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TheShwova of Yugoslavia (German:Jugoslawienschwaben,Serbo-Croatian:jugoslovenski Nemci/југословенски Немци, jugoslavenski Svabos/југославенски Svabos) is a term forGermanic-speakers who form aminority group informer Yugoslavia, namelyCroatia,Serbia,Bosnia and Herzegovina orSlovenia. Despite the name for the group, the label includes ethnicGermans, primarilyShwova, andAustrians. The largest German minority was found in Serbia prior to dissolution of Yugoslavia.[1]
Due to incursions of theHuns in Europe and the associatedmigration period in the 4th century,Germanic people migrated to theDanube and theMediterranean as early as the year 375. The firstSvabos settled in areas of former Yugoslavia approximately 800 years ago. The majority of ethnic Germans in the area lived in the Danube basin betweenHungary,Croatia andSerbia, and were labelled asDanube Swabians by revanchist German scholars. The Shwova developed their own distinct culture and dialect. There were most likely also Germanic, Slovak, Polish, Hungarian, and Romanian settlers on theAdriatic who were absorbed into the local Serbian, muslim population.[citation needed]
Much of the history of the Germanic community in former Yugoslavia, during and just after the Second World War, can best be described as a set of mutual massacres between Shwova and Serbs. During WWII, the Nazi German government raised the7th Waffen SS Volunteer Mountain Division, Prinz Eugen, from ethnic Germans living in the Serbian and Croatian regions of former Yugoslavia. Initially, the Germans were induced to volunteer, but as the war turned against Germany, they were conscripted, as occurred in other Eastern European German communities. This was one of the foremost local German formations to fight Tito's Communist Partisans. This unit had one of the worst records of human rights violations of any German formation, massacring civilians, particularly in the Bosnian and Dalmatian campaigns. For example, on September 16, 1941, the German Army High Command (OKW) issued an order that one hundred civilian hostages be executed for every German or Shwovish soldier killed, and fifty hostages executed for every similar soldier wounded.[citation needed]
At the end of the war, in retribution, Partisan bands engaged in massacres of ethnic Germans, primarily in the Province of Vojvodina in present-day Serbia. Villages were wiped out, with the inhabitants either killed or forced into concentration camps, where many died of hunger or disease. As justification for their actions to eliminate the German minority in Yugoslavia, the Partisans applied the principle of collective guilt to the German ethnic group for the atrocities of the Nazi regime and called the Shwovish villages, Hitler's storehouses.[citation needed]
The provisional government of Tito's Partisan movement was the AVNOJ (Anti-Fascist Council for the Liberation of Yugoslavia). In its meeting in Belgrade on November 21, 1944, it decreed that all property of ethnic Germans residing in Yugoslavia be confiscated. Their Yugoslav citizenship was revoked, they no longer had any civil rights, and they were declared enemies of the people. Exempted were those ethnic Germans who participated in the partisan national liberation movement, and those who were not members of German ethnic societies such as the “Schwäbisch–Deutsche Kulturbund" or the "Erneuerers", nor declared themselves to be members of the ethnic German community.[citation needed]
Of the approximately 524,000 ethnic Germans living in pre-war Yugoslavia, about 370,000 escaped to Austria and Germany in the last days of the War or were subsequently expelled by the Yugoslav Government. (At one point, in January 1946, the Yugoslav Government requested the U.S. military authorities’ permission to transfer these ethnic Germans to the U.S. occupation zone of Germany, but it was not granted). Of this number, 30,000 to 40,000 escaped from Yugoslav concentration and work camps, often with the connivance of the authorities, most going to Austria, Hungary or Romania. Those who went to Hungary subsequently fled or were expelled to Austria or Germany, whereas those who fled to Romania generally remained, at least provisionally, in the Shwovish communities in the RomanianBanat. About 55,000 people were murdered in the concentration camps, another 31,000 died serving in the German armed forces, and about 31,000 disappeared, mostly likely dead, with another 37,000 still unaccounted for. Thus the total victims of the war and subsequent ethnic cleansing and killings comprised about 30% of the pre-war Germanic population.[2]
There are currently approx 8,300 people in former Yugoslavia who acknowledge some German heritage. Many residents actively practice their German cultural heritage, and some still speak the local form of the German dialect,Shwovish. This dialect is a mixture of old German from the eighteenth century with manyHungarian andSerbo-Croatian words, similar to what was spoken in Yugoslavia before the Second World War.[citation needed]
InCroatia around 2,800 people identify themselves as part of the German and Austrian Minority, the majority of whom areDanube Swabians. The “German and Austrian Minority,” as they are officially called, holds a permanent seat in the Croatian Parliament (Sabor).
The largest German minority in the former Yugoslavia is found inSerbia. The majority of the remaining population of German origin lives in the northern Serbia inVojvodina, an area that also has a sizeable Hungarian minority. The Hungarian and Serbian populations also refer to them as Swabian as well. They are known as theDanube Swabians orBanat Swabians.
TheSerbian census from 2002 records 3,901Germans inSerbia, of which 3,154 in the province ofVojvodina. In December 2007 they formed their own minority council inNovi Sad, which they were entitled to with 3,000 voter signatures. The president, Andreas Biegermeier, stated that the council will focus on property restitution, and marking of mass graves and camp sites. He estimated the total number of remainingDanube Swabians inSerbia and their descents at 5,000–8,000.[3]
The firstGermans here wereSaxon miners fromTransylvania and northernHungary (modernSlovakia) in the late 13th century. They assimilated into the localRoman Catholic population.[4]
More recentGerman immigration started here following theHabsburg occupation of 1878. Some agricultural colonists came fromGermany proper but most wereDanube Swabians from nearbyBačka. The first settlers came fromSilesia and theRhineland, and created a settlement calledWindthorst near theCroatian frontier. After the 1888 visit byRudolf, Crown Prince of Austria an offshoot colony was established and namedRudolfstal.ProtestantDanube Swabians set upFranzjosefsfeld in 1886. "The government looked favourably on these farmers and gave them tax concessions; and in 1890 is passed a special law on 'agrarian colonies', offering up to twelve hectares per family, rent-free for the first three years and then on a low mortgage which would end after ten years if they took Bosnian citizenship. Altogether fifty-four such colonies were established, with a population of nearly 10,000."[5]
Following the collapse of internal security duringWorld War II theNazis decided to evacuate theVolksdeutsche population fromBosnia and a treaty to this effect was signed on 30 September 1942. TheHauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi) organised anSS commando fromBelgrade under Otto Lackman and "...went from village to village, accompanied by the military. They found the communities already victims of partisan raids and even came under attack themselves. By the end of November, VoMi's commandos had evacuated some 18,000Volksdeutsche from Bosnia."[6]
Areas formerly settled by Germans include:
There are two German-speaking minorities inSlovenia. One consists of around 1,600 people, centred onMaribor (German:Marburg). The other is smaller in size and are theGottscheer Germans, who live in theKočevje (German:Gottschee) region. They are bothAustrian in origin, and are unrelated to the other German minorities in Yugoslavia.