This is a basicglossary of equestrian terms that includes bothtechnical terminology andjargon developed over the centuries forhorses and otherequidae, as well as various horse-related concepts. Where noted, some terms are used only inAmerican English (US) orBritish English (UK), or are regional to a particular part of the world, such asAustralia (AU).
Slang for the drugacepromazine or acetyl promazine (trade names Atravet or Acezine), which is a sedative[1]: 3 [2] commonly used on horses during veterinary treatment, but also illegal in the show ring. Also abbreviated ACP.
action
The way a horse elevates its legs, knees,hock, and feet.[1]: 3 Also includes how the horse uses its shoulder, humerus, elbow, and stifle; most often used to describe motion at the trot, but sometimes applied to thecanter orgallop.[3]: 97 High action is a breed characteristic ofSaddlebreds[1]: 3 and other breeds used insaddle seat and certainharness disciplines.
aged horse
An older horse. Originally referred to a horse with a "smooth mouth", generally eight years old or older,[3]: 97 but modern use varies. Term may refer to an animal seven years old or older,[4]: 7 [5]: 18 nine or older,[6] or ten or older.[7] Inhorse racing and in somehorse shows, an aged horse is one over 4 years.[1]: 5 In some contexts, an aged horse is older than 15 years of age.[1]: 5
aging
The process of estimating a horse's age by inspecting itsteeth.[1]: 5
Signals from the rider or driver to the horse that tell the animal what the handler wants it to do. Generally broken down into two varieties, natural and artificial. Other divisions are possible.[8]: 8 Natural aids include the hands, seat, weight, legs and voice[8]: 332 Artificial aids which extend, reinforce, or substitute the natural aids include items such aswhips,spurs, andmartingales.[8]: 26
Movements inhaute ecolé or "high school"classical dressage, where the horse leaves the ground with two or four feet in response to the rider's commands. Made famous by theLipizzan horses at theSpanish Riding School, the airs include thelevade,capriole,croupade,courbette, andballotade. Sometimes called "school jumps".
amateur
An individual who exhibits horses but is not paid money or other compensation. The opposite of a professional.[1]: 7
1. A general term for a range of four beat intermediate speedgaits that are approximately the speed of atrot orpace but smoother to ride. Various terms for lateral ambling gaits, based on style, speed, rhythm, and breed of horse, include the slow gait, single foot, running walk, stepping pace,sobreandando,paso corto,paso llano,rack,tölt, andpaso largo. The term usually refers to lateral gaits, but may be applied to all four beat intermediate speed gaits, including thediagonal four-beat gait referred to by terms such as fox trot,pasitrote, andtrocha.[9][10]
2. The stepping pace. A specific intermediate speed horse gait, a slowed downpace.[1]: 7 It is a four beat lateral gait, where the legs on one side of the horse move one immediately following the other, then the legs on the other side. It is a very smooth gait, and is natural to some breeds.[8]: 13
ankle
Alternative term for thefetlock joint.[8]: 184 Comparehock.
One of the oldest breeds of horse, noted for small size, dished face, erect carriage, high intelligence and lively disposition, from theArabian Peninsula.[8]: 23 Many other breeds contain Arabian bloodlines.[1]: 10–11
The practice ofbreeding amare through human assisted means, with no contact between thestallion and mare. It is done for many reasons, including to protect the two animals, to allow a mare to be bred to a stallion a long distance away,[1]: 11 or to allow a stallion to be bred to a larger number of mares than would be possible vianatural cover.
astride
To ride with one leg on each side of the horse. Comparesidesaddle.
The AEI measures the earning power of aThoroughbred sire's progeny by comparing the average earnings of his runners with all other runners of the same age that raced in the same country during a given year.[11]
A type of horse movement with high, round and elastic strides with marked suspension, historically associated with theclassical dressage horses of the 17th century riding halls of Europe, and seen today in breeds such as theAndalusian andLipizzan.[8]: 40, 106 "Baroque horse" is a modern colloquial label used in some equestrian circles to describe horses with baroque movement, or with a conformation reminiscent of horses depicted inBaroque-period art, but it is not a formal or historically attested classification.
1. Indriving, a strap used with drivingharness to prevent a horse from lowering its head beyond a fixed point or to keep the head raised higher than natural. The strap runs from the harness saddle to the bit and may pass over the horse's head between its ears (overcheck), or run through metal loops on the bridle beside its ears (bearing rein), or run directly from harness saddle to bit. The terms are frequently used interchangeably.[12]: 20
2. In riding, abearing rein is a term used to indicate when a rein is pressed on a horse's neck on the side towards the turn. Opposite of aneck rein.[1]: 19
A leather strap with punched holes, permanently attached in sets of two or three on each side of the tree of a saddle, used to hold and adjust thegirth that holds on most types of saddle. See alsolatigo.
An object, usually a metal bar, placed into the mouth of a horse, held on by a bridle and used with reins to direct and guide the animal. Occasionally made of other materials, including rubber.[8]: 52 May be solid or jointed and may have rollers or other attachments added, usually in the center.[13]: 149–156
Tack used to train a horse to accept thebit or achieve a particular head carriage. Usually consists of asurcingle,side reins, andcrupper.[8]: 453 [1]: 23
black type
Bold-face type used in advertisements and sales catalogues to distinguish horses that have won or placed in an approved stake race. Winners receive upper case black type; second and third placed finishers have lower case black type.[14]
A sound made by a horse by sharply exhaling through flared nostrils. The blowing sound is not as long or loud as a snort, and may be produced with the head lowered. Most of a sound energy is below 3 kHz and most are audible within 30 metres. Horses may blow when curious, meeting another horse, shying or working.[15]: 199 The term is also used when a working horse is allowed to pause and catch its breath, or "let him (or her) blow".
1. "Good" or "poor" bone:technical terminology referencing the size and density of bone of the lower leg, which helps determine the weight carrying ability of a horse.[1]: 26 "Good bone" refers to a horse with weight-carrying ability.[8]: 215
2. The characteristics of the lower leg as a whole, including the cannon bone as well as associated tendons and ligaments. "Flat" bone describes a positive feature where the tendons of the leg stand well away from the cannon bone, "tied-in" bone describes the negative characteristic of the tendon placed too close to the bone.[3]: 98
A parasitic fly that lays its eggs on the legs, muzzle, and jaw of horses. The eggs are licked off by the horse and once ingested, hatch intomaggots, calledbots, which infest the animal by attaching to the stomach lining. The eggs may be scraped off the horse's hair with a bot knife or similar tool.[1]: 27
An enlarged tendon along the cannon bone causing a bowed rather than straight appearance, resulting from tearing of the tendon or tendon sheath by stress or injury.[18]: 413 [8]: 64 [1]: 28
Permanently marking a horse for identification by burning the skin with a hot iron or a frozen implement (a process calledfreeze branding), or applying acid.[1]: 28–29 [8]: 66 The skin may remain hairless, or the hair may grow back white.
