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Golmud 格尔木市 ·ᠭᠤᠤᠯᠮᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ·ན་གོར་མོ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། Golmo | |
|---|---|
 | |
.png) Location of Golmud City (red) in Haixi Prefecture (yellow) and Qinghai | |
  Golmud Location of the city centre in Qinghai | |
| Coordinates (Golmud government):36°24′26″N94°55′42″E / 36.4072°N 94.9283°E /36.4072; 94.9283 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Qinghai |
| Autonomous prefecture | Haixi |
| Municipal seat | Kunlun Road Subdistrict |
| Area | |
| 119,165 km2 (46,010 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 72 km2 (28 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,809 m (9,216 ft) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
| 221,863 | |
| • Density | 1.86181/km2 (4.82207/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 197,153 |
| • Urban density | 2,700/km2 (7,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Website | www |
| Golmud | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 格尔木 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 格爾木 | ||||||||
| Postal | Golmot | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Rivers (in Mongolian) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Tibetan name | |||||||||
| Tibetan | ན་གོར་མོ། | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠭᠤᠤᠯᠮᠤᠳ | ||||||||
Golmud[a] is acounty-level city in theHaixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture ofQinghai Province, China. It is now the second-largest city in Qinghai and the third largest on theTibetan Plateau (afterXining andLhasa). The population in 2020 was 221,863.[2][3]
Golmud is aromanization ofOirat Голмуд, meaning "rivers".Ge'ermu is thepinyinromanization of theMandarin pronunciation of the same name'stranscription into Chinese characters; it is sometimes misspelledGeermu.Ko-erh-mu was the same name romanized using theWade–Giles system;Golmot was the romanization used by theChinese Postal Map.[4] TheWylie romanization of theTibetan form of the name isNagormo.
Golmud is a young city. It was first established in 1954 when the Transportation regiments of Qinghai-Tibet Corps set up a food distribution base, staffed by 10 people, at the current location. In May of that year, construction on theQinghai-Tibet Highway commenced.[5][6] Scientific exploration of the mineral resources ofQarhan were undertaken in the 1950s, leading to the discovery of the area'spotash andgas fields. Systematic surveying was undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s, with the railway permitting industrial exploitation from the 1980s. The first oil pipeline[7] and potassium fertilizer factory were opened in 1989. The 28 km2 (11 sq mi)Golmud Kunlun Economic Development Zone was opened in 1992. In 2004, a second pipeline arrived.[7] In the 2010s, an influx of further investment followed realization of the importance of theSanhu's supplies oflithium andrare earths for modern personal electronics and electric cars.[citation needed] In 2016, over 85% of goods movement with Tibet passed through Golmud.[5]
Golmud is divided into 5subdistricts, 2towns, 2townships:[8][9][10]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie | Mongolian (traditional script) | Mongolian (Cyrillic) | Administrative division code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | |||||||
| Kunlun Road Subdistrict | 昆仑路街道 | Kūnlúnlù Jiēdào | ཁུ་ནུ་སྲང་ལམ། | khu nu srang lam | ᠺᠦᠨᠯᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Кунлүн замын зээл гудамж | 632801001 |
| Huanghe Road Subdistrict | 黄河路街道 | Huánghélù Jiēdào | རྨ་ཆུ་ལམ་སྲང་ལམ། | rma chu lam srang lam | ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠾᠧ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Хуан ге замын зээл гудамж | 632801002 |
| Jinfeng Road Subdistrict | 金峰路街道 | Jīnfēnglù Jiēdào | གསེར་རིའི་སྲང་ལམ། | gser ri'i srang lam | ᠵᠢᠨ ᠹᠧᠩ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Гийн фен замын зээл гудамж | 632801003 |
| Hexi Subdistrict | 河西街道 | Héxī Jiēdào | ཆུའི་རུབ་སྲང་ལམ། | chu'i rub srang lam | ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Голын баруунтах зээл гудамж | 632801004 |
| Xizang Road Subdistrict | 西藏路街道 | Xīzànglù Jiēdào | བོད་ལྗོངས་ལམ་སྲང་ལམ། | bod ljongs lam srang lam | ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Баруун төвд зам даахь зээл гудамж | 632801005 |
| Towns | |||||||
| Golmud Town | 郭勒木德镇 | Guōlèmùdé Zhèn | ཀོལ་མོ་གྲོང་རྡལ། | kol mo grong rdal | ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠮᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤᠨ | Голмд балгас | 632801100 |
| Dangla Town | 唐古拉镇 | Tánggǔlā Zhèn | ལྡང་ལ་གྲོང་རྡལ། | ldang la grong rdal | 632801101 | ||
| Townships | |||||||
| Gêlêg Qênboi Township | 大格勒乡 | Dàgélè Xiāng | དགེ་ལེགས་ཆེན་པོའི་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | dge legs chen po'i yul tsho | ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠤᠮᠤᠨ | Дагуур суман | 632801200 |
| Urt Moron Township | 乌图美仁乡 | Wūtúměirén Xiāng | བུ་ཐུར་མེད་རིན་ཡུལ་ཚོ། | bu thur med rin yul tsho | ᠤᠷᠲᠤᠮᠥ᠋ᠷᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠮᠤᠨ | Уртмран суман | 632801201 |
Others:
In 2017, the population of the total area of Golmud was approximately 240,494.[citation needed] A 2018 publication by theNational Ethnic Affairs Commission reported that ethnicHan Chinese comprise 69.82% of the city's population, andminority ethnic groups comprise 30.18%.[11] The city's is home to 33 ethnic minorities, of which, the largest are theMongols,Tibetans, andHui people.[11]
Golmud is part ofHaixi Prefecture in westernQinghai Province. Despite being nominally a "city", the built-up urban area of Golmud comprises only 72 km2 (28 sq mi) of the county's 124,500 square kilometres (48,100 sq mi). Most of the county lies in the southernQaidam Basin and in the foothills of theKunlun Mountains. A large southernexclave is administered as the "town" ofTanggula, separated from the rest of the county by the western panhandle of theYushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The northern part bordersXinjiang to its northwest; the southern exclave borders theTibetan Autonomous Region to its southwest.
