ^ Kourosh Roustaei (2017),Neolithic developments in the Gorgan Plain, south-east of the Caspian Sea. academia.edu ^ Arrian (1884)."Chapter XXV: March to Bactra.—Bessus Aided by Satibaezanes." The Anabasis of Alexander 191–193 ^ electricpulp.com."GORGAN v. Pre-Islamic history – Encyclopaedia Iranica" . ^ Bivar, A.D.H. "Gorgan"Encyclopædia Iranica online ^ Yar-Shater, Ehsan (2010).Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 2, Parts 5-8 ISBN 9780710090904 ^ Brosset, Marie-Felicite (1858).Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle 468– 472. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Golestan Province .amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved25 September 2022 .^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Golestan Province .irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.^ "GORGAN i. Geography" .Iranicaonline . Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved14 July 2023 .^ "Form 25: MONTHLY TOTAL OF PRECIPITATION IN MM. Station: Gorgan(40738)" .Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved25 February 2024 .^a b "Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Gorgan(40738)" .Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved25 February 2024 .^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gorgan-40738" (CSV) .ncei.noaa.gov (Excel).National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration . Retrieved18 February 2024 .^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Gorgan-40738" (XLS) .ncei.noaa.gov (Excel).National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration . Retrieved18 February 2024 .Parameter code 80: Number of days with Sleet/Snow ^ "Average maximum snow depth for Gorgan (40738)" dara.irimo.ir (in Persian). Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved14 May 2024 .^ "Form 7: Temperature records highest in C. Station: Gorgan(40738)" .Chaharmahalmet (asp). IRIMO. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.^ "آمار 200 ایستگاه سینوپتیک کشور - اداره کل هواشناسي استان چهارمحال و بختياري" . Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved13 July 2023 .{{cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link )^ OpenStreetMap Contributions "Karimabad, Gorgan county" (Map) (in Persian). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved14 May 2024 .^ "Golestan University of Medical Sciences- دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان - Golestan University of Medical Sciences - دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان" . GOUMS. Archived fromthe original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved26 January 2013 .^ "بزرگداشت دکتر ایرج اعتصام، پیشکسوت آموزش معماری ایران" [Tribute to Dr. Iraj Etesam, a pioneer in Iranian architecture education].Iran Building Information Network . 24 April 2013.Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved10 April 2021 .^ KZ-Today Archived 2008-06-04 at theWayback Machine September 11, 2006^ "Repeating the memory of Guangzhou with Novorossiysk"تکرار خاطره گوانگ ژو با نووروسیسک .mehrnews (in Persian). Mehr news agency. 11 May 2023. 5777121. Retrieved7 April 2024 .fa: شهر گرگان هم از قرارداد خواهرخواندگی عقب نمانده و در سال ۹۷ با شهر گوانگ ژو چین عقد پیمان خواهرخواندگی بست [The city of Gorgan did not lag behind the sisterhood and in 2018 it signed an agreement with the Chinese city of Guangzhou]
International National Geographic Other
Destinations from Gorgan [ 1]