1. Indriving, breeching is part of aharness with the purpose of keeping a wheeled-vehicle from bumping the rear of the horse. The purpose is to slow or stop a vehicle, and to "hold back" a vehicle on a downward slope. May also be pronouncedbritchin.[12]: 42ff
2. In riding, breeching is uncommon but may be used to hold asaddle in position, especially if the horse has smallwithers and the terrain is very steep.[1]: 29
breeder
The breeder of afoal is the owner of its dam at the time of foaling. The person designated as the breeder may not have had anything to do with planning the mating of themare or be located where foaling occurs.[20]
Headgear placed around the head of a horse that holds the bit in place in a horse's mouth, including reins, used to direct and guide the animal.[21] Sometimes used to refer to the entire piece of equipment, including headstall, bit and reins.[8]: 70 Headstalls that do not have a bit are called either abitless bridle[8]: 53 or ahackamore.
Originally an unbrokenferal horse, now primarily a word for the horses used in rodeo bronc riding events, where the horse tries to buck off a rider.[1]: 31 May describe any undisciplined horse, especially one that bucks. See alsooutlaw.
A behavior where the horse lowers its head and rapidly kicks its hind feet into the air.[1]: 32 At liberty, seen as an expression of excess energy or high spirit, under saddle is generally considered a disobedience, except in sports such as therodeo sports ofSaddle bronc and bareback riding, where the horse is deliberately encouraged to attempt to dislodge its rider.
bumper pull
Ahorse trailer style that is pulled by a hitch attached to the frame of the towing vehicle at the rear.[1]: 33 Contrast withgooseneck.
bute
Common term forPhenylbutazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to control pain and swelling in horses. Some racing commissions and showing authorities restrict its use prior to competition in order to reduce the risk of injury to horses.[1]: 33 It is banned in mostendurance riding competitions.
by
Describes the relationship of a horse to its sire, in the context of itspedigree. Afoal isby its sire andout of its dam.[1]: 34 [8]: 81
The third metacarpal or metatarsal bone of the lower leg. Sometimes called theshin bone, but actually analogous to the bones in the human palm or foot. In equines, is a very large bone and provides the major support of the body weight of the horse. The termcannon may also encompass the soft tissues as well as the second and fourth metacarpal or metatarsal bones, calledsplint bones which may form ossified bridges of bone, calledsplints which often form after trauma to the area.
canner (US)
1. A horse of poor quality, referencing animals destined forslaughter. See alsodogger.
2. Canner price: The lowest price likely to be paid for an equine, equivalent to the value of an animal to be sold by the pound and slaughtered forhorse meat. Calledmeat-money in the UK.
A three-beatgait, with both front and rear legs on one side landing further forward than those on the other side. Inwestern riding, the canter is known as alope.[1]: 37 The order in which the feet hit the ground varies depending on which legs are leading, but the gait begins with the outside hind, followed by the simultaneous landing of the outside front and inside hind, finished by the inside front. There is a moment during a canter when all four hooves of the horse are off the ground, known as themoment of suspension.[8]: 87 A similar gait is thegallop which is performed at a higher speed, when the second beat is broken into two footfalls, making it a four-beat gait.
1. A two-wheeled vehicle pulled by one or more horses (or other animals).[8]: 91
2. (Informal, US) A small, light four-wheeled vehicle, usually with bicycle-style tires, used primarily for show ringfine harness competition, and upper levels ofpleasure driving.
cast, casting
1. Casting (UK), throwing (US): forcing a horse (or other large animal) to lie down, allowing safe veterinary or other treatment. Usually done by an arrangement of ropes or straps.[1]: 38 [1]: 38
2. Cast: the state of an animal laying down that is unable to get up. May be due to illness or injury. Also occurs when a horse in a box stall (loose box) rolls over against a wall, trapping its legs against the wall.[1]: 38
A cut-down coach, a four-wheeled vehicle seating two passengers facing forward. Pulled by a pair of horses, driven from a front driver's seat with ahammercloth, and with two footmen on a rear dummy board.[22]: 43–4
chef d'équipe
A person appointed to manage an equestrian team, generally at the state, national or international level.[23]
Achestnut-colored horse withchrome
chestnut
1. Chestnut (coat): A reddish-brown coat color with matching or lighter-colored mane and tail.[1]: 42
2. Chestnut (horse anatomy): A callosity on the inside of each leg, thought to possibly be avestigial remnant of the pad of a toe.[1]: 42 Not present on the hind legs of donkeys and zebras. See alsoergot.
A condition arising from blockage of the esophagus, most often linked to a horse eating too fast. A horse that is choking can still breathe, but cannot eat or drink.[1]: 43
chrome
Slang for eye-catching whitemarkings on a horse, usually stockings or socks.[1]: 43 Also used to refer to particularly flashypinto orAppaloosa markings.
A wide flat strap made of mohair, reinforced felt, or an equivalent synthetic material used in conjunction with alatigo strap to secure awestern saddle onto the back of a horse.[1]: 44
A building used to keep a private carriage and horses, usually with accommodation for a groom, coachman or other servants above. Essentially a cottage or small house with stabling below.
1. A stocky, rather small horse, or a large pony.[1]: 47 Often a general description, but also applied to certain breeds such as the Welsh Cob.[3]: 100
2. A bridle size designed for horses with small or short heads. Usually keeps a long browband and throatlatch to accommodate the wide forehead and jowls of cobs and other horses with somewhat wedge-shaped heads, such as theArabian or theMorgan.
cold-backed
A horse that arches its back and may buck slightly when first mounted.[18]: 415
Any of a group of equine types includingdraught horses and many ponies, characterized by a steady temperament, strength and stamina, but no great turn of speed. Refers to temperament, not literally to body temperature.[8]: 112 See alsohot-blood andwarmblood.
Any of a number of painful digestive disorders, usually characterized by intestinal displacement or blockage.[1]: 47–48 A leading cause of death among domesticated horses.[18]: 230
A young male horse that has not beengelded (neutered).[1]: 48 ForThoroughbreds, a colt is under four years of age; in most other breeds and contexts, a colt is under three years of age.[8]: 114 Sometimes used incorrectly to refer to any young horse. Comparestallion.
Adriving competition that goes up to the international level. Individual events are offered for single horses and teams, and competition incorporates three distinct elements:Dressage, Cross-country Marathon, and Obstacle Cone Driving.[1]: 48
The area directly above the horse's hoof: a ring of soft tissue just above the horny hoof that blends into the skin of the leg. Includes the bottom of the middle phalanx bone.[8]: 121
A form of thecanter where the horse is deliberately asked to canter on a curve with the outside legleading, which is opposite of usual. Also known asgalop faux,false canter, orcounter lead. It is used to help build muscle and suppleness in a horse.[8]: 123 See alsolead.
coupling
The sunken area below the lumbar vertebrae or thehorse's back, behind the last rib and in front of the point of the hip. Ideally is to be as short as possible. The term is sometimes expanded to include where the lumbar region attaches to thesacrum.[3]: 102
cover
Mating in horses: astallion is said tocover amare.[8]: 125 See also "natural cover" and "artificial insemination".
