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| Geographical range | Central Europe |
|---|---|
| Period | Chalcolithic |
| Dates | circa 3400 BCE –circa 2800 BCE |
| Preceded by | Funnelbeaker culture,Lengyel culture,Cucuteni-Trypillia culture |
| Followed by | Corded Ware culture,Zlota culture,Schönfeld culture |
TheGlobular Amphora culture (GAC,German:Kugelamphoren-Kultur (KAK); c. 3400–2800 BC, is anarchaeological culture inCentral Europe.Marija Gimbutas assumed anIndo-European origin,[1] though this is contradicted by newer genetic studies that show a connection to the earlier wave ofEarly European Farmers rather than toWestern Steppe Herders from theUkrainian and south-westernRussian steppes.[2]
The GAC preceded theCorded Ware culture in its central area. Somewhat to the south and west, it was bordered by theBaden culture. To the northeast was theNarva culture. It occupied much of the same area as the earlierFunnelbeaker culture. The name was coined byGustaf Kossinna because of the characteristic pottery, globular-shaped pots with two to four handles.
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The Globular Amphora culture was located in an area defined by theElbe catchment on the west and that of theVistula on the east, extending southwards to the middleDniester and eastwards to reach theDnieper. West of the Elbe, some globular amphorae are found in megalithic graves. The GAC finds in the steppe area are normally attributed to a rather late expansion between 2950 and 2350 cal. BC from a centre inWolhynia andPodolia.
Despite several minor regional to local differences, in the GAC distribution, there are two main GAC-groups; the groups are distinguished by their networks, as recently pointed out by Johannes Müller.[3] The eastern group (the Vistula-Podolia network) share specific pottery sub-types and the exploitation ofKrzemionki silex. The western groups (the Elbe network) share a pottery with elements of other archaeological groups (such asFunnel Beaker) and the presence Neck-comb axes (German: Nackenkammäxte), a special variant of stonebattle axes.[3]
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The economy was based on raising a variety of livestock, pigs particularly in the earlier phase of the eastern GAC groups, in distinction to the Funnelbeaker culture's preference for cattle.
In the western groups, located in central Germany, cattle dominated the few known bone assemblages. In contrast to the Bernburg Culture, which kept their cattle locally,[4] the GAC communities moved within a radius of 50 km to feed their cattle. Accordingly, the people were probably more mobile than those of contemporaneous archaeological groups.[5]
A high mobility is also indicated by the settlement pattern. Settlements are sparse, and these normally just contain small clusters pits. No convincing house-plans have yet been excavated. It is suggested that some of these settlements were not year-round, or indeed may have been temporary. Some evidence, such as paired oxen burials, suggests that the GAC might have made use of cattle-drawnwagons or carts.[6][7]
The GAC is primarily known from its burials.Inhumation was in a pit orcist. A variety of grave offerings were left, including animal parts (such as a pig's jaw) or even whole animals, e.g., oxen. Grave gifts include the typical globular amphorae and stone axes. There are also cattle-burials, often in pairs, accompanied by grave gifts. There are also secondary burials inMegalithic graves.
The inclusion of animals in the grave is seen as an intrusive cultural element byMarija Gimbutas. The practice ofsuttee, hypothesized by Gimbutas is also seen as a highly intrusive cultural element. The supporters of theKurgan hypothesis point to these distinctive burial practices and state this may represent one of the earliest migrations ofIndo-Europeans into Central Europe. In this context and given its area of occupation, this culture has been claimed as the underlying culture of aGermanic-Baltic-Slavic continuum.[8]
Tassi et al. (2017) extracted fifteen samples ofmtDNA.[9] The majority of the samples belonged to subclades ofU andHaplogroup H (mtDNA), along withJ,W andK. The remains were found to be closely related toEarly European Farmers andWestern Hunter-Gatherers, with little genetic relation to theYamnaya culture ofWestern Steppe Herders in the east. The authors of the study suggested that the Globulara Amphora culture could possibly have been in contact with the Yamnaya, but that the interaction would mostly have been at the cultural level with very limited migration, if any, contrary to the predictions of Gimbutas’s Kurgan hypothesis.
Mathieson et al. (2018) included a genetic analysis of eight males of the Globular Amphora culture. Three of them carriedhaplogroup I2a2a1b and a subclade of it; two carriedI2a2; one carriedI2; one carriedBT and one carriedCT.[10] According to admixture analysis they also had approximately 70% EEF ancestry and 30% WHG ancestry, some of them with negligibleEastern Hunter-Gatherer and Yamnaya traces.[11]
Schroeder et al. (2019) examined 15 skeletons from theKoszyce mass grave in southernPoland, which is ascribed to the Globular Amphora culture. The individuals were all shown to be members of an extended family, and to have been buried with great care by someone who knew them very well. Most of them were female and children. All had been executed by a violent blow to the head, perhaps by invading Corded Ware groups.[a] The older males of the family are missing from the grave, suggesting that they were away or had fled. Of the eight samples ofY-DNA extracted, all were found to belong toI2a-L801. The fifteen mtDNA samples consisted of various subclades ofT,H,J,K,HV. The skeletons showed about 70% EEF ancestry and 30% WHG ancestry, meaning the population was distinct from neighboring Corded Ware groups in lacking steppe-related ancestry. The archaeological and genetic evidence collected from the grave indicated that the Globular Amphora culture waspatriarchal and kinship-oriented, which appears to have been the norm for Late Neolithic communities inCentral Europe.[12]
Papac et al. (2021) examined 3 Globular Amphora individuals from Vlineves in theCzech Republic. They were found to harbour mainly EEF ancestry and about 25–30% WHG ancestry. The 3 Globular Amphora culture males in the study belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b–V88.[13]
Media related toGlobular amphora culture at Wikimedia Commons