Broadside advertising bucks, wenches and a "picaninny" in Kentucky, 1855Broadside advertising "acclimated" slaves separately from other people for sale, in New Orleans in 1858A form of torture called cat-hauling, excerpt from woodcut in 1840 Anti-Slavery Almanac
This is aglossary of American slavery, terminology specific to the cultural, economic, and political history ofslavery in the United States
Breeding slave: Used for slaves valued for their reproductive qualities, such as high fertility and health, to produce slave offspring; akin to a broodmare (female slaves) or sire (male slaves).[2]
Broad wife: Alsobroad husband; spouse of an enslaved person who lived on another plantation or in another settlement.[3]
Buck: Male enslaved person, usually of reproductive age and often with a sexually suggestive connotation.[4]
Coastwise: Transportation of enslaved people by ocean-going ship between the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.[5]
Coffle: Group of enslaved people in a chain gang for overland shipment on foot.
Complete: The use of the wordcomplete in a slave advertisement indicated a high level of competency, meaning the person had especial capability and/or the necessary training to "adeptly" perform certain work.[6]
Dower slaves: Slaves brought into a family unit through the wife's previous ownership.[7]
Estate slaves: An inheritance of enslaved people bequeathed from one white person to another.[8]
Fancy girl: Enslaved women sold for sexual exploitation, usually young, usually with light skin color, usually at price points significantly above that for field hands or even skilled mechanics.[9]
Field holler: African American work songs with roots in the plantation era.
Griffe: Also,griffonne,[10] a color/race descriptor most commonly used in Louisiana, usually describing someone who was one-quarter white and three-quarters black;[11] for other examples of the detailed race-mixture vocabulary developed in Louisiana, seeMulatto § Louisiana.
Hand-sawing: Not sawing off a human hand, but a form of torture wherein an enslaved person was beaten with the toothed edge of ahand saw.[12]
Likely: Used adjectivally; according to historianCalvin Schermerhorn, "Likely was code forable, and in the case of women,fertile."[13]Likely implied that a slave listed for sale was healthy, versatile, and strong.[14]
No. 1 men: Slave traders' classification for healthy enslaved males aged 19 to 25.[15] An enslaved person expected to draw high bids might be taggedextra; less-marketable human beings for sale at auction were described as "fair, No. 2, 3rd rate, scrubs, and boys too small to plough."[16] Overall, buyers competed most for male field hands aged 18 to 30, so "the selling price of this class supplied something of a basis for the sale of all Negroes".[17] One index of slave prices at theRichmond market in 1849 had several price gradations for female slaves but only two subdivisions for male slaves: No. 1 men and "plow boys 5 ft 2 inches."[18]
Pan toting: Food co-opted from slavers by the enslaved.
Plow boys orplough boys: One slave-sale ad published in Tennessee in 1827 listed two enslaved boys, aged 13 and 10, as "plough boys."[14]
Prime age: Enslaved individuals between the ages of 15 and 25, considered the peak years for purchasing long-term productivity and fertility.[19]
Quarter hands,half hands,three-quarter hands, andfull hands: Grading system for agricultural laborers based on age and capacity for work, re-evaluated annually as child workers aged and grew, or as older workers became less productive and slower.[20] Work assignments for quarter-hands were a quarter of the amount of work, weight, or distance expected from a full hand, etc.[20]
Raised by: Slave owners described a slave as "raised by me" when he or she had lived in the enslaver's household since birth. The use of "raised by" neither indicated nor precluded a genetic relationship between enslaver and enslaved.
Redhibition: Essentially a state-mandated warranty on enslaved people found to be "defective" or in some way misrepresented by slave dealers; specific to Louisiana.[21]
Salting: Form of torture where brine was applied to the wounds of a whipped slave.[22] Other substances were used, including turpentine, hot-pepper juice, and dripping candle wax, et al.[23]
Saltwater slave: An enslaved person who was born in Africa rather than in the Americas.[24]
Scramble: A "first come, first served" supermarket-sweep-style sale of enslaved people.
Seasoning: Period of adjustment for newly trafficked Africans brought to the Americas.
Slave for life: Legal term used to distinguish between chattel slaves and indentured servants or apprentices, who were held in bondage for a limited term under certain conditions.[25]
Stampede: Per the Slave Stampedes on the Missouri Borderlands project of Dickinson College and the U.S. National Park Service, the termstampede came into use in the 1840s to describe "serial escapes by individuals or pairs, sometimes to describe either spontaneous or planned small group escapes of 3 or more people, and yet most often to define a special type of mass escape involving a dozen or more, often armed, bands of enslaved people heading defiantly toward freedom."[26]
Stripes: Strikes with a whip, which would leave bloody gashes in the skin that initially looked like stripes, at least until the multiple strikes merged into one open wound of macerated flesh;[27] commonly meted in out in increments of "39 stripes" because 40 or more lashes was proscribed byDeuteronomy 25:3, translated in theNew International Version as, "but the judge must not impose more than forty lashes. If the guilty party is flogged more than that, your fellow Israelite will be degraded in your eyes."[28]
Tavern traders: Slave traders who used locals taverns as a place of business, and/or owners of taverns, hotels, or inns who did part-time slave trading as a side business have been calledtavern traders.[29][30][31][13] Some of these taverns and hotels had their own slave pens, in part so guests could incarcerate their body servants and coachmen overnight while traveling.[32][33]Tavern trading was especially common in the first quarter of the 19th century.[citation needed]
Term slave: One of roughly 1,000 children registered in the state of Pennsylvania between 1788 and 1826 who were "purportedly free" but owed 28 years of labor to owners of their legally enslaved mothers; the U.S. government did not recognize this legal status.[34]
Wench: Female enslaved person, usually of reproductive age and often with a sexually suggestive connotation.[35][4]
^Smithers, Gregory (2006).The Strains of Breeding Settler Colonialism and Managed Miscegenation in the United States and Australia (Ph.D. thesis). University of California Davis. p. 162.OCLC180171153.Slave owners and traders defined good breeding among slaves as the ability of slave men and women to sire as many children as possible to aggrandize the profits of slave traders
^Jewett, Clayton E.; Allen, John O. (2004).Slavery in the South: a state-by-state history. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 165.ISBN978-0-313-32019-4.
^Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. (2019).They were her property: white women as slave owners in the American South. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. p. 148.ISBN978-0-300-21866-4.
^Marrs, A.W. (2009).Railroads in the Old South:Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press., doi:10.1353/book.3447. Page 61
^Flanders, Ralph Betts (1933).Plantation Slavery in Georgia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 189.LCCN33037653.OCLC9876467.
^Fiske, David A.., Brown, Clifford Waters., Seligman, Rachel. Solomon Northup: The Complete Story of the Author of Twelve Years a Slave. United States: Praeger, 2013. Pages 182–183