This cribbing horse is fitted with a specialized neck strap designed to discourage this behavior
Astable vice where the horse grabs the edge of an object such as astall door with its incisor teeth and arches its neck. More severe cases also suck air in simultaneously, and this is termed 'windsucking'.[19]
2. All thefoals sired in one year. Often used to refer to one particularstallions' foals born in the year, but can also refer to a particular owner, an entire breed, or a region or worldwide crop.[1]: 54
The topline and immediate underlying musculature of the hindquarters.[8]: 130 Runs from the tail to the loins,[1]: 54 and from the point of the hip to the point of the buttock.[3]: 102
crowhop (US)
A mild form ofbucking, a stiff-legged hop with a rounded back. Does not involve kicking up the back legs.[1]: 55
crownpiece (US), headpiece (UK)
The portion of a headstall that goes behind the horse's ears.[citation needed]
A padded strap fitted high under the horse'sdock with straps running to the saddle, harness saddle, orsurcingle to keep those pieces of tack from sliding forward.[8]: 231 [1]: 55
C/S/F or c,s,f (AU)
Abbreviation for catch, shoe andfloat (transport), used inhorse for sale advertisements to describe a horse with good ground manners. Usually expressed asgood (or easy) to C/F/S.
curb
1. Curb bit: A type of bit that hasbit shanks. It applies leverage pressure to a horse's mouth when the reins are tightened. The degree of leverage depends on the length of the shank and the positioning of thebit mouthpiece on the shanks. Is used in conjunction with acurb chain or curb strap so that when the reins are tightened, pressure is also applied to the chin groove and the headstall applies pressure on thepoll of the animal. generally characterized by a solidbit mouthpiece of varying designs,[1]: 55 but may have a jointed mouthpiece, sometimes mistakenly called a "snaffle". Compare tosnaffle.
2. Curb (horse): Several possible types oflameness for which clinical signs include a swelling on the back of the lower leg.[1]: 55 Any of a collection of soft tissue injuries of the distal plantarhock region.
1. At a trot, the set of legs that move forward at the same are the "diagonal" pair.[1]: 61
2. When a rider posts while riding at the trot, they can rise either matching when the left or the right foreleg and opposite hind leg hits the ground. If they sit when the left foreleg strikes, they are on the left diagonal, if they sit when the right foreleg strikes, it is the right diagonal. When riding clockwise, the rider is to post the left diagonal, when riding counter-clockwise the rider is to post the right diagonal.[27] In other words, when riding a circle, the rider sits when the outside front and inside hind legs are on the ground.
3. Indressage tests, a line crossing the center of the competition ring running from one end corner to the opposite end corner. The diagonal is also used in somedriving competition as the route for competitors to safely change direction in a ring or arena when there are a large number of entries.
distaff
In racing, refers to female horses. Named for thedistaff, a spindle used in weaving and traditionally associated with women.[1]: 62 Inpedigree charts, refers to the entire dam's side of the pedigree.[8]: 146
dock
1. The muscular portion of a horse's tail, where the hair is rooted. Sometimes refers only to the upper portion of this area, where the tail attaches to the hindquarters.[1]: 63
2. Docking: to cut a horse's tail at the dock, seen most often oncarriage horses to keep the tails from becoming caught in theharness.[1]: 63 Traditionally referred to the practice of cutting the muscle and bone, though in modern use, sometimes refers only to the cutting of tail hair.
dogger (AU)
An animal to be used for pet meat, or a buyer of cattle or horses to be used for this purpose.[28] See alsocanner.
Equus ferus caballus, the subspecies of theWild Horse (Equus ferus) that has gone through the process ofdomestication.
doping, dope
To use a medication that is illegal or used in an illegal manner in order to improve a horse's performance in either racing or showing,[1]: 63 or, by an opponent, to harm an animal and cause it to perform poorly.
Generic term encompassing many breeds of large, muscular, heavy horses developed primarily as farm or harness horses, used for plowing fields, pulling wagons, logging and similar heavy pulling work. Spelled "draught" in British English.[8]: 151
1. A classical form ofhorse training, involving the gradual training of the horse in stages.[1]: 65–66
2. AnOlympic level equine sport based on classical principles of horsemanship, involving taking tests designed to gauge the training level of horses in classical dressage. Lower levels of dressage competition are organized by national equestrian organizations, but the higher levels, including the Olympics, are governed by theFédération Équestre Internationale.[30]: 148–151
drift
ANew Forest term for the gathering of semi-feral ponies for marking, veterinary treatment or sale. See alsomuster androundup.
Guiding and controlling one or more horses from behind, such as from ahorse-drawn vehicle, behind aplow or other implement, when pullinglogs,boats or other loads, or whenlong-reining. Guidance is by long reins and voice, often using traditional commands characteristic of particular areas or cultures.[1]: 66
dry
Refers to a lean head with an absence of fatty tissue and raised veins on the skin, typical of desert-bred stock such as the Arabian horse.[31]: 451
The style of riding ubiquitous in the British Isles and other parts of northern Europe, and widely practised in other parts of the world, especially for disciplines such asdressage,show jumping,cross-country etc. Characterised by use of a relatively flat saddle; the bridle usually has a cavesson-stylenoseband, with reins carried in both hands and generally used with steady contact with the horse's mouth.[1]: 71
1. An individual familiar with horses and horse handling.[8]: 169 It can also refer to someone riding a horse.[1]: 72 The feminine form isEquestrienne.[8]: 169
The genus including the horse, donkey, zebra and all other surviving members of the familyEquidae.[8]: 173
ergot
1. A smallcallosity on the back of thefetlocks ofequines, often concealed by feathering (hair). Thought to be a vestigial remnant of the pad of the toe.[8]: 174 See alsochestnut.
2. A fungus of the genusClaviceps growing parasitically on the seed-heads of grasses, and so sometimes occurring infodder eaten by horses. Contains large amounts ofalkaloids, includingergotamine. These can causeergotism, a serious condition affecting the nervous and circulatory systems, sometimes leading to permanent injury or death.[8]: 174
A jump in the cross-country phase of aneventing competition
A strap in horseharness passing from the collar, through the horse's legs to the belly band, to hold the collar in position.[12]: 119 Unlike a truemartingale, does not attach to the reins or head.
Long hair on the fetlocks of horses.[1]: 76 Most horses have some feather, at least in their winter coats, but in some types (especially certain heavydraft breeds) it may cover the feet and even extend up the rear of the legs. The feather is centered on theergot on the rear of the fetlock.
A free-roaming horse that lives in wild conditions, but is descended from domesticated ancestors – often erroneously called a "wild" horse.[1]: 77 The best-known examples are the AmericanMustang and the AustralianBrumby, but there are many other populations worldwide.
The joint above the pastern.[8]: 183–4 Anatomically, the metacarpophalangeal (front) and metatarsophalangeal (rear) joints of the horse, formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (also known as the cannon bones) and the proximal phalanx distally (the pastern bone). Anatomically equivalent to the basal joint of a human finger or toe.
A young female horse. Normally a horse under four years of age,[1]: 78 but can also be used of a horse under three years of age.[8]: 186 Any female horse that has had afoal is referred to as amare, regardless of her age.[1]: 78
five gaited
A horse with fivegaits: walk,trot,canter, rack, slow gait.
flank
The side of a horse.
float
1. To rasp down sharp points that may form onhorse teeth. Usually performed by a veterinarian or by an equine-dentistry specialist.[1]: 81
1. A young horse of either sex under the age of one year.[1]: 82 Derives from the Anglo-Saxon wordfola.[8]: 193 May be qualified by sex:colt foal,filly foal.
A largeloose box providing space and privacy for amare about to foal.[8]: 193 Minimum size is usually 14 feet (4.3 m) square. Often provided with a small window or peep-hole (or in modern times aclosed-circuit camera orwebcam) for the owner or groom to watch the progress of the foaling.
