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Isotopes of germanium

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Isotopes ofgermanium (₃₂Ge)

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
⁶⁸Ge	synth	270.8 d	ε	⁶⁸Ga
⁷⁰Ge	20.5%	stable
⁷¹Ge	synth	11.468 d	ε	⁷¹Ga
⁷²Ge	27.4%	stable
⁷³Ge	7.76%	stable
⁷⁴Ge	36.5%	stable
⁷⁶Ge	7.75%	1.78×10²¹ y	β⁻β⁻	⁷⁶Se

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Ge)

72.630±0.008^[2]
72.630±0.008 (abridged)^[3]

Germanium (₃₂Ge) has five naturally occurringisotopes,⁷⁰Ge,⁷²Ge,⁷³Ge,⁷⁴Ge, and⁷⁶Ge. Of these,⁷⁶Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying bydouble beta decay with ahalf-life of 1.78 × 10²¹ years^[4] (130 billion times theage of the universe).

Stable⁷⁴Ge is the most common isotope, having anatural abundance of approximately 36%.⁷⁶Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%.^[5]

At least 27radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is⁶⁸Ge, decaying byelectron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope⁶⁸Ga. (Seegallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use.) The least stable known germanium isotope is⁵⁹Ge with a half-life of 13.3 ms.

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay bybeta decay,⁶¹Ge and⁶⁵Ge can also decay byβ⁺-delayedproton emission.^[5]⁸⁴Ge through⁸⁷Ge also have minorβ⁻-delayedneutron emission decay paths.^[5]

