Gofraid ua Ímair orGuthfrith of Ivar (Old Norse:Guðrøðr[ˈɡuðˌrøðz̠],Latin:Guthfridus,fl. from AD 918 until death in 934) was Scandinavian (people of Scandinavian birth and culture) andViking^{[nb 1]} leader who ruledDublin and brieflyViking Northumbria in the early 10th century. He was a grandson ofÍmar and a member of theUí Ímair. Gofraid was most probably among those Vikings expelled fromDublin in 902, whereafter he helped his kinsmanRagnall conquer Northumbria. Another kinsman,Sitric Cáech, became ruler of Dublin around the same time. Ragnall died in 920, and so the following year Sitric left Dublin to rule in Northumbria, and Gofraid succeeded Sitric as ruler of Dublin. Sitric's early reign was marked by raids he conducted against the Gaelic (Native-Irish), including one atArmagh.

Sitric Cáech died in 927 and Gofraid left for Northumbria, delegating authority in Dublin to his sons. This upset the sons of Sitric, who allied with a "son of Helgi", possiblyTomrair mac Ailchi ofLimerick, and seized the city. This act began a period of conflict between the Hiberno-Scandinavian of Dublin and Limerick which would last until 937. Gofraid's attempt to rule in Northumbria was unsuccessful and he was driven out byÆthelstan of England within six months. He returned to Dublin to eject the sons of Sitric and continued to rule as king there. Following his return he led further raids, including attacks onKildare andDunmore Cave. In 931 he led an attack on a camp established by the Hiberno-Scandinavian of Limerick at Mag Raigne, near the borders of Gofraid's kingdom, with the intent of containing Gofraid's power. Gofraid died of a sickness in 934 and he was succeeded as king by his sonAmlaíb mac Gofraid.

The rulingVikings ofDublin were expelled from the city in 902 by a joint force led by Máel Finnia mac Flannacán, overking ofBrega andCerball mac Muirecáin, overking ofLeinster.^[2] Those Vikings that survived the capture of the city split into different groups; some went toFrance, some toEngland, and some toWales.^[3] Archaeological evidence suggests Dublin remained occupied in the years immediately following this expulsion, perhaps indicating only the ruling elite were forced to leave.^[4] However, Viking raids on Irish settlements continued, and in 914, a large Viking fleet travelled toWaterford.^[5] The arrival of this fleet marked the re-establishment of Viking rule over parts of Ireland, and was followed by more Vikings settling inLimerick the following year.^[6]

The main historical sources for this period are the Norsesagas and theIrish annals. Some of the annals, such as theAnnals of Ulster, are believed to be contemporary accounts, whereas the sagas were written down at dates much later than the events they describe and are considered far less reliable. A few of the annals such as theFragmentary Annals of Ireland and theAnnals of the Four Masters were also compiled at later dates, in part from more contemporary material and in part from fragments of sagas.^[7] According toDownham, "apart from these additions [of saga fragments], Irish chronicles are considered by scholars to be largely accurate records, albeit partisan in their presentation of events".^[8]

Gofraid is presumed to have left Dublin with the rest of the ruling Vikings in 902.^[9] In 917 theIrish Annals describe two grandsons ofÍmar,Sitric Cáech andRagnall, leading their fleets to Ireland.^[10] Sitric sailed his fleet to Cenn Fuait inLeinster, and Ragnall sailed his fleet toWaterford.Niall Glúndub, overking of the NorthernUí Néill, saw these Vikings as a threat, and he marched an army south to repel them. Sitric and his army fought against the men of the Uí Néill at Mag Femen inCounty Tipperary and claimed victory, though only through timely reinforcement by Ragnall and his army.^[11] This was followed by another at theBattle of Confey (also known as the Battle of Cenn Fuait), againstAugaire mac Ailella, overking of Leinster, who died in the battle. Augaire's death marked the end of effective opposition to the Vikings' return to Ireland. Sitric led his men on a triumphant return toDublin, where he established himself as king, while Ragnall returned to England and soon becameKing of Northumbria.^[10]