1. In racing, the overall fitness of a horse to race. It includes factors such as how well it is currently working, what itsbreeding is, and how it has performed in the past.[1]: 83
2. In jumping, the style that a horse uses going over fences.[1]: 83
The most severe form oflaminitis, an inflammatory condition affecting the laminae of thehoof. The third phalanx, orcoffin bone rotates, often becoming deformed, and in severe cases, may puncture the bottom surface of the hoof.[8]: 197 Severe cases may requireeuthanasia of the affected animal.[18]: 230 A leading cause of death among domesticated horses, especially in breeds which areeasy keepers (good doers).
A team of four horses with all their reins joined into one pair of reins, allowing one driver to control all of them.[1]: 83 Alsosix-in-hand etc.
frog
A tough, rubbery, triangular part of the underside of ahorse hoof that acts as a shock absorber for the horse's foot and also assists in blood circulation of the lower leg.[1]: 85
When a horse is kept at astable other than that owned by the horse's owner, when the owner pays for complete care of the horse. Usually includes all feed, the rent of the stall and pasture, and cleaning of thestall.[1]: 85 Often includes access to a riding arena and in some places may even include daily turnout or exercise. See alsolivery.
full-brother, full-sister
Animals with the same sire and the same dam.[8]: 75, 442
A unit of measurement in flathorse racing. Equals one-eighth of a mile or 220 yards (200 m).[1]: 86
futurity
1. Astakes race for two-year-olds where the owners nominate the horse before birth and then pay additional fees as the horse grows up to continue the ability to enter the horse in the race.[1]: 86 [8]: 204
2. Ahorse show competition for horses of a specified age, where the owners nominate the horse either before birth or as a youngfoal and then pay additional fees as the horse grows up to continue the eligibility to enter the horse in the class at the proper time.[1]: 86 [8]: 204 Futurities exist for many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines.
The way a horse moves its legs is a gait.[1]: 88 Gaits are divided into natural gaits which are performed by most horses (walk,trot,canter/lope andgallop), and those that are either trained by humans or are natural to a few breeds (ambling andpacing gaits).[9][8]: 205
The fastest naturalgait. Like thecanter, there is a moment during a gallop when all four hooves of the horse are off the ground, known as the moment of suspension.[8]: 206 At racing speeds, the gallop differs from the canter in that it becomes an irregular four beat gait, rather than a three-beat gait: the second beat of the canter, wherediagonal front and hind legs strike the ground simultaneously, is broken into two beats in very quick succession in the gallop. Used in the wild to escape predators, the gallop is the gait of the classic race horse.
Galloway
1. Horse type: Australian show horses standing over 14 hands and not exceeding 15 hands.[5]: 113
Wide, flat strap made of leather, canvas, cord, or similar synthetic materials, used in conjunction withbillets at each end to secure most types ofEnglish andAustralian saddles to a horse's back.[1]: 90 See alsocinch.
glass eye, wall eye
A blueeye on a horse.[8]: 522 There is no difference in vision between a blue-eyed horse and a horse with the more common brown eye.
A type ofhorse trailer that attaches to agooseneck hitch, a ball placed in the bed of apickup truck above the axle, rather than a hitch at the rear of the vehicle. The hitch connects to the underside of a long extension, or "gooseneck", that extends from the front of the trailer.[1]: 92 Compare to "bumper pull", above.
grade, grade horse
A horse that has only a small amount of recognizablebreeding,[8]: 217 or none at all. Generally an unregistered and unregisterable animal.[1]: 92 Not to be confused withcrossbred.
Grand Prix
Inequestrianism, the highest levels of eithershow jumping ordressage, generally governed by the rules of the FEI. The title is also given to some horse races.
green
A horse or rider that is either untrained or has just started training.[1]: 93
green-broke
A horse that has just begun its training and is inexperienced with riders.[8]: 220 Usually references horses that have been ridden under saddle a few times, less often applied to harness horses.
A type of headgear that utilizes anoseband or abosal for control instead of abit.[35]
half-breed
1. A type ofcrossbred horse whose sire and dam are from different breeds.[8]: 226
2. (UK) A horse whose sire or dam isThoroughbred, but the other parent is not. Such a horse is not eligible for registration in theGeneral Stud Book, but can be registered in the Half-Bred stud book.[8]: 226
half-brother, half-sister
Two horses with the same dam. Two horses with the same sire are simply said to beby the same sire.[8]: 226–7
1. (US) A device placed on the head of an equine for the primary purpose of leading or tying the animal;[1]: 99 See alsohead collar.
2. (Australasia and UK) A rope headpiece with the lead rope attached; or a rolled leather headpiece of the same pattern used for leading and showing horses with refined heads.[4]: 92 [5]: 125
A measurement of the height of a horse. Originally taken from the size of a grown man's hand but now standardized to 4 inches. The measurement is usually taken from the ground to thewithers. If expressed with a period and number after it, the number represents additional inches, so 15.3 hands ("fifteen-three") would be 15 times four inches, plus three inches – that is, 63 inches (160 cm). Abbreviated "hh"[1]: 100 for "hands high" or simply "h".
hand gallop
A controlledgallop, with a speed between that of acanter and a full gallop. Derives from the fact that the gallop is under control of the rider's hand.[1]: 100 Often used to show a horse's ground-covering stride inhorse show competition.
A floored space above a barn orstable where hay is stored,[8]: 233 often being fed through hatches in the floor directly into hay-racks in the animal enclosures below. The hayloft door is a high-level hatch (usually in agable wall), through which hay could be loaded directly from a wagon.
head collar (Australasia and UK)
A device placed on the head of an equine for the primary purpose of leading or tying the animal;[4]: 94 [1]: 102 See alsohalter andheadstall.
head shy, headshy
A horse which is reluctant to have its head touched or handled, making it difficult to groom and tack up.[1]: 103
headstall, head stall
1. The portion of abridle that consists of the straps that go over the horse's head and under the throat, excluding thenoseband, used to hold the bit in place.[8]: 235
2. An alternate name for a head collar (UK).
heavy
1. A rider who uses too much rein pressure is said to have "heavy" hands.[1]: 103
2. In racing, a track that is between muddy and good, in other words one that is drying out.[1]: 103
3. Adraft horse is sometimes called a "heavy" horse.
A sterilehybrid that is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey.[1]: 104 Generally considered less desirable than a mule, though has a similar appearance and characteristics.[31]: 330–1 Bred less often than mules because the offspring are smaller than mules and female donkeys are less fertile withstallions thanmares are with male donkeys. Also occasionally known asbardot orjennet.[8]: 242 [1]: 104
hitch
1. The object attached to a vehicle to allow a trailer to be attached and pulled.[1]: 105
2. To fasten aharnessed horse to a carriage or other horse-drawn vehicle.[1]: 105 (also:putting to).
3. To tie or tether a horse to a stationary object such as a post to keep it from wandering.[1]: 105
hitch and hop
A carriage driving term when one horse of a pair momentarily breaks its trotting stride to realign itsgait totrot in synchronisation with the other horse creating a harmonised pair, in a 'hitch and hop' movement.
A strap or other device placed around the pastern of the leg to prevent a horse (or other livestock animal) from wandering far,[1]: 105 usually by linking two or more legs together. A "half-hobble" attaches to only one foot, with the other end usually attached to a rope called apicket line.
