Gifford Pinchot | |
|---|---|
 Portrait byHarris & Ewingc. 1931–1935 | |
| 28th Governor of Pennsylvania | |
| In office January 20, 1931 – January 15, 1935 | |
| Lieutenant | Edward Shannon |
| Preceded by | John Stuchell Fisher |
| Succeeded by | George Earle |
| In office January 16, 1923 – January 18, 1927 | |
| Lieutenant | David J. Davis |
| Preceded by | William Sproul |
| Succeeded by | John Stuchell Fisher |
| 1st Chief of the United States Forest Service | |
| In office February 1, 1905 – January 7, 1910 | |
| President | Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft |
| Preceded by | Office Created |
| Succeeded by | Henry Graves[a] |
| 4thChief of the Division of Forestry | |
| In office March 15, 1898 – February 1, 1905 | |
| President | William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Bernhard Fernow |
| Succeeded by | Himself[b] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1865-08-11)August 11, 1865 Simsbury, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | October 4, 1946(1946-10-04) (aged 81) New York City,New York, U.S. |
| Party | Republican |
| Other political affiliations | Progressive(1912) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Gifford Jr. |
| Relatives | Amos Pinchot (brother) Gifford Pinchot III (grandson) |
| Alma mater | Yale University |
| Signature |  |
| a.^ Albert F. Potter served as acting chief of the Forest Service until Graves was selected for appointment to the position on a permanent basis.[1][2] b.^ As Chief of the Forest Service. | |
Gifford Pinchot[a] (August 11, 1865 – October 4, 1946) was an American forester and politician. He served as the fourth chief of the U.S. Division of Forestry, as the first head of theUnited States Forest Service, and as the 28thgovernor of Pennsylvania. He was a member of theRepublican Party for most of his life, though he joined theProgressive Party for a brief period.
Born into the wealthy Pinchot family, Gifford Pinchot embarked on a career in forestry after graduating fromYale University in 1889. PresidentWilliam McKinley appointed Pinchot as the head of the Division of Forestry in 1898, and Pinchot became the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service after it was established in 1905. Pinchot enjoyed a close relationship with PresidentTheodore Roosevelt, who shared Pinchot's views regarding the importance of conservation. AfterWilliam Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt as president, Pinchot was at the center of thePinchot–Ballinger controversy, a dispute with Secretary of the InteriorRichard A. Ballinger that led to Pinchot's dismissal. The controversy contributed to the split of the Republican Party and the formation of the Progressive Party prior to the1912 presidential election. Pinchot supported Roosevelt's Progressive candidacy, but Roosevelt was defeated by DemocratWoodrow Wilson.
Pinchot returned to public office in 1920, becoming the head of the Pennsylvania's forestry division under GovernorWilliam Cameron Sproul. He succeeded Sproul by winning the1922 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election. He won a second term as governor through a victory in the1930 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, and supported many of theNew Deal policies of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt. After the repeal of theEighteenth Amendment, Pinchot led the establishment of thePennsylvania Liquor Control Board, calling it "the best liquor control system in America".[4] He retired from public life after his defeat in the1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, but remained active in the conservation movement until his death in 1946.
Gifford Pinchot was born inSimsbury, Connecticut, on August 11, 1865.[5] He was named forHudson River School artistSanford Robinson Gifford.[6] Pinchot was the oldest child ofJames W. Pinchot, a successful New York City interior furnishings merchant, and Mary Eno, daughter of one of New York City's wealthiest real estate developers,Amos Eno.[7] James and Mary were both well-connected with prominentRepublican Party leaders and formerUnion generals, including family friendWilliam T. Sherman, and they would frequently aid Pinchot's later political career.[8] Pinchot's paternal grandfather had migrated fromFrance to the United States in 1816, becoming a merchant and major landowner based inMilford, Pennsylvania.[9] His mother's maternal grandfather,Elisha Phelps, and her uncle,John S. Phelps, both served inCongress.[10] Pinchot had one younger brother,Amos, and one younger sister, Antoinette, who later marriedBritish diplomatAlan Johnstone.[11]
Pinchot was educated at home until 1881, when he enrolled inPhillips Exeter Academy.[12] James made conservation a family affair and suggested that Gifford should become a forester, asking him just before he left forYale in 1885, "How would you like to become a forester?"[13] At Yale, Pinchot became a member of theSkull and Bones society, played on the football team under coachWalter Camp, and volunteered with theYMCA.[14] Pinchot earned avarsity letter and scored two touchdowns as a member of the national champion1888 Yale football team,[15] which was undefeated and was not scored on.