Gofraid is first mentioned in the annals by theAnnals of Ulster in 918, which describe him leading a battalion of troops at theBattle of Corbridge in northern England.^[12] This battle was fought between Ragnall andConstantín son of Áed, theking of Scotland, and although it was indecisive it allowed Ragnall to establish himself as king at York. In the annals' account Gofraid is fully titled Gofraid ua Ímair (Gofraid, grandson of Ímar), making him brother or cousin of Ragnall and Sitric Cáech.^[13] Ragnall died in 921 with Sitric Cáech succeeding him asKing of Northumbria.^[14] Gofraid is mentioned by the annals that same year as taking control of Dublin.^{[nb 2][13]} One of his first acts as King of Dublin was to lead a raid on Armagh. According to theAnnals of Ulster and theAnnals of the Four Masters the Dubliners ravaged a wide area, though the monastery and the prayer-houses with theirculdees and the sick were spared.^[15] A portion of the raiders who headed northwards to Mag Ilesen were defeated by Aignert mac Murchada andMuirchertach mac Néill, laterKing of Ailech, and were forced to flee leaving many dead behind.^[16]

Another raid was led by Gofraid in 924, this time sailing to the south of Ireland, taking many hostages. He took them toRosscarbery, and according to theAnnals of Ulster he also sailed toLimerick where he lost a large number of his followers in battle against the son of Ailchi, presumablyTomrair mac Ailchi.^[17] Two years later his son Albann^{[nb 3]} led a raiding force north, landing atLinn Duachaill on 4 September. The raiders were attacked by the army ofMuirchertach mac Néill, overking of the Northern Uí Néill, at the bridge of Cluain na Cruimther on 28 December and were routed. Albann and a large part of the force was killed, and around half of the army were besieged by the Uí Néill at Athcrathin inCounty Down for a week, until a force led by Gofraid relieved them.^[18]

In 927 Gofraid's kinsman Sitric Cáech, King of Northumbria, died. The Irish annals record the Gofraid left Ireland that year, along with a great many others from Dublin and Linns to claim Sitric's throne. During his absence it seems Gofraid delegated authority to his sons, thus (according to theAnnals of Clonmacnoise) drawing the ire of the sons of Sitric. Sitric's sons allied with a "son of Helgi", probably Tomrair mac Ailchi of Limerick or a kinsman, and conquered Dublin, though this success was short-lived as Gofraid returned after only six months abroad.^[19] Gofraid's attempt to rule in Northumbria was unsuccessful, and he was driven out by KingÆthelstan. TheAnglo-Saxon Chronicle makes no mention of Gofraid, simply stating that Æthelstan succeeded Sitric as King in Northumbria, and thereafter held a meeting with the other kings in Britain, establishing peace. A later account byWilliam of Malmesbury tells a different story. In his version, Gofraid goes to "Scotia" following Sitric's death, to attend a meeting atDacre with Æthelstan,Constantine II of Scotland, andOwen I of Strathclyde. Instead, he and a Viking ally called Thurfrith lead a force to York and besiege the city. Æthelstan turns on the Vikings and Gofraid is captured. The city is looted by the Anglo-Saxons and Gofraid is allowed to return to Ireland under oath. It is not certain how much of William's account is based on truthful historical sources and how much is made up.^[20]

Following his return to Dublin, the next mention of Gofraid in contemporary accounts is with regards to raids he led. In 929 he plunderedKildare, and the following year he plunderedDunmore Cave, killing 1000 people in the attack.^[13] Expert opinion is divided, but it is believed that Dunmore Cave was perhaps being used as a temporary dwelling place, or perhaps as a place of burial for the native Irish.^[21] In 931 Gofraid left Dublin for Mag Raigne inOssory, where the rival Vikings of Limerick had set up a camp following a failed attack onConnaught the previous year. The annals report that Gofraid's aim was to expel a grandson (or great-grandson) of Ímar from Mag Raigne, perhaps one of the sons of Sitric who had seized Dublin in 927 probably allied with the Limerick-based Tomrair mac Ailchi.Downham suggests that the establishment of the camp at Mag Raigne was an attempt by the Vikings of Limerick to limit the ability of Gofraid and his kin to project their power through Ireland.^[19]

Chronicle evidence suggests the conflict between Dublin and Limerick lasted until 937 when Gofraid's sonAmlaíb won a victory at Lough Ree where he captured the Limerick king Olaf Scabbyhead and destroyed his ships. Gofraid did not live to see this victory, having died in 934, with Amlaíb succeeding him as king of Dublin.^[19] The Annals of Ulster describe him as "a most cruel king of the Norsemen", and say he died of a sickness.^[22]