Thetarsal joint of the equine hind leg, located midway between the horse's body and the ground.[8]: 244 Anatomically corresponds to a human's ankle and heel, but in horses is located much farther from the ground.
A body covering made for horses that covers the animal's body from chest to rump, usually kept on the horse by buckles at the chest by buckles and by adjustable straps passing under the belly and sometimes around the hind legs. Heavier weight blankets assist in keeping the animal warm in cold weather, lighter weight designs are used in warm weather to deter insects and to keep the sun from bleaching out the horse's coat.[8]: 249 Blankets may also have hoods or neck coverings added for additional protection of the animal.Compare to Saddle blanket,numnah.
The meat of equines, eaten in many cultures, buttaboo in others.
horse passport
A document required inEuropean Union countries for every equine animal, including a detailed description of the animal and a record of whether it is intended for human consumption. May be linked to amicrochip implant.
A unit ofpower, originally used to compare the power of mechanical devices to that of adraft horse. Roughly equivalent to the normal sustained power output of one horse – however themaximum power of a horse is much more than one horsepower.[8]: 253 A metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts,[37] and an imperial horsepower (or imperial horsepower) equals approximately 745.7 watts.[38]
The sport of racing horses,[8]: 253 a major industry in many parts of the world. Racehorses are usuallyThoroughbreds (or Arabs) ridden at thegallop, but other breeds are also raced. Horses or ponies may also be raced at the trot or pace, when they are usually inharness. See alsoharness racing.
A curved bar attached to the underside of the wall of the hoof, to prevent wear and provide grip.[8]: 253 Usually made of steel and nailed to the hoof, but may be of aluminum or other materials, and may be glued on. Usually used on all four hooves, but sometimes only on the front, or not used at all (seebarefoot).
An event with competitions where horses are judged or compete for points,ribbons, or prizes.
horsiculture (UK)
An informal term inUK land use planning, referring to land used intensively for keeping recreational horses, often with many small paddocks and numerous field shelters.[39]
1. Show hunter (US), hunter (US) or working hunter (US and UK): A type of horse andhorse show competition judged on its movement, manners, and way of going, particularly over fences. A hunter should be graceful and keep a long frame on the flat and while jumping fences.[1]: 109
2. Field hunter (US), hunter (US, UKI): a horse used forfox hunting. Subdivided by weight: heavy hunter, light hunter etc.
3. Show hunter (British): a competition for horses that are shown on the flat, not to jump.
1. Leading, as opposed to riding, a horse.[8]: 266
2. Anin-hand class is a type ofhorse show competition, where the horse is led, rather than ridden, and judged on itsconformation and movement.[8]: 266 Seehalter class.
3. In racing, a horse that is not running at top speed.[8]: 266
Intermediare I, II
AlsoIntermediate I, II
The second and third of the four levels of internationaldressage competition governed by the FEI, falling between Prix St. Georges and Grand Prix.
A female donkey.[1]: 119 Occasionally called ajennet.[8]: 275
jerk line
A single line when driving multiple freight horses. The jerk line runs past all the horses to the lead horse's left bit ring. A single pull means to turn left; a series of light jerks means to turn right. In some cases, each [left] horse in line has its own jerk line.[40]: 446 [12]: 164 [41]
jib (AU)
To refuse to go forwards, backwards or sideways as required by the driver or rider.[28]
A slow trot that is moderately collected, usually ridden withoutposting. Most often seen inwestern riding.[1]: 120
jump
1. A horsejumping over an obstacle Applied to horses, may refer to a horsejumping over an obstacle, or may refer to action where the horse simply leaps into the air, such asbucking, crowhopping, orpronking. Less often, applied to certainairs above the ground.
2. Anobstacle, particularly one used in competition.
jumper
A horse thatjumps, particularly in competition.[1]: 120
Inflammation of the sensitive laminae of thehoof.[1]: 125 Often linked to metabolic disturbances,[42] often associated with obesity or ingestion of excess starches or sugars.[43] Causeslameness and severe pain. Treatable if caught early, but in its most severe form, known as "founder", may require euthanasia of the affected animal.
Soft, flexible strap made of leather, attached to a heavy ring on a saddle tree, used to attach acinch to awestern saddle. Modern latigo usually has holes punched for a cinch buckle. On older saddles the latigo had no holes and the cinch was secured to the saddle with the latigo tied in a latigo hitch or girth hitch, a variation of thecow hitch. See alsobillets.[citation needed]
lead
1. Lead (leg): the leading legs of the horse at thecanter andgallop. The front and hind legs on one side of the horse appear to land in front of the other set of front and hind legs when the horse travels. On a curve, a horse is generally asked to lead with the inside legs, though there are exceptions to the general rule, such as thecounter canter.[1]: 126 See alsolead change.
2. Lead (tack): a lead rope, lead shank or leading rein. A flat line or rope attached to ahalter and used to lead the animal when the handler is on the ground.[8]: 295
The act of a horse changing from one lead to the other. When performed at acanter orgallop, it is a "flying change". When the horse is dropped to a slowergait and then asked to canter again but on the opposite lead, it is a "simple change". Performing a flying change with every stride is an advanceddressage movement known as a one-tempi change, tempi changes, or informally, "onesies".
Any of the horses in a team which are ahead of theshafts orpole.[8]: 294–295 Can only pull the vehicle, not slow it. See alsowheeler.
live foal guarantee
A guarantee that a bredmare will have a livingfoal from abreeding to astallion. Usually offered by the stallion's owner and allows the mare to be rebred if for some reason the resulting foal is stillborn or is not living.[8]: 301
Liverpool bit
A type of adjustablecurb bit used for horses inharness, allowing the horses in a team to be driven with the same rein tension.[8]: 301-302
An establishment where horses are housed for a fee. Horses may be kept stabled or on pasture. Services might include feeding, exercise and other care.[8]: 302 See alsofull-board.
To work or train a horse at the end of a long rope or flat line (typically about 30 feet (9.1 m) in length), teaching it to obey voice commands and exhibit good ground manners, and to exercise it when not ridden (for reasons of youth, age, infirmity, trainer desire, etc.).[1]: 130
long-reining, long-lining, line driving, ground-driving
Driving a horse while walking behind or to the side of it, controlling the animal by use of very long reins. Used for training, both for riding and driving.[8]: 304 [1]: 130 For a riding horse, the stirrups are often used as makeshiftterrets to keep the reins from trailing on the ground.
loose box (UK), box stall (US)
An enclosed area within astable where a horse may be left untethered (loose). Minimum size is usually 10 or 12 feet (3.0 or 3.7 m) square up to about 14 feet (4.3 m) square.[8]: 457 Contrast withtie stall, a smaller enclosure where the animal is kept tied or tethered. See alsostall.
A mature female horse, usually four years of age or older. Also denotes any female horse that has given birth, regardless of her age.[1]: 134 Comparefilly.
Generally refers to white markings on the horse's face, legs, and sometimes the occasional body spot on an otherwise solid-colored horse.[1]: 134
meat-money (UK)
The lowest price likely to be paid for an equine, equivalent to the value of an animal to be sold by the pound and slaughtered forhorse meat. Calledcanner price in the USA.
