gibraltareños,llanitos(Spanish) | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| 29,573 (2022 est.)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| 2012 estimates, current as of 2023(Nationality of Gibraltar residents) | |
 Gibraltar | 79%[1] |
 United Kingdom | 13.2%[1] |
 Spain | 2.1%[1] |
 Morocco | 1.6%[1] |
Other European Union | 2.4%[1] |
| Other | 1.6%[1] |
| Languages | |
| English (Gibraltarian English),Spanish (Llanito),British Sign[2] | |
| Religion | |
| PredominantlyRoman Catholic (~80%) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Spanish,Andalusians,Catalans,Italians (Genoese,Ligurians, andSicilians),Maltese,Portuguese,Jews,Britons | |
Gibraltarians (Spanish:gibraltareños, colloquially:llanitos) are a sub-national group who live inGibraltar, aBritish overseas territory situated near the southern tip of theIberian Peninsula, close toSpain, at the entrance to theMediterranean Sea. Gibraltarians holdBritish citizenship.
Some Gibraltarians are anethnic and cultural mixture of the many immigrants who came to theRock of Gibraltar over 300 years. Following itscapture from Spain by an Anglo-Dutch force in 1704, all but 70[3] of the existing inhabitants of Gibraltar elected to leave[4] with many settling nearby. Since then, immigrants from the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy,Malta,Portugal,Morocco,Menorca, andIndia have settled at Gibraltar, as haveSephardic Jews fromNorth Africa.[5]
Genoese andCatalans (who arrived in the fleet withPrince George of Hesse-Darmstadt) became the core of Gibraltar's first civilian population under Habsburg Gibraltar.Sephardi Jews fromTetouan inMorocco, who had previously been suppliers toEnglish Tangier, began supplying fresh produce to Gibraltar in 1704. Most Gibraltarian surnames are of Mediterranean or British extraction. The exact breakdown (including non-Gibraltarian British residents) offamily names according to the electoral register according to the 1995 Census was as follows:
| Rank | Origin | Proportion (%) family names[6] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | British | 27 |
| 2 | Spanish (excluding Menorcan) | 24 |
| 3 | Italian | 19 |
| 4 | Portuguese | 11 |
| 5 | Maltese | 8 |
| 6 | Jewish | 3 |
| 7 | Menorcan | 2 |
| 8 | Other | 4 |
| 9 | Unassigned | 2 |
Jews in Gibraltar by 1755 together with theGenoese in Gibraltar formed 50% of the civilian population (then 1,300). In 1888 construction of the new harbour at Gibraltar began to provide an additionalcoaling station on the British routes to the East. This resulted in the importation ofMaltese labour both to assist in its construction, and to replace striking Genoese labour in the old coaling lighter-based industry. Maltese andPortuguese people formed the majority of this new population.
Other groups includeMenorcans (due to the links between bothBritish possessions during the 18th century; immigration began in that century and continued even after Menorca was returned to Spain in 1802 by theTreaty of Amiens),[7][8]Sardinians,Sicilians and otherItalians,French, andBritish people.
Immigration from Spain (including refugees from the Spanish Civil War) and intermarriage with Spaniards from thesurrounding Spanish towns was a constant feature ofGibraltar's history until GeneralFrancisco Franco closed the border with Gibraltar, cutting off many Gibraltarians from their relatives on the Spanish side of the border. The Spanish government reopened the land border, but other restrictions remain in place.
For the period ofWorld War II the border was closed, although Spain was nominally neutral, as Franco's regime was effectively allied withNazi Germany.[citation needed]
Research by Fiorenzo Toso in 2000 about the names ofGibraltarian families of Genoese origins found that most of the emigration from the Italian regionLiguria was from the areas ofGenoa andSavona, and some surnames such as Caruana, often believed to beMaltese, originate fromSicilians who emigrated to Malta during the ItalianRenaissance).[9]
The following are the most common Genoese surnames in Gibraltar, according to Toso's research. The number of Gibraltarian residents who have these surnames, according to Gibraltar's Yellow Pages are provided in parentheses.