With the encouragement of his parents, Pinchot continued to pursue the nascent field of forestry after graduating from Yale in 1889.[16] He traveled to Europe, where he met with leading European foresters such asDietrich Brandis andWilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich, who suggested that Pinchot study the French forestry system.[17] Brandis and Schlich had a strong influence on Pinchot, who would later rely heavily upon Brandis' advice in introducing professional forest management in the U.S.[18] Pinchot studied at theFrench National School of Forestry inNancy.[19] This is where his formal studies took place, and where he learned the basics of forest economics, law, and science. It was also where he first encountered a professionally managed forest, where, "[The French Forests] were divided at regular intervals by perfectly straight paths and roads at right angle to each other, and they were protected to a degree we in America know nothing about." Pinchot returned to America after thirteen months before completing his curriculum and against the advice of his professors. Pinchot felt that additional training was unnecessary and what mattered was getting the profession of forestry started in America.[20]
Pinchot landed his first professional forestry position in early 1892, when he became the manager of the forests atGeorge Washington Vanderbilt II'sBiltmore Estate inAsheville, North Carolina.[21] The following year, Pinchot metJohn Muir, a naturalist who founded theSierra Club and would become Pinchot's mentor and, later, his rival.[22] Pinchot worked at Biltmore until 1895, when he fell out withCarl Alwin Schenck and opened a consulting office in New York City.[23] In 1896, he embarked on a tour of the American West with the National Forest Commission.[24] Pinchot disagreed with the commission's final report, which advocated preventing U.S. forest reserves from being used for any commercial purpose; Pinchot instead favored the development of a professional forestry service which would preside over limited commercial activities in forest reserves.[25] In 1897, Pinchot became a special forest agent for theUnited States Department of the Interior.[26]
In 1898, Pinchot became the head of the Division of Forestry, which was part of theUnited States Department of Agriculture.[27] Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal.[28] His approach set him apart from some other leading forestry experts, especiallyBernhard E. Fernow andCarl A. Schenck. In contrast to Pinchot's national vision, Fernow advocated a regional approach, while Schenck favored private enterprise effort.[29] Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind. He coined the termconservation ethic as applied to natural resources.[28] Under his leadership, the number of individuals employed by the Division of Forestry grew from 60 in 1898 to 500 in 1905; he also hired numerous part-time employees who worked only during the summer.[30] The Division of Forestry did not have direct control over the national forest reserves, which were instead assigned to theU.S. Department of Interior, but Pinchot reached an arrangement with the Department of Interior and state agencies to work on reserves.[31]
In 1900, Pinchot established theSociety of American Foresters, an organization that helped bring credibility to the new profession of forestry, and was part of the broaderprofessionalization movement underway in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. Pursuant to the goal of professionalization, the Pinchot family endowed a 2-year graduate-level School of Forestry at Yale University, which is now known as theForest School at the Yale School of the Environment.[32] It became the third school in the U.S. that trained professional foresters, after theNew York State College of Forestry at Cornell and theBiltmore Forest School.[33] Central to his publicity work was his creation of news for magazines and newspapers.[34]
Pinchot's friend,Theodore Roosevelt, became president in 1901, and Pinchot became part of the latter's informal "Tennis Cabinet". Pinchot and Roosevelt shared the view that the federal government must act to regulate public lands and provide for the scientific management of public resources.[35] In 1905, Roosevelt and Pinchot convinced Congress to establish theUnited States Forest Service, an agency charged with overseeing the country's forest reserves.[36] As the first head of the Forest Service, Pinchot implemented a decentralized structure that empowered local civil servants to make decisions about conservation and forestry.[37]
Pinchot's conservation philosophy was influenced by ethnologistWilliam John McGee andutilitarian philosopherJeremy Bentham,[38] as well as the ethos of theProgressive Era. Like many other Progressive Era reformers, Pinchot emphasized that his field was important primarily for its social utility and could be best understood through scientific methods.[39] He was generally opposed to preservation for the sake of wilderness or scenery, a fact perhaps best illustrated by the important support he offered to the damming ofHetch Hetchy Valley inYosemite National Park.[40] Pinchot used the rhetoric of the market economy to disarm critics of efforts to expand the role of government: scientific management of forests and natural resources was profitable. While most of his battles were with timber companies that he thought had too narrow a time horizon, he also battled the forest preservationists like John Muir, who were deeply opposed to commercializing nature.[41] Pinchot's policies also aroused opposition from ranchers, who opposed regulation of livestock grazing in public lands.[42][b]