⁷⁶Ge is used in experiments on the nature of neutrinos, by searching forneutrinoless double beta decay.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[6] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁵⁹Ge	32	27	58.98243(43)#	13.3(17) ms	β⁺,p (93%)	⁵⁸Zn	7/2−#
					β⁺ (7%)	⁵⁹Ga
					2p (<0.2%)	⁵⁷Zn
⁶⁰Ge	32	28	59.97045(32)#	21(6) ms	β⁺, p	⁵⁹Zn	0+
⁶⁰Ge	32	28	59.97045(32)#	21(6) ms	β⁺, 2p (<14%)	⁵⁸Cu	0+
⁶¹Ge	32	29	60.96373(32)#	40.7(4) ms	β⁺, p (87%)	⁶⁰Zn	3/2−#
⁶¹Ge	32	29	60.96373(32)#	40.7(4) ms	β⁺ (18%)	⁶¹Ga	3/2−#
⁶²Ge	32	30	61.95476(15)#	82.5(14) ms	β⁺	⁶²Ga	0+
⁶³Ge	32	31	62.949628(40)	153.6(11) ms	β⁺	⁶³Ga	3/2−#
⁶⁴Ge	32	32	63.9416899(40)	63.7(25) s	β⁺	⁶⁴Ga	0+
⁶⁵Ge	32	33	64.9393681(23)	30.9(5) s	β⁺ (99.99%)	⁶⁵Ga	3/2−
⁶⁵Ge	32	33	64.9393681(23)	30.9(5) s	β⁺, p (0.011%)	⁶⁴Zn	3/2−
⁶⁶Ge	32	34	65.9338621(26)	2.26(5) h	β⁺	⁶⁶Ga	0+
⁶⁷Ge	32	35	66.9327170(46)	18.9(3) min	β⁺	⁶⁷Ga	1/2−
^67m1Ge	18.20(5) keV			13.7(9) μs	IT	⁶⁷Ge	5/2−
^67m2Ge	751.70(6) keV			109.1(38) ns	IT	⁶⁷Ge	9/2+
⁶⁸Ge^{[n 9]}	32	36	67.9280953(20)	271.05(8) d	EC	⁶⁸Ga	0+
⁶⁹Ge	32	37	68.9279645(14)	39.05(10) h	β⁺	⁶⁹Ga	5/2−
^69m1Ge	86.76(2) keV			5.1(2) μs	IT	⁶⁹Ge	1/2−
^69m2Ge	397.94(2) keV			2.81(5) μs	IT	⁶⁹Ge	9/2+
⁷⁰Ge	32	38	69.92424854(88)	Stable			0+	0.2052(19)
⁷¹Ge	32	39	70.92495212(87)	11.468(8) d^[7]	EC	⁷¹Ga	1/2−
^71mGe	198.354(14) keV			20.41(18) ms	IT	⁷¹Ge	9/2+
⁷²Ge	32	40	71.922075824(81)	Stable			0+	0.2745(15)
^72mGe	691.43(4) keV			444.2(8) ns	IT	⁷²Ge	0+
⁷³Ge	32	41	72.923458954(61)	Stable			9/2+	0.0776(8)
^73m1Ge	13.2845(15) keV			2.91(3) μs	IT	⁷³Ge	5/2+
^73m2Ge	66.725(9) keV			499(11) ms	IT	⁷³Ge	1/2−
⁷⁴Ge	32	42	73.921177760(13)	Stable			0+	0.3652(12)
⁷⁵Ge	32	43	74.922858370(55)	82.78(4) min	β⁻	⁷⁵As	1/2−
^75m1Ge	139.69(3) keV			47.7(5) s	IT (99.97%)	⁷⁵Ge	7/2+
^75m1Ge	139.69(3) keV			47.7(5) s	β⁻ (0.030%)	⁷⁵As	7/2+
^75m2Ge	192.19(6) keV			216(5) ns	IT	⁷⁵Ge	5/2+
⁷⁶Ge^{[n 10]}	32	44	75.921402725(19)	(2.022±0.018±0.038)×10²¹ y^[8]	β⁻β⁻	⁷⁶Se	0+	0.0775(12)
⁷⁷Ge	32	45	76.923549843(56)	11.211(3) h	β⁻	⁷⁷As	7/2+
^77mGe	159.71(6) keV			53.7(6) s	β⁻ (81%)	⁷⁷As	1/2−
^77mGe	159.71(6) keV			53.7(6) s	IT (19%)	⁷⁷Ge	1/2−
⁷⁸Ge	32	46	77.9228529(38)	88.0(10) min	β⁻	⁷⁸As	0+
⁷⁹Ge	32	47	78.925360(40)	18.98(3) s	β⁻	⁷⁹As	(1/2)−
^79mGe	185.95(4) keV			39.0(10) s	β⁻ (96%)	⁷⁹As	7/2+#
^79mGe	185.95(4) keV			39.0(10) s	IT (4%)	⁷⁹Ge	7/2+#
⁸⁰Ge	32	48	79.9253508(22)	29.5(4) s	β⁻	⁸⁰As	0+
⁸¹Ge	32	49	80.9288329(22)	9(2) s	β⁻	⁸¹As	9/2+#
^81mGe	679.14(4) keV			6(2) s	β⁻	⁸¹As	(1/2+)
^81mGe	679.14(4) keV			6(2) s	IT (<1%)	⁸¹Ge	(1/2+)
⁸²Ge	32	50	81.9297740(24)	4.31(19) s	β⁻	⁸²As	0+
⁸³Ge	32	51	82.9345391(26)	1.85(6) s	β⁻	⁸³As	(5/2+)
⁸⁴Ge	32	52	83.9375751(34)	951(9) ms	β⁻ (89.4%)	⁸⁴As	0+
⁸⁴Ge	32	52	83.9375751(34)	951(9) ms	β⁻,n (10.6%)	⁸³As	0+
⁸⁵Ge	32	53	84.9429697(40)	495(5) ms	β⁻ (82.8%)	⁸⁵As	(3/2+,5/2+)#
⁸⁵Ge	32	53	84.9429697(40)	495(5) ms	β⁻, n (17.2%)	⁸⁴As	(3/2+,5/2+)#
⁸⁶Ge	32	54	85.94697(47)	221.6(11) ms	β⁻ (55%)	⁸⁶As	0+
⁸⁶Ge	32	54	85.94697(47)	221.6(11) ms	β⁻, n (45%)	⁸⁵As	0+
⁸⁷Ge	32	55	86.95320(32)#	103(4) ms	β⁻	⁸⁷As	5/2+#
⁸⁸Ge	32	56	87.95757(43)#	61(6) ms	β⁻	⁸⁸As	0+
⁸⁹Ge	32	57	88.96453(43)#	60# ms [>300 ns]			3/2+#
⁹⁰Ge	32	58	89.96944(54)#	30# ms [>400 ns]			0+
⁹¹Ge^[9]	32	59
⁹²Ge^[9]	32	60
This table header & footer: view

^^mGe – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer thanage of universe.
^^a ^b# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^Used togenerate⁶⁸Ga
^Primordial radionuclide

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3): 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Germanium".CIAAW. 2009.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^A. M. Bakalyarov; A. Ya. Balysh; S. T. Belyaev; V. I. Lebedev; S. V. Zhukov (2003). "Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay".Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters.2 (2):77–81.arXiv:hep-ex/0309016.Bibcode:2003hep.ex....9016B.
^^a ^b ^cAudi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003),"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties",Nuclear Physics A,729:3–128,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3): 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^Norman, E. B.; Drobizhev, A.; Gharibyan, N.; Gregorich, K. E.; Kolomensky, Yu. G.; Sammis, B. N.; Scielzo, N. D.; Shusterman, J. A.; Thomas, K. J. (30 May 2024). "Half-life of Ge 71 and the gallium anomaly".Physical Review C.109 (5).doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.055501.
^M. Agostini; et al. (2023-10-03)."Final Results of GERDA on the Two-Neutrino Double-β Decay Half-Life of⁷⁶Ge".Physical Review Letters.