Golmud proper is at an elevation of 2,809 m (9,216 ft). It grew up alongside theGolmud River, which gave it its name.
North of Golmud is theQarhan Playa, a 5,856 km2 (2,261 sq mi)salt flat with about ten perennialsalt lakes. The largest isDabusun Lake, which receives the waters of the Golmud. The more important smaller lakes areSuli,South Suli,Dabiele,Xiaobiele,Tuanjie,Xiezuo,Dongling, andNorth andSouth Hulsan, which receive the waters of smaller inflowing streams. Qarhan is part of the largerSanhu Depression, which includesEast andWest Taijinar Lakes. Other major lakes in the southern exclave of Golmud includeUlan Ul Lake [zh] (Chinese:乌兰乌拉湖;pinyin:Wūlán Wūlā Hú)[12] andMigriggyangzham Co [zh;ru] (Chinese:赤布张错;pinyin:Chìbùzhāng Cuò,Standard Tibetan:མི་རིག་རྒྱང་གྲམ་མཚོ).[13]
Golmud has a coldarid climate (KöppenBWk), with long, cold winters, and warm summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature drops to −8.4 °C (16.9 °F) in January and rises to 18.5 °C (65 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 5.76 °C (42.4 °F). Precipitation is very low, totaling only 45 millimetres (1.77 in) per annum, falling on 28 days, most of which are during the summer.Relative humidity averages only 32%, with all months below 40%, some of the lowest levels nationally. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 62% in July to 81% in November, the city receives 3,096 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Golmud, elevation 2,808 m (9,213 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) | 18.0 (64.4) | 24.7 (76.5) | 31.3 (88.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 32.7 (90.9) | 34.0 (93.2) | 35.5 (95.9) | 31.0 (87.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 20.6 (69.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 35.5 (95.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) | 4.4 (39.9) | 9.7 (49.5) | 15.6 (60.1) | 19.7 (67.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.4 (68.7) | 13.7 (56.7) | 6.4 (43.5) | 0.4 (32.7) | 13.6 (56.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) | −3.5 (25.7) | 1.9 (35.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 12.6 (54.7) | 16.6 (61.9) | 18.8 (65.8) | 18.0 (64.4) | 13.2 (55.8) | 5.8 (42.4) | −1.5 (29.3) | −7.1 (19.2) | 6.2 (43.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.6 (7.5) | −9.8 (14.4) | −4.5 (23.9) | 1.3 (34.3) | 5.9 (42.6) | 10.5 (50.9) | 12.6 (54.7) | 12.1 (53.8) | 7.5 (45.5) | −0.1 (31.8) | −7.3 (18.9) | −12.6 (9.3) | 0.2 (32.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.6 (−28.5) | −26.6 (−15.9) | −26.1 (−15.0) | −13.4 (7.9) | −7.8 (18.0) | −5.2 (22.6) | 1.9 (35.4) | −1.4 (29.5) | −8.2 (17.2) | −20.2 (−4.4) | −25.4 (−13.7) | −28.5 (−19.3) | −33.6 (−28.5) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 1.0 (0.04) | 0.6 (0.02) | 0.9 (0.04) | 1.6 (0.06) | 5.0 (0.20) | 9.3 (0.37) | 13.4 (0.53) | 7.8 (0.31) | 4.9 (0.19) | 0.7 (0.03) | 0.8 (0.03) | 0.7 (0.03) | 46.7 (1.85) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 4.1 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 30.2 |
| Average snowy days | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 15.8 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 38 | 29 | 25 | 23 | 27 | 34 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 31 | 32 | 38 | 32 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 211.4 | 207.6 | 258.2 | 275.4 | 289.6 | 260.2 | 270.3 | 269.8 | 249.5 | 269.5 | 234.4 | 217.6 | 3,013.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 68 | 67 | 69 | 69 | 66 | 60 | 61 | 65 | 68 | 79 | 77 | 73 | 69 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[14][15][16]NOAA[17] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Xiaozaohuo, Golmud, elevation 2,767 m (9,078 ft), (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.8 (30.6) | 4.1 (39.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 15.6 (60.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 26.3 (79.3) | 25.4 (77.7) | 20.7 (69.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 6.2 (43.2) | 0.1 (32.2) | 13.7 (56.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.3 (13.5) | −5.6 (21.9) | 0.5 (32.9) | 6.8 (44.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.2 (64.8) | 17.2 (63.0) | 12.2 (54.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | −3.7 (25.3) | −9.7 (14.5) | 4.8 (40.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.4 (−1.1) | −14.1 (6.6) | −7.8 (18.0) | −1.5 (29.3) | 3.9 (39.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | 10.6 (51.1) | 9.7 (49.5) | 4.8 (40.6) | −3.8 (25.2) | −11.5 (11.3) | −17.4 (0.7) | −3.1 (26.5) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.2 (0.01) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.7 (0.03) | 3.6 (0.14) | 7.1 (0.28) | 7.9 (0.31) | 5.4 (0.21) | 3.6 (0.14) | 0.6 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.3 (0.01) | 30.8 (1.21) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 23.3 |