The Roosevelt administration's efforts to regulate public land led to blowback in Congress, which moved to combat "Pinchotism" and reassert control over the Forest Service.[44] In 1907, Congress passed an act prohibiting the president from creating more forest reserves. With Pinchot's help, President Roosevelt responded by creating 16 million acres (65,000 km²) of new National Forests (which became known as "midnight forests") just minutes before he lost the legal power to do so.[45] Despite congressional opposition, Roosevelt, Pinchot, and Secretary of the InteriorJames R. Garfield continued to find ways to protect public land from private development during Roosevelt's last two years in office.[46]Pinchot hand-pickedWilliam Greeley, the son of a Congregational minister, who finished at the top of that first Yale forestry graduating class of 1904, to be the Forest Service's Region 1 forester, with responsibility over 41 million acres (170,000 km2) in 22 National Forests in four western states (all of Montana, much of Idaho, Washington, and a corner of South Dakota).[3][citation needed]
One year after theGreat Fire of 1910, the religious Greeley succeeded in receiving a promotion to a high administration job in Washington. In 1920, he became Chief of the Forest Service. The fire of 1910 convinced him that Satan was at work, the fire converted him into a fire extinguishing partisan who elevated firefighting to the raison d'être — the overriding mission — of the Forest Service.[3][citation needed] Under Greeley, the Service became the fire engine company, protecting trees at government expense so the timber industry could cut them down later. Pinchot was appalled.
The timber industry successfully oriented the Forestry Service toward policies favorable to large-scale harvesting via regulatory capture, and the timber industry was seen as the fox in the chicken coop.[25][citation needed] Pinchot and Roosevelt had envisioned, at the least, that public timber should be sold only to small, family-run logging outfits, not to big syndicates. Pinchot had always preached of a "working forest" for working people and small-scale logging at the edge, preservation at the core. In 1928 Bill Greeley left the Forest Service for a position in the timber industry, becoming an executive with the West Coast Lumberman's Association.[26][citation needed]
When Pinchot traveled west in 1937, to view those forests with Henry S. Graves, what they saw "tore his heart out". Greeley's legacy, combining modern chain saws and government-built forest roads, had allowed industrial-scale clear-cuts to become the norm in the western national forests of Montana and Oregon. Entire mountainsides, mountain after mountain, were treeless. "So this is what saving the trees was all about." "Absolute devastation", Pinchot wrote in his diary. "The Forest Service should absolutely declare againstclear-cutting in Washington and Oregon as a defensive measure", Pinchot wrote.[27][citation needed]
Pinchot continued to lead the Forest Service after RepublicanWilliam Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt in 1909, but did not retain the level of influence he had held under Roosevelt.[47] Taft mistrusted Pinchot and did not have patience for Pinchot operating with more authority than what Taft thought was appropriate. Taft once stated, "Pinchot is a socialist and a spiritualist, a strange combination and one that is capable of any extreme act."[48] After taking office, Taft replaced Secretary of the InteriorJames Rudolph Garfield withRichard Ballinger.[49] The tension between Ballinger and Taft on the one hand and their predecessors Pinchot and Roosevelt on the other lay less in any differing level of commitment to conservation than in differing scruples over legality, a contrast summed up by SenatorFrancis G. Newlands ofNevada:
There is no real difference of opinion between those who believe with Mr. Ballinger and those who believe with Mr. Pinchot regarding the legislation which should be enacted as to the conservation of our natural resources. The difference which exists between them is as to the authority of law. Mr. Garfield... and Mr. Pinchot have both taken the view that the Executive Department, as the custodian of the great public domain,can do anything that is necessary for the protection and conservation of that domain which is not forbidden by law. ... I propose now to state the position of Mr. Ballinger — it is that in the protection and conservation of the public domain the Interior Department, or the Executive Department,has only those powers expressly authorized by law.[50]