By 1912, the total number of Maltese living in Gibraltar was not above 700. Many worked in thedockyard and others operated businesses which were usually ancillary to the dockyard. However, theeconomy of Gibraltar was not capable of absorbing a large number of immigrants from Malta; the number of Maltese was already in decline as they returned to theMaltese Islands. Eventually those who stayed in Gibraltar became very much involved in the economic and social life of the colony, most of them also being staunch supporters of links with the UK.[citation needed]
Below is a list of the most common Maltese surnames in Gibraltar along with the current number of Gibraltarians who possess them.
Gibraltarians areBritish citizens, albeit with a distinct identity of their own. Gibraltar is sometimes referred by the younger generation as "Gib" (/dʒɨb/). They are colloquially referred to as Llanitos (or Yanitos),[12] both locally and in Spain.[13] There are also other nicknames in English for Gibraltar, relating to the Rock of Gibraltar.[14]
Statistics for the usually-Resident Population and Persons Present in Gibraltar.[15] A usual resident of Gibraltar, for census purposes, is anyone who, on 12 November 2012:(a) was in Gibraltar and had stayed or intended to stay in Gibraltar for a period of 12 months or more, or;(b) has a permanent Gibraltar address but is outside Gibraltar and intends to be outside Gibraltar for less than 12 months.
| Rank | Nationality | Percent of total population[15] | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gibraltarian | 79.0% | 25,444 |
| 2 | UK and OtherBritish | 13.2% | 4,249 |
| 3 | Spanish | 2.1% | 675 |
| 4 | Moroccan | 1.6% | 522 |
| 5 | Other EU | 2.4% | 785 |
| 6 | Other* | 1.6% | 519 |
The 2012 census showed a total Usually-Resident population of 32,194. There was a small decrease in the proportion of Gibraltarians (79.0%), an increase in the ratio of "Other British" (13.2%) and a small increase in the ratio of "Other" (6.2%).[15]
The main religion of Gibraltar is Christianity with the majority of Gibraltarians belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. Other Christian denominations include theChurch of England, theGibraltar Methodist Church,[16] theChurch of Scotland, variousPentecostal and independent churches mostly influenced by theHouse Church andCharismatic movements, as well as aPlymouth Brethren congregation. There is also a ward ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, andJehovah's Witnesses. There are a number ofHindu Indians, a MoroccanMuslim population, members of theBaháʼí Faith[17] and a long-establishedJewish community.[18][19]
| Rank | Religion | Proportion (%) of Gibraltarians[20] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Roman Catholic | 78.09% |
| 2 | Church of England | 6.98% |
| 3 | Muslim | 4.01% |
| 4 | Other Christian | 3.21% |
| 5 | None | 2.86% |
| 6 | Jewish | 2.12% |
| 7 | Hindu | 1.79% |
| 8 | Other or unspecified | 0.94% |
English (used in schools and for official purposes) and Spanish are the main languages of Gibraltar. Although English is the official language, Gibraltarians are typically bilingual, speaking Spanish as fluently as English.[21] Most Gibraltarians converse inLlanito, Gibraltar'svernacular. It is an old dialect ofAndalusian Spanish with modernBritish English influence, as well as influences fromGenoese Ligurian,Maltese, Portuguese andHaketia. Gibraltarians may alsocode-switch to English.Hebrew is spoken by the significantJewish community.Arabic is also spoken by the Moroccan community, similar toHindi andSindhi being spoken by the Indian community of Gibraltar.Maltese is still spoken by some families of Maltese descent.
Gibraltarians have a light, but unique, accent when speaking English; the accent is primarily influenced by Andalusian Spanish and southern British English. Many educated Gibraltarians are able to converse inReceived Pronunciation.[citation needed]
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The open frontier helped to increase the Spanish share, and naval links with Menorca produced the small Menorcan contingent.
Yanito (orLlanito) is the name popularly given to the native of Gibraltar as well as the local/vernacular they speak
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