Gijón forms part of a large metropolitan area that includes twenty councils in the center of the region, structured with a dense network of roads, highways and railways and with a population of 835,053 inhabitants in 2011, making it the 7th-largest in Spain.[4]
During the 20th century, Gijón developed as an industrial city in the steel and naval industries. However, due to the decline in manufacturing in these industries, in recent years Gijón is undergoing a transformation into an important tourist, university, commercial and R&D center. Gijón is the location of theRadiotelevisión del Principado de Asturias, the neighbourhood ofCimavilla, theUniversidad Laboral de Gijón, the Revillagigedo Palace, and the adjoining Collegiate Church of San Juan Bautista.
Gijón is part of the statistical (not yet developed from an administrative standpoint)comarca ofGijón.
One theory based on some early medieval texts mention it as "Gigia", derived from the identical Greek and Latin term "gigias", meaning "giant", both of which refer to the Greek mythological giantGigas. The medieval "Gigia" name, in turn, more specifically would refer to the ancient Roman wall built on the peninsula of theCimavilla neighbourhood of Gijón. This wall was called the "Gegionem" by the Romans, and is itself a compound Latin term being either "geg-ionem", meaning "giant-ness/gigantic", "gegi-onem", meaning "concrete giant", or "gegio-nem" meaning "giant end". Presumably the use of the term meaning "giant" referred to either the pre-Germanic Astur peoples who inhabited the area being of large physical stature, or simply the largeness of the wall itself.
The name of the city might also come from the hypothetical Roman actual name of the place "Sessio" which may have turned into the word "Xixón" as the centuries went by. Then theSpanish word "Gijón", which has been also written during the Middle age as "Jijón" or even "Jixón", would be a Castilianization of theAsturian name. This theory is nowadays known as the most acceptable.
The first evidence of human presence in what is known nowadays as the municipality of Gijón is located on Monte Deva, where there exists a series oftumuli, and on Monte Areo, where there are some neolithic dolmens. These dolmens were discovered in 1990 and were supposedly built around 5000 BC.[5]
The first noticed settlement (Noega) is located in Campa Torres. It has its origin between the 6th and 5th centuries BC. It was populated byAstures (Cilúrnigos) and later Romanized. Noega was progressively abandoned when the Roman wall in the peninsula ofCimavilla, called theGegionem, was built.
The invasions of barbarian tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries left no traces. The region submitted to the power of theVisigoth kingSisebut in the 7th century. This period marks the beginnings of Christianization, one of the first Christian worshipping places being the Roman villa of Veranes.
Gijón was capital of the Muslim territories on theCantabric Sea, under the power ofMunuza, for a short period between 713 and 718 or 722. In 722 the Asturians won theBattle of Covadonga which is regarded as the beginning of theReconquista. The Asturian forces were led byPelagius, who would become the first king of theKingdom of Asturias.
Until 1270 there were no reliable references to Gijón as a settlement, with only short mentions in some documents. In this year,Alfonso X of Castile gave it the status ofpuebla. This documentation appears in theMonastery of San Vicente de Oviedo.
In the 14th century, the war betweenAlfonso Enríquez, Count of Gijón and Noreña andHenry III of Castile ended when the village of Gijón was burned and totally destroyed, practically disappearing. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Gijón reemerged. A new dock was built in the port adding fishing and commerce to the area. In the 17th and 18th centuries Gijón began to develop rapidly, growing out of the old city center, supported by the commercial links between the port of Gijón and the American colonies. In the 18th century, due to the French invasions, the wars and the financial trouble in the era, the development stopped until late in the century, when the Oviedo-Gijón road was created and the port was recognized as the best one in Asturias, favoring the start of industrial activities in the town.
The 19th century brought with it great development, with the commerce of coal, the Gijón–León road and later theLangreo–Gijón railway. All this contributed to the quick expansion of the port, since the intensity of the traffic overflowed the port. A new port,El Musel, was built in 1893 and it was the first coal port of the peninsula.
Gijón was going through a conversion to an industrial town with a new bourgeois and an urban development, opening new streets and squares, with new municipal equipments like water, garbage collection, lighting, and so on. All this industrial development brought new manpower to the city and the creation of new neighborhoods like Natahoyo, La Calzada,Tremañes or El Humedal.
Iron manufacture was the main industry of Gijón from the last years of the 19th century until the last decades of the 20th. Uninsa was created in 1971, and it merged with Ensidesa. In the last years of the century was converted inAceralia, and integrated inArcelor, along with the Luxembourg-basedArbed and the French companyUsinor. The last decades of the century brought an industrial crisis affecting mainly iron manufacture and local shipbuilding. This brought new terrain for the creation of new beaches, parks and neighborhoods. A campus of theUniversity of Oviedo was built as well.
The city is situated on the coast of central Asturias, from sea level to an altitude of 513 m (1,683 ft) atPicu Samartín and 672 m (2,205 ft) atPeña de los Cuatro Jueces, bordered on the West byCarreño, the East byVillaviciosa, and to the South bySiero andLlanera.The city is situated along the Asturian coast and is distinguished by the peninsula ofCimavilla (the original settlement) which separates the beach of San Lorenzo and adjacent neighborhoods to the east from the beaches of Poniente and Arbeyal, the shipyards, and the recreational port and the Port ofEl Musel to the west. It is close to the other main Asturian cities,Oviedo andAvilés.