When Ballinger approved of long-disputed mining claims to coal deposits in Alaska in 1909, Land Office agentLouis Glavis broke governmental protocol by going outside the Interior Department to seek help from Pinchot.[51] Concerned about the possibility of fraud in the claim, and skeptical of Ballinger's commitment to conservation, Pinchot intervened in the dispute on behalf of Glavis. In the midst of a budding controversy, Taft came down in favor of Ballinger, who was authorized to dismiss Glavis.[52] Though Taft hoped to avoid further controversy, Pinchot became determined to dramatize the issue by forcing his own dismissal.[53] After Pinchot publicly criticized Ballinger for several months, Taft dismissed Pinchot in January 1910.[54] Pinchot maneuvered behind the scenes to ensure the appointment of his ally,Henry S. Graves, as the new head of the Forest Service.[55] An investigation two decades later byHarold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior underFranklin Roosevelt, led Ickes to conclude that Pinchot's allegations against Ballinger were unfounded and that Pinchot's motive for making them was an appetite for publicity.[56]
At Roosevelt's request, Pinchot met Roosevelt in Europe in 1910, where they discussed Pinchot's dismissal by Taft.[57] Roosevelt subsequently expressed disappointment with Taft's policies and began to publicly distance himself from Taft.[58] Along with Amos Pinchot and several other individuals, Pinchot helped establish theProgressive Party, which nominated Roosevelt for president in the1912 United States presidential election. The Pinchots represented the more ideologically left wing faction of the party, and they frequently feuded with financierGeorge Walbridge Perkins.[59] Though Pinchot campaigned extensively for Roosevelt, Roosevelt and Taft were both defeated by DemocratWoodrow Wilson.[60]
Pinchot continued to affiliate with the Progressives after the 1912 election, working to build the party in Pennsylvania.[61] He ran as the Progressive nominee in the1914 U.S. Senate election, but was defeated by incumbent Republican SenatorBoies Penrose.[62][63][64][65] The Progressive Party collapsed after Roosevelt refused to run in the1916 presidential election, and Pinchot subsequently re-joined the Republican Party.[66] He supported RepublicanWarren G. Harding's successful campaign in the1920 presidential election, but, despite some speculation that he would be appointed as Secretary of Agriculture, did not receive a position in Harding's administration.[67]
After leaving office in 1910, Pinchot took up leadership of the National Conservation Association (NCA), a conservationistnon-governmental organization that he had helped found the previous year. The organization, which ceased operations in 1923, never attracted as many members as Pinchot had initially hoped, but its efforts affected conservation-related legislation.[68] Later in the 1920s, Pinchot worked with SenatorGeorge W. Norris to build a federal dam on theTennessee River.[69]
Pinchot had appointedWilliam Greeley during his tenure at the Forest Service, and Greeley became chief of the Forest Service in 1920.[28] Under Greeley, the forest service became a figurative fire engine company, protecting trees so the timber industry could cut them down later at government expense.[70] Pinchot had always preached of a "working forest" in which working people would engage in small-scale logging, while the forests would be preserved, and he was appalled by the large-scale logging undertaken by large syndicates.[71] Pinchot had a more favorable view of Greeley's successor,Robert Y. Stuart, and his influence played a key role in blocking several plans to transfer of the Forest Service out of the Department of Agriculture.[72]
GovernorWilliam Cameron Sproul appointed Pinchot as chairman of the Pennsylvania Forest Commission in 1920. As chairman, Pinchot coaxed a major budget increase from the legislature, decentralized the commission's administration, and replaced numerous political appointees with professional foresters. He narrowly won the three-candidate Republican primary inPennsylvania's 1922 gubernatorial election, and went on to defeat DemocratJohn A. McSparran in the general election.[73] Pinchot's victory over his Republican opponents owed much to his reputation as a staunch teetotaler during the early period ofProhibition; he was also boosted by his popularity with farmers, laborers, and women.[74] Pinchot focused on balancing the state budget; he inherited a $32 million deficit and left office with a $6.7 million surplus.[75] Pinchot and engineerMorris Llewellyn Cooke pursued ambitious plans to regulate Pennsylvania'selectric power industry, including a "Giant Power" scheme,[76] but their proposals were defeated in the state legislature.[77]
Pinchot emerged as a potential contender for the Republican nomination in the1924 presidential election following the death of President Harding, as many progressive Republicans hoped Pinchot could unseat Harding's successor,Calvin Coolidge. Pinchot's presidential chances were badly damaged by his role in settling the 1923United Mine Workers coal strike, as he received the blame for a subsequent increase in coal prices, and Coolidge ultimately won the 1924 presidential election.[78] Constitutionally barred from seeking a second term, Pinchot ran in the1926 Senate election in Pennsylvania. Facing strong opposition from anti-Prohibition "wets" and the conservative wing of the Republican Party, Pinchot was defeated by CongressmanWilliam Scott Vare in the Republican primary. Vare went on to defeat formerLabor SecretaryWilliam Wilson in the general election, but in his capacity as governor Pinchot refused to certify the results of the election, claiming that Vare had illegally bought votes. The U.S. Senate refused to seat Vare and the seat was not filled until the appointment ofJoseph R. Grundy in 1929.[79][80]