In the annals Gofraid is identified by the use of "ua Ímair", meaning "grandson of Ímar", but never with a patronymic. As such, it is not possible to identify which of the three known sons of Ímar (Bárid,Sichfrith orSitriuc) - if any - was the father of Gofraid. One possible reason for the lack of a patronym might be that Gofraid was the child of a son of Ímar who never ruled Dublin, or who spent most of his time outside Ireland, thus making Gofraid's legitimacy to rule Dublin dependent on the identity of his grandfather, not his father. Another possibility is that Gofraid was a grandson of Ímar through a daughter, again with his right to rule dependent on his grandfather.^[14] Gofraid's kinsmenÍmar, Sitric, Amlaíb and Ragnall are the other known grandsons of Ímar identified by the use of "ua Ímair". All except for Amlaíb ruled as either King of Dublin or King of Northumbria at one time or another.^[23]

Four individuals are identifiable as sons of Gofraid. His son Amlaíb succeeded Gofraid as King of Dublin, and eventually reclaimed Northumbria for the Vikings too. Another son, Albann, was killed in battle against Muirchertach mac Néill in 926.Blácaire mac Gofraid, King of Dublin from 940–945, was another son, as wasRagnall mac Gofraid who ruled Northumbria in 943 and 944, probably along with his cousinAmlaíb Cuarán, until they were driven out byEdmund I of England.^[24] Later descendants includeCammán mac Amlaíb, son of Gofraid's son Amlaíb, who is recorded as being defeated in battle in 960, and also in 962 if he is identical to the individual recorded as "Sitriuc Cam". Gofraid mac Amlaíb, recorded by the annals as dying in 963, may have been a brother of Cammán, or he may have been a son of Amlaíb Cuarán.^[25]

• Gofraid mac Fergusa, a genealogical figure partly based upon fabricated annal entries concerning Gofraid ua Ímair

• Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860).Annales Cambriae. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. Accessed viaInternet Archive.
• "Annals of the Four Masters".Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.).University College Cork. 2013. Retrieved23 November 2014.
• "The Annals of Inisfallen".Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 February 2010 ed.).University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved13 August 2015.
• "The Annals of Ulster".Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.).University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved23 November 2014.
• Dumville, D. N. (2005).Brenhinoedd y Saeson, 'The Kings of the English', A.D. 682-954: Texts P, R, S in Parallel. University of Aberdeen.
• Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860).Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. Accessed viaInternet Archive.
• "Chronicon Scotorum".Corpus of Electronic Texts (24 March 2010 ed.).University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved26 November 2014.
• "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland".Corpus of Electronic Texts (5 September 2008 ed.).University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved29 November 2014.

• Ashley, Mike (7 June 2012).The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Little, Brown Book Group.ISBN 978-1-4721-0113-6.
• Downham, Clare (2007).Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh:Dunedin Academic Press.ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
• Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (5 May 2005).Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
• Hart, Cyril (2004)."Sihtric Cáech (d. 927)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25543. Retrieved6 January 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.) Subscription orUK public library membershipArchived 29 April 2013 at theWayback Machine required.
• Moyes, Holley (1 September 2012).Sacred Darkness: A Global Perspective on the Ritual use of Caves. University Press of Colorado.ISBN 978-1-4571-1750-3.
• Muir, Tom (2005).Orkney in the Sagas. Kirkwall: Orcadian.ISBN 978-0-9548-8623-3.
• Ó Corrain, Donnchadh (1979). "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings".Irish Historical Studies.22 (83):283–323.doi:10.1017/S002112140011315X.S2CID 182393802.
• Ó Corrain, Donnchadh (1998)."The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century"(PDF).Peritia.12:296–339.doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334.
• Radner, Joan."Writing history: Early Irish historiography and the significance of form"(PDF).Celtica.23:312–325. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 23 September 2015.
• Sawyer, Peter (January 2001).The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6.
• Smyth, Alfred P. (1975).Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms. Templekieran Press.ISBN 9780391010499.
• Woolf, Alex (2007).From Pictland to Alba: 789 – 1070. Edinburgh University Press.ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5.

• Guthfrith 5 atProsopography of Anglo-Saxon England
• CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts atUniversity College Cork. TheCorpus of Electronic Texts includes theAnnals of Ulster andthe Four Masters, theChronicon Scotorum and theBook of Leinster as well as Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.

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