Thehybrid offspring of a male donkey and a horsemare. Almost always sterile. The hybrid with the reverse parentage (and somewhat different appearance and characteristics) is ahinny.[1]: 139 Mules are noted for theirsure-footedness.[8]: 326–327
When a horse is disobedient and refuses to go forwards it is said to benappy.[8]: 330 See alsobalk andjib.
natural cover, live cover
The process ofbreeding horses through natural biological means without use of artificial insemination or other assisted reproductive technology.[8]: 332 The only method of breeding allowed for theThoroughbred horse breed.
near side
The left side of a horse. The traditional side on which all activities around a horse are done or start to be done.[1]: 143
Turning a horse by touching the reins to the side of the horse's neck. The horse turns away from the rein pressure. Particularly useful when riding one-handed. Comparebearing rein.
A sound made by a horse. Generally a loud noise, described as a squeal followed by anicker. Often is heard when a horse is looking for another horse or a person,[45] sometimes used to call out to unseen animals.[1]: 144
nicker, whicker
A soft noise made by horses, the horse makes a vibrating sound with its mouth closed using the vocal cords. Often used as a greeting to humans or other animals, the softest version used by amare communicating to herfoal. Louder versions may be heard when astallion is communicating with a mare.[45]
night horse (AU)
A quiet horse with good night vision that is used to patrol cattle at night, whendroving.[28]
Asaddle pad used beneath the saddle to protect the horse's back, often shaped to fit the saddle rather than being rectangular. May be fairly thin, or well padded, and may be made ofsheepskin.[1]: 147
A horse who is flexed at the poll, moving forward well, holding the bit without fuss, and is responsive to the rider.[1]: 151
on the bridle
Of a horse in a race, when it is being kept at a steady speed on a tight rein to avoid tiring it early in the race. When sprinting for the finish, the horse will usually be allowed to runoff the bridle, with the reins quite loose.
on the buckle
InEnglish riding, holding the reins very loose, literally only holding the reins by the buckle that joins the reins together.[1]: 151
1. A two-beat, lateralgait where the front and hind legs on the same side move forward at the same time.[1]: 156 Difficult to ride, but the fastest of the intermediate gaits, particularly seen inharness racing and the "flying pace" of theIcelandic horse.
2. Inhorse racing, may refer to the speed of the leaders of a given race,[8]: 353 i.e. "setting the pace" or "off the pace".
3. The speed of a horse or, as a verb, to regulate the speed of a horse, particularly over distance.
4. A group of asses, also known as apasse.[8]: 353
1. The known and documented lineage of an animal.[1]: 160
2. The writtenpedigree chart outlining the lineage of an animal.
performance class
A category ofhorse show classes where horses are exhibited inharness or under saddle and judging is based on how they perform the tasks asked of them. May also refer toequitation classes, where the skill of the rider is judged. Contrast to ahalter class which is judged solely on the horse's conformation.[1]: 161 CompareHalter, "in hand"
The outward appearance of an animal, in contrast togenotype, the genetic inheritance of an animal.[46]
pigroot or pigjump (UK and Australasia)
A form of bucking where the horse plants its forelegs and kicks out with the rear.[44]: 1309
pinhooking
The practice of buying young horses with the specific intention of reselling them for a profit. In the UK, typically refers to buyingThoroughbredweanlings andyearlings.[8]: 370 [47]
place
1. Inhorse racing, a placed horse is one that finishes second in a race (NAm),[1]: 163 or in the first three places (AU/NZ/UK),[5]: 206 [8]: 372 Aplace bet is a bet that a horse will finish in first or second position.[8]: 372 In the (UK/Ir) place bets may be pay up to fourth place if there are 16 or more runners in a race.[48][49]
2. Inhorse shows, any award ranking,[1]: 163 particularly one other than first "place", usually second through fifth or sixth place.
plug
A common horse or broken down horse of no particular value.[4]: 153
Collective term inhorse anatomy for the external parts of a horse, such as crest, withers, shoulder, cannon, etc.
pointing
Resting a foreleg; indicating soreness in that leg or foot.[5]: 208
pole
A single rigid bar extending from the front of a horse-drawn vehicle, positioned between a pair of horses, andharnessed to them. Allows the horses to steer and slow the vehicle.[8]: 375 Compareshafts.
Poling is the practice (usually illegal onhorse show grounds) of deliberately hitting the legs of ashow jumper while it is in the air over a fence, said to make it fold up its legs and jump higher.[1]: 164
1. In common use, a member of the speciesEquus ferus caballus of ahorse breed that typically matures shorter than 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm). Individual animals of breeds that typically mature over this height may still be called "horses" even if under the cutoff height.[1]: 165 In some parts of the world, the cutoff is at 14 hands instead of 14.2.[8]: 378–379
2. Biologically, may be used to define small horses that retain a ponyphenotype of relatively short height heavy coat, thick mane and tail, proportionally short legs, and heavy build regardless of actual mature height.
3. For competition purposes, depending on organizational rules and local tradition, may also be used for an adult horse of any breed of 14.2, 14.1, or 14 hands or less at the time of competition.[1]: 165 TheFEI, which uses metric measurement, defines the official cutoff point at 148 centimetres (58.27 in) (just over 14.2 h) without shoes and 149 centimetres (58.66 in) (just over 14.2½ h) with shoes.[50][verification needed]
4. Leading one horse while riding another.[1]: 165
Also calledrising to the trot. To rise up out of the saddle and then gently sit back down in rhythm with the horse's motion while it istrotting.[1]: 166-167 Posting the trot is generally more comfortable for both rider and horse. See alsodiagonal.
Prix St. Georges
The first of the international competitivedressage levels in FEI competition. It is followed by Intermediare I, Intermediare II and Grand Prix. Levels below Prix St. Georges, though common in local and national-level competition, are not recognized by the FEI. The terms used for these lower levels and number of levels available vary from nation to nation.
An animal with documented parentage recognized by abreed registry as being descended in all lines from recognizedfoundation bloodstock and free of admixture ofbreeding from lines outside those of the breed in question.[8]: 389 Not to be confused withThoroughbred, which is a specific breed of horse with very strict standards for purebred status.
purse
Prize money in a competition,horse show class, or race.[1]: 170
putting to
Attaching a vehicle to aharnessed horse.[12]: 219–20
AlsoAmerican Quarter Horse. A popularstock horse breed, especially in North America, noted for ability to work with cattle and compete in related competitive events requiring both short bursts of intense speed and agility. Also raced at distances of a quarter mile or less, from whence the name originates.[1]: 7–8
When a horse rises up on its hind legs.[1]: 177 If performed while being handled by humans, is usually considered a severe, dangerous disobedience. Occasionally, horses are trained to rear on command for uses such as film or circus work. Rearing may occur while an animal is loose, being ridden, or while being handled by a human from the ground.[1]: 177
Documentation provided by abreed registry that verifies thebreeding and ownership of an animal.[1]: 178 Usually includes a pedigree chart and an outline illustration indicating whitemarkings. Some organizations may include a photograph of the animal.
A male horse with one or moreundescended testicles (acryptorchid), or one which is incompletely castrated (deliberately or accidentally). If both testicles are not descended, the horse may appear to be agelding, but will still behave like astallion.[51][8]: 406–7
ring sour (US)
A horse that exhibits competition burnout through undesired behavioral problems, including a disinterest in work,[8]: 407 reluctance to move forward, pinned back ears, a twisting or wringing tail, or overall disobedience in the ring.