With the backing of Senator Grundy, Pinchot launched a bid for the Republican nomination in the1930 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election. Relying once again on support from women and rural voters, Pinchot defeatedFrancis Shunk Brown, the candidate of Vare's Philadelphia machine, andThomas Phillips, a former US Representative who was enthusiastically supported by the state's wet forces. Despite the defection of some Republicans, Pinchot narrowly defeated Democrat John Hemphill in the general election.[81] Taking office in the midst of theGreat Depression, Pinchot faced persistently high unemployment levels and sharply declining revenues during his second term.[82]
Pinchot prioritized fiscal conservatism and avoided major budget increases, but he also sought ways to help the impoverished and unemployed. He presided over the passage of a bill to provide state money for indigent care and initiated various infrastructure projects,[83] while also advocating the provision of old age pensions.[84] He cooperated with PresidentFranklin Roosevelt, despite Roosevelt's being a Democrat and Prohibition opponent. Under Governor Pinchot's leadership, Pennsylvania welcomed theCivilian Conservation Corps, which established 113 camps to work on public lands in Pennsylvania (second only to California). Working with theWorks Progress Administration andNational Park Service, Pinchot helped expandPennsylvania's state parks, and also helped Pennsylvania's struggling farmers and unemployed workers by paving rural roads, which became known as "Pinchot Roads".[85][86]
Prohibition was repealed in 1933. Four days before the sale of alcohol became legal in Pennsylvania again, Pinchot called the Pennsylvania General Assembly into special session to debate regulations regarding the manufacture and sale of alcohol. This session led to the establishment of thePennsylvania Liquor Control Board and its system of state-run liquor stores. Though Pinchot is often misquoted as having said his goal was to "discourage the purchase of alcoholic beverages by making it as inconvenient and expensive as possible", in reality he believed that the PLCB would put bootleggers out of business by offering lower prices.[4] Pinchot also argued that under the new system of state controlled liquor stores "[w]hisky will be sold by civil service employees with exactly the same amount of salesmanship as is displayed by an automatic postage stamp vending machine."[87]
Pinchot was a delegate to the first and secondInternational Eugenics Congress, in 1912 and 1921, and a member of the advisory council of theAmerican Eugenics Society, from 1925 to 1935.[88]
Pinchot ran unsuccessfully for the Senate a third time in the1934 Senate election in Pennsylvania, losing the Republican nomination to incumbent SenatorDavid A. Reed.[89][90] He later sought the Republican nomination in the1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, running on a platform that favored the New Deal and opposed the influence of Republican leaders Joseph R. Grundy andJoseph N. Pew Jr. He was defeated in the Republican primary by conservative former Lieutenant GovernorArthur James.[91]
Out of public office, Pinchot continued his ultimately successful campaign to prevent the transfer of the Forest Service to the Department of the Interior, frequently sparring with Secretary of the InteriorHarold L. Ickes.[92][c] He also published new editions of his manual on forestry[93] and worked on his autobiography,Breaking New Ground, which was published shortly after his death.[94] During and afterWorld War II, Pinchot advocated for conservation to be a part of the mission of theUnited Nations, but the United Nations would not focus on the environment until the 1972United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.[95]
Gifford Pinchot died on October 4, 1946, aged 81, fromleukemia. He is interred at Milford Cemetery,Pike County, Pennsylvania.[96]
Pinchot fell in love with Laura Houghteling, the daughter of a wealthy Chicago lumberman, in Asheville, North Carolina. Pinchot was managing the forest assets of the Biltmore estate, while Houghteling stayed at her family estate Strawberry Hill on the French Broad River. In 1893, they decided to marry, but Laura died in early 1894 after a protracted battle with tuberculosis. Gifford Pinchot wore black mourning clothes in the following years, wrote about Houghteling often in his journal, and would not marry for another 20 years.[97][98] During the 1912 presidential campaign, Pinchot frequently worked withCornelia Bryce, awomen's suffrage activist who was a daughter of former CongressmanLloyd Bryce and a granddaughter of former New York City mayorEdward Cooper. They became engaged in early 1914 and were married in August 1914.[99] Although Cornelia Pinchot waged several unsuccessful campaigns for theUnited States House of Representatives, she was successful with numerous other political and public service activities, and has been described by historians at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission as "one of the most politically active first ladies in the history of Pennsylvania".[96] She gave numerous speeches on behalf of women, organized labor, and other causes, and frequently served as a campaign surrogate for her husband.[100] Pinchot and his family took a seven-month voyage of theSouthern Pacific Ocean in 1929, which Pinchot chronicled in his 1930 work,To the South Seas.[101]