| Average snowy days | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 11.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 38 | 29 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 33 | 38 | 36 | 35 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 33 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 227.6 | 216.6 | 262.8 | 276.4 | 291.0 | 264.2 | 271.7 | 272.6 | 256.2 | 276.7 | 243.8 | 231.3 | 3,090.9 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 73 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 66 | 60 | 61 | 66 | 70 | 81 | 81 | 78 | 71 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[18][19] | |||||||||||||
TheQarhan Playa has China's largest reserves ofsalt,potassium, andmagnesium,[20] as well as other valuable minerals. Taken together, the mineral resources in the playa were estimated to be worth over 15 trillionrenminbi (RMB) as of 2002.[20] The area's salt has also trapped valuable hydrocarbons. The Sebei-1 and Sebei-2 fields nearSuli Lake are also China's 4th-largest onshore reserves ofnatural gas[7] and the entire area may have reserves as high as 1 trillion m3 (35 trillion cu. ft.).[20] The largerSanhu Depression includesEast andWest Taijinar, which hold China's largest reserves oflithium.
The surrounding countryside also producesgold,copper,jade,lead, andzinc.[20]
A pipeline deliverscrude oil from Huatugou Oilfield to arefinery at Golmud.[7] The refinery has a capacity of 1 million metric tons a year; is able to produce 100,000 metric tons a year ofmethanol and 20,000 MT/yr ofpolypropylene; and has a 100,000 MT/yrgas fractionator.[7]
According to theNational Ethnic Affairs Commission, theper capitadisposable income in Golmud was 6,852 yuan in the first quarter of 2017, a 9.3% increase from the one year prior.[11] Golmud has been one of the areas included in China'sTargeted Poverty Alleviation program, which the Commission states has entailed the reconstruction of houses in the city with subpar living conditions, and subsidizing low-income students in the city.[11] The commission also states that the government has been developing the production of traditional woodworking, embroidery, and other local crafts through designated "demonstration areas" (Chinese:示范区;pinyin:shìfàn qū).[11]
Statistics for 2001 show that the city's nominal GDP totaled 2.213 billion RMB, a rise of 31.9% from the previous year[20][why?] and the highest growth rate since 1990.[21]
Golmud lies along theQinghai–Tibet railway, a 1,956 km (1,215 mi) railway that starts fromXining and ends atLhasa in theTibet Autonomous Region. The Golmud-Lhasa section, with a length of 1,142 km (710 mi), was the last and most challenging part of the railway to be completed. After five years of construction, the first train for Lhasa left Golmud on 1 July 2006.
In October 2012 construction started on theGolmud–Dunhuang Railway. It will actually branch off theQinghai–Tibet Railway at theYinmaxia station north of Golmud, and will cross theQaidam Basin and theAltyn-Tagh/Qilian system on the way to Dunhuang in the neighboringGansu province.[22]
TheGolmud-Korla Railway running north west from Golmud intoKorla,Xinjiang began construction in November 2014 and was completed in 2020.[23][24]
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(February 2013) |
Golmud istwinned with:
The Golmud Railway is featured in an online multiplayer map of the video gameBattlefield 4.
2000年第五次人口普查，格尔木市总人口135897人，其中：昆仑路街道38214人，金峰路街道26567人，河西街道27417人，郭勒木德乡15771人，大格勒乡2106人，乌图美仁乡1808人，唐古拉山乡1880人，格尔木铁路12249人，格尔木农场9883人。{...}2005年，格尔木市调整乡镇行政区划：撤销郭勒木德乡，设立郭勒木德镇，镇政府驻地和镇区行政区划范围不变，实行镇管村体制。2、撤销唐古拉山乡，设立唐古拉山镇，镇政府驻地和镇区行政区划范围不变，实行镇管村体制。
昆仑经济开发区 东城区工行委 西城区工行委 察尔汗工行委 乌图美仁乡 大格勒乡 郭勒木德镇 唐古拉山镇 昆仑路街道办事处 黄河路街道办事处 河西办事处 金锋路办事处 西藏路办事处
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