1. A device placed on the back of a horse or other equine, where the rider sits, designed to support and stabilize a rider. Comes in two main varieties, astock saddle (western or Australian designs), and flatter types, known asEnglish in the United States, which are used for jumping,dressage and racing.[1]: 186
2. A part of a drivingharness placed on the back, forming an attachment point for several other harness parts, taking the weight of theshafts orpole.[12]: 233–4
1. Padding placed between the saddle and a horse's back. Sometimes used only to keep a saddle clean from horse sweat.
2. Inwestern riding: asaddle blanket is a rectangular wool, felt or synthetic blanket placed under awestern saddle; asaddle pad provides more padding than a blanket and is often a rectangle of fleece-covered foam.[8]: 418
3. InEnglish riding: Asaddle pad is placed under the saddle and may be shaped fully or partially to complement the outline of the saddle. Not allEnglish saddles require padding. See alsonumnah.
2. The style of saddle used for this discipline, also known as apark saddle,lane fox, orcutback. Is designed to set the rider farther back on the horse. Not intended for jumping.
sand roll
Aloose box oryard covered with deep sand, which is used by horses to roll in after exercise.[52]
Domesticated horses or ponies allowed to roam freely, but owned by individuals and rounded up from time to time. Examples includeNew Forest,Dartmoor andExmoor ponies in their native locations,stock horses on many ranches in the American west, and some modernIberian horses in Spain and Portugal. Herds often consist only ofmares (with or without sucklingfoals), butstallions may be turned out in the mating season, withweanlings (especiallycolts) removed for sale in the autumn. The term may also refer to "bachelor herds" of young colts orgeldings that are not old enough to be placed under saddle, or retired geldings too old to ride. Seeferal horse.
shafts
A pair of rigid bars extending from the front of a horse-drawn vehicle, attached to each side of a single horse.[8]: 433 Allows the animal to steer the vehicle, and in the case of a two-wheeled vehicle, to hold it level. Used for a single animal, for the rearmost of several animals intandem, or sometimes to act aspoles between three horses abreast (atroika). Comparepole.
Also calledstadium jumping; a competition that goes as high as the Olympic level, where the horse is judged on the number of obstacles it clears on the course in a given round and the speed at which it completes the course. When a course is not timed, or in the event of a tie, the height of obstacles is raised in each successive round, most notably inpuissance competition, until there is a winner.[8]: 438 [30]: 160–171
shuttle stallion
Astallion who is regularly transported between the Northern and Southern hemispheres in order to covermares during bothbreeding seasons.[53]
shying
When a horse jumps in fright, usually at a sudden movement or an unfamiliar object.[1]: 194
Auxiliary reins used for training or longeing. The reins run from the bit to asurcingle,girth, or saddle. Used to modify head carriage or encourage a young horse to have contact with a bit.[8]: 440 [1]: 194
A saddle designed for women where both legs are on thenear side of the horse, rather than sitting with legsastride.[8]: 440
silhouette, outline diagram
A standard set of diagrams of an individual horse, showing its identifying features, includingmarkings and the locations of all its hairwhorls. May form part of ahorse passport, or ofregistration papers, or both.[54]
A sire line is the term given to the bloodlines and male descendants from a singlestallion and are commonly discussed within the racehorse industry. Sire line descent charts or trees are visual representations of the male descendant line, including showing branches of any other important sire lines of their descendants.[55][56] Term is related totail-male.
smooth mouth
Older horses who have worn the indentations or "cups" from their incisors, which usually occurs by about the age of eight. See alsoHorse teeth.[3]: 107
A snaffle bit with a jointed mouthpiece and "eggbutt" stylebit rings
A type of bit that applies direct pressure to the horse's mouth, i.e. a bit without leverage.[1]: 196–197 Generally considered the mildest type of pressure, though severity can vary depending on the type ofbit mouthpiece used. The most common style of snaffle bit has a jointed mouthpiece, but the term refers to a direct pressure bit with any type of mouthpiece, solid or jointed.[1]: 196–197 Term sometimes is incorrectly used to refer to acurb bit with a jointed mouthpiece.
snort
A loud harsh sound emitted when a horse holds its head high and forces the breath violently through the nostrils with the mouth shut. The snort lasts about one second and is most commonly heard in horses when they are startled.[57]
sound
Technical terminology used to describe a healthy horse.[7]
sour
A horse that is grumpy and unhappy when being ridden. Usually happens through too much work.[1]: 198
1. Ossification of the second and fourth metacarpal or metatarsal bones, which often form after trauma to the area. Often an unsoundness when newly injured, may ossify into blemishes with no effect on soundness, depending on location.[58]
2. Splint bones, the second and fourth metacarpal or metatarsal bones, thought to bevestiges of the toes possessed by prehistoric equines.[58]
Any of a number of repetitive or nervous behaviors seen most often in horses kept in confinement.[1]: 200 Usually attributed to boredom and insufficient exercise, though temperament may also play a role. Stable vices includecribbing,weaving, wood chewing, wall-kicking and similar behaviors.[citation needed]
A large coach pulled by horses used in former times as public transport. A team of four or more horses would be used, being changed at regular intervals–"stages"–for a fresh team.[8]: 456
stall (US), stable (UK)
An enclosure within astable in which an individual horse is kept.[1]: 201 Can mean aloose box where the horse is loose and can turn around, andtie stall where the horse is tied facing in one direction.[citation needed]
A mature, uncastrated male horse, usually four years old and older,[8]: 457 although sometimes refers to a horse three years of age or older.[1]: 201 Other terms includeentire,stud,stud horse,full,full horse,stone horse,stock horse, orbull.[8]: 457 Comparecolt,gelding.
star mare
Similar tocluster mare, except that descendants will have won three or four of the top eight races, rather than five or more.[25]
An elaborately decoratedchariot for ceremonial occasions. Often the front panel is replaced by a glass panel or windscreen. Also called agala chariot ordress chariot.[22]: 44, 154
A highly decorative ceremonial coach for a monarch or head of state, drawn at a walk by multiple horses, and guided bypostilions (riders) or acoachman (driver). The term is also used to indicate a formal town coach used by nobility and the wealthy for formal occasions, drawn by matching horses.[22]: 154
Paired small light frames or rings for receiving the foot of a rider, attached to the saddle by a strap, called astirrup leather. Used to aid in mounting and as a support while riding.[8]: 463 [1]: 203 In UK usage and forEnglish riding in some US regions, the term "stirrup" includes both the metal frame, oriron, and thestirrup leather, the strap used to suspend the iron from the saddle. Inwestern riding, the term "stirrup" refers only to the frame, which on awestern saddle is often made of wood covered with leather. See alsoirons.