Pinchot and his wife had one child, Gifford Bryce Pinchot, who was born in 1915.[102] The younger Pinchot later helped found theNatural Resources Defense Council, an organization similar to his father's National Conservation Association.[103] Proud of the first Gifford Pinchot's legacy, the family has continued to name their sons Gifford, down to Gifford Pinchot IV.[104]
Gifford Pinchot was a highly important figure in the history of conservation and natural resource management in the United States. Here are some key reasons for his significance:[105] Pinchot was instrumental in President Roosevelt's establishment of the United States Forest Service in 1905. As the first Chief of the Forest Service, he played a key role in shaping the agency's mission and policies, emphasizing sustainable management of forest resources for the benefit of the public. Pinchot was a highly visible organizer and writer in the conservation movement of the early 20th century. A master politician, he advocated for the wise use and preservation of natural resources, promoting the idea of conservation as a means to ensure long-term benefits for society. Pinchot was fired by President Taft, and this was a major factor in the alienation of Taft and Roosevelt in 1912.[106]
Pinchot developed the concept of multiple-use management, which advocated for balancing conservation with the utilization of natural resources for economic and social purposes. This principle continues to influence conservation practices today. Pinchot's advocacy and expertise helped shape significant conservation policies and legislation during his time, including the establishment of national forests, the Antiquities Act, and the National Park Service. On conservation matters he was a major influence on President Theodore Roosevelt. Pinchot's ideas and legacy have had a lasting impact on conservation practices in the United States and beyond. His emphasis on sustainable resource management and the public interest continues to be relevant in contemporary conservation efforts.[107]
Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington andGifford Pinchot State Park inLewisberry, Pennsylvania, are named in his honor, as is Pinchot Hall atPenn State University. A largeCoast Redwood inMuir Woods, California, is also named in his honor, as areMount Pinchot andPinchot Pass near theJohn Muir Trail inKings Canyon National Park in theSierra Nevada in California. ThePinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in his native state ofConnecticut and second-largestsycamore on the Atlantic coast, still stands inSimsbury. Thehouse where Pinchot was born belonged to his grandfather, Captain Elisha Phelps, and is also on theNational Register of Historic Places.[108] He is also commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Caribbean lizard,Anolis pinchoti.[109] In 1963, PresidentJohn F. Kennedy accepted the family's summer retreat house,Grey Towers National Historic Site, which the Pinchot family donated to the U.S. Forest Service. It remains the onlyNational Historic Landmark operated by that federal agency.[110][111] The street address of the USDA'sForest Products Laboratory headquarters inMadison, Wisconsin is 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive.[112]
Gifford Pinchot III, grandson of the first Gifford Pinchot, founded thePinchot University, now merged withPresidio Graduate School. The Pinchot family also dedicatedThe Pinchot Institute for Conservation, which maintains offices both at Grey Towers and headquarters inWashington, D.C. The Institute continues Pinchot's legacy of conservation leadership and sustainable forestry.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Progressive Politics and Despotism Create the National Forests
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Chief of the Division of Forestry Served under:William McKinley,Theodore Roosevelt 1898–1905 | Succeeded by Himself2 |
| Preceded by Himself | Chief of the United States Forest Service Served under:Theodore Roosevelt,William Howard Taft 1905–1910 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Governor of Pennsylvania 1923–1927 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by John Stuchell Fisher | Governor of Pennsylvania 1931–1935 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| First | Progressive nominee forU.S. Senator fromPennsylvania (Class 3) 1914 | Succeeded by None |
| Preceded by William Sproul | Republican nominee for Governor of Pennsylvania 1922 | Succeeded by John Stuchell Fisher |
| Preceded by John Stuchell Fisher | Republican nominee for Governor of Pennsylvania 1930 | Succeeded by |
| Notes and references | ||
| 1. Albert F. Potter served as Acting Chief of the Forest Service until Graves was selected for appointment to the position on a permanent basis. 2. As Chief of the Forest Service. | ||