Gijón has a temperateoceanic climate[6] (Köppen climate classificationCfb) typical of the Atlantic coast of Spain, with cool summers and wet and mostly mild winters. The onshore flow from the Atlantic Ocean creates a cool summer and mild winter climate where severe heat and very cold temperatures are rare. The narrow temperature range is demonstrated by the record August temperature being only 6.4 °C warmer than the all-time record January temperature.[7] The climate is wet and cloudy by Spanish standards, but is indeed drier than other locations on the Atlantic in the country. Humidity is high year-round.
Summer temperatures are very consistent as proven by the fact that the all-time warmest month of August 1997 had an average temperature of 20.9 °C (69.6 °F) and no month has ever been recorded at an average high above 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) in comparison to the 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) August normal high.[8] Another clear underlining of the marine influence is that the coolest ever August has been as near the average as 17.9 °C (64.2 °F).[9]
Climate data for Gijón (1991–2020, extremes since 1938)
Gijón is divided in six districts:[13] Center, East, South, West, El Llano and Rural. In this last one, all theperi-urban zone and therural parishes are integrated.
The population of Gijón grew remarkably throughout the 20th century, especially between the 1960s and 1980s, a period in which it doubled. Starting in the 1990s, growth stagnated, reflecting the similar slowdown at the national level of Spain. However, due to immigration, both from other Asturias councils and from abroad, the population started to increase again at the turn of the 21st century.
As of 2024, the foreign-born population of the city is 33,783, equal to 12.5% of the total population. The 5 largest foreign nationalities areVenezuelans (4,087),Colombians (3,997),Cubans (2,181),Argentinians (1,892) andRomanians (1,845).[15]
Revillagigedo barroque PalaceOld Universidad Laboral, todayLABoral Ciudad de la Cultura, biggest building in Spain
Cultural activities are carried out throughout the year, which increase considerably in the summer months, especially in August due to the Feast of the Assumption, with parties, music and theater. This complements the continuous programming of the Teatro Municipal Jovellanos (Jovellanos Municipal Theater). The various festivities carried out in Gijón include:
TheUniversidad Laboral de Gijón, completed in 1955, contains theLABoral Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial (Laboral Center of Art and Industrial Creation). The center was inaugurated on March 30, 2007 as an interdisciplinary space to promote artistic exchange and foster the relationship between society, art, science, technology and the creative industries.
In recent years, Gijón has become a stop city for theCirque du Soleil. The performances of the Cirque du Soleil have been very successful in the city. In July 2004, Saltimbanco arrived and in the summer of 2007, they presented Alegría in Gijón, the first time that this tour stopped in northern Spain. During the summer of 2009, Cirque du Soleil returned to Gijón with the Varekai show.
José Luis Garci filmed most of the footage from the filmVolver a empezar in the city during the early 1980s. The film would later win an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. In the early 1990s there was a boom in indie music bands in the town, which became known as the "Xixón Sound". The comedyMortadelo & Filemon: The Big Adventure was also filmed in part in the City of Culture of Gijón. In 2009, the Laboral and its surroundings were converted to the University of Oxford for Fernando González Molina's film,Brain Drain.
Amalia Ulman’s 2021 film “El Planeta” was shot in and discusses Gijon.
Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Computers and Systems Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Telecommunication Engineering.
School of Civil Navy.
Faculty of Commerce, Tourism and Social Sciences "Jovellanos".
Public Administration and Management, Trade and Marketing, Tourism and Social work.
Círculo Gijón is the mainbasketball team of the city, and plays in Spanish basketballthird tier.Gijón Baloncesto, folded in 2009, was the most important team of this sport in Gijón, and played four seasons in theLiga ACB, the most important national league in Europe. A women's basketball club,CD Basket Mar, existed in Gijón between 1997 and 2018.
The city has in total 13 public sport centers (in Spanish:Centros Municipales Integrados) with swimming pools, gyms andsaunas. Swimming pools are free for children up to age 14.
For much of the 20th century the town was heavily dependent on mature heavy industries, but at the end of theFrancoism,tertiary sector employment began to expand rapidly along with the city's population which by 2007 stood officially at 277,897 for Gijón proper, and approximately 380,000 for the total Gijón agglomeration.
The port is at the center of many of the local businesses. Apart from directly port related activities, the economy is based on tourism, steel (Arcelor), other metallurgy, livestock rearing and fisheries.
Gijón is served byAsturias Airport, about 38 km (24 mi) from the center of the city; it is located in the municipality of Castrillón. The airport is connected to the city by the A-8 motorway, the N-632 national highway and scheduled bus service (Alsa).
The port of El Musel, to the west of the city, as seen from Campa Torres.
The service offered by LD Lines has been canceled in Gijón. The closest Ferry services are now inSantander andBilbao. However, Gijón still has a good freight service byEl Musel
Gijón currently has 18 bus lines[18] and four moreBúho (owl) lines. Theowl services work on Friday and Saturday nights, and daily in the months of July and August.[19]
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