4. Any horse used for various competitions that are based and judged on cattle handling or agility skills such asreining,cutting,campdrafting or similar events.
stock saddle
1. Several designs of a heavier style of saddle with a deep, secure seat, usually with flared pommels and a high cantle. Designed to help keep the rider seated when a horse makes rapid turns or stops, such as when working livestock.[8]: 464
The distance from the imprint of a forefoot until the same foot hits the ground again.[8]: 467 [1]: 205
string
The group of race horses being trained by an individualhorse trainer. Sometimes used to refer to any group of horses trained or used by a single entity for a particular purpose, such as a string ofpolo ponies, a "show string" ofhorse show entries, or apack string.[8]: 468
A nervous disorder in horses, causing a jerking movement, a higher-than-naturalgait, of one or both hind legs, as if stepping over an invisible object.[8]: 468 [5]: 200
1. (Alsobreed registry) a list of horses of a particularbreed whose parents are known.[8]: 469 Anopen stud book allows parents of different breeds, as long as the horse conforms to the breed standard or meets other criteria, and is often used when establishing new breeds. Aclosed stud book requires both parents to be in the book, with lineage traceable to thefoundation bloodstock. TheThoroughbred breed is an example of a closed stud book. Manywarmblood breeds such as theOldenburger have an open stud book with animals approved for registry via astudbook selection process.
2. A list ofstallions of a particular breed "standing at stud", that is, actively being bred.
A lightweight, two-wheeled cart for one person pulled by a single horse (or sometimes a pair). In earlier times used as a fast, showy form of transport, but now usually limited toharness racing, when it is often made extremely lightly, with bicycle-style wheels.[1]: 206–207
1. Surcingle (NAm, UK/Ir), roller (UK/Ir, Au/NZ). A piece of training equipment which goes around the barrel of the horse.[1]: 207 Usually padded at the top,[5]: 273 and buckles around the horse. Often has rings placed at various locations for attachment of reins, a crupper and/or an overcheck. Specialized designs also used inequestrian vaulting.
2. A long unpadded strap that passes around the barrel of a horse. One design is placed over a saddle and is fastened with a buckle, used on racing, polo andAustralian stock saddles.[5]: 273 Other designs are used to hold on certain styles ofhorse blankets.
The single line ofmares, from the dam to maternal granddam, maternal great-granddam and so on. Usually shown on the bottom side of a pedigree chart.[3]: 108 Corresponds in biology tomtDNA.
tail-male
The line of direct ancestralsires in a pedigree.[59] Paternal line; relates toY chromosome inheritance. Term is related tosire line.
Several animals pulling a vehicle. Arranged in various configurations, most commonly as apair (two side by side), intandem (two or more in single file), afour (two pairs) or asix.[8]: 483 More rarely other arrangements such as three or moreabreast, atroika (three abreast withshafts between), a "pickax" (three abreast with a pair ofwheelers behind) or a "unicorn" (a single animal in front of a pair of wheelers).
When used as a proper noun, refers to a specific breed of horse, best known as arace horse.[1]: 213 Occasionally used as a non-proper noun to meanpurebred.
three-quarter brother/sister
Horses who share one sire, and the same maternal grandsire (damsire); in other words, horses that share three grandparents.[18]: 414
tie stall (US), stall (UK)
A small, rectangular enclosure within astable, approximately 6 feet (1.8 m) wide by 8 to 10 feet (2.4 to 3.0 m) long, where an animal is kept tied up.[8]: 493 See alsostall.
topline
1. The area on a horse that runs from thepoll to the dock.[8]: 497
2. On a pedigree chart, the paternal side of the ancestry, which is given on the top of the chart.[1]: 216
A powerfully built type of horse used for light draught work, such as pulling a commercial van.[8]: 514 May be applied to particular breeds, such as theGypsy Vanner horse (US)/Coloured Cob (UK).
Doctor of veterinary medicine, an individual who is trained to provide medical care to horses and other animals. Specialists who work with horses are known asequine veterinarians. Professional acronyms: DVM, VMD, MRCVS.
vice
A habit making the horse difficult to work or keep, such as biting, kicking or bucking. Includes (but is not limited to)stable vices.[1]: 228
A descriptive word for many middle-weight horse types and breeds, most originally developed in Europe by the crossbreeding of draft or heavy harness horses to light horse breeds such asThoroughbreds orArabians. "Warm" refers to its origin as a cross of acold-blood, and ahot-blood—it does not relate to body temperature.[1]: 231
weanling
Afoal that has been weaned from its mother, but is less than one year old.[1]: 231
A habit, considered astable vice, developed by some horses kept for long periods in astall, in which the horse repetitively sways side to side, shifting weight and moving its head and neck back and forth.[1]: 231 See alsoboxwalking.
1. A style of riding characterized by use of awestern saddle and abridle without anoseband.[8]: 527 Riders generally have a fairly long stirrup, sit rather than post the trot (hence a slower trot, called a "jog" is generally desired in the western horse) and, on a finished western horse, reins are usually carried one-handed by the non-dominant (usually left) hand and, with minimal or no contact with the horse's mouth. Horses are usually ridden in acurb bit or a bosal-stylehackamore, and turned byneck reining.
One of the pair of horses closest to ahorse-drawn vehicle (next to the wheels).[1]: 234 The only horses in a team able to slow the vehicle, by pulling back on the pole. Also the rearmost of a team intandem. Seeleader.
Horses that have no domesticated ancestors.[8]: 531 [30]: 24 Currently the only wild horse in the world is thePrzewalski's horse.[30]: 24 The only other true wild horse to survive into historical times was thetarpan. All other free-roaming horses today areferal horses, descended from domesticated ancestors. The Domestic Horse,Equus ferus caballus, is a subspecies of the Wild Horse.
win
Inhorse racing, the horse that comes in first in a given race. Also a bet that a horse will come in first.[8]: 531
Ancient Greekcavalry officer, historian and political philosopher who wrote a manual,On Horsemanship (Ἱππαρχικὸς ἢ περὶ ἱππικῆς) describing humane methods for the training of horses,[1]: 239 circa 350 BC. Sometimes called the "father of classical horsemanship".
^abcdefghiEdwards, Gladys Brown; Parkinson, Mary Jane (2006)."A Touch of the Terminology or Taming the Equine Lexicon" reprinted in: Gladys Brown Edwards: Artist, Scholar, Author. Cambria, California: Arabian Horse World. pp. 97–108.ISBN978-1-929164-38-7.
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^abPrice, Steven D.; Rentsch, Gail; Burn, Barbara; Spector, David A. (1998).The Whole Horse Catalog (Revised ed.). New York: Fireside.ISBN0-684-83995-4.OL7721733M.
^abcdefEnsminger, M. E. (1990).Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agriculture Series (Sixth ed.). Danville, IL: Interstate Publishers.ISBN0-8134-2883-1.OL2229050M.
^Kitze, Adolf (1887). "Appellativnamen: Destrier".Das Ross in den altfranzösischen Artus- und Abenteurromanen [The steed in the old French Arthurian and adventure novels] (in German). Marburg: Universitäts-Buchdruckerei (R. Friedrich). pp. 4–5. RetrievedOctober 20, 2023.Das eigentliche Streitross ist aber der äusserst kräftige, durch Schnelligkeit, Stärke, Ausdauer ausgezeichnete und daher von den Rittern in voller Rüstung gerittenedestrier... [The actual warhorse, however, is the extremely powerful 'destrier', which is distinguished by its speed, strength and endurance and is therefore ridden by knights in full armor]
^abcGoode Angela, “Great Working Horse Stories”, ABC Books, Sydney, 1995,ISBN0-7333-0377-3
^Wilkes, G. A., "A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms", Oxford University Press, USA, 1996,ISBN0-19-553798-X
^abcdWhitaker, Julie; Whitelaw, Ian (2007).The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge. New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN978-0-312-37108-1.OL10389170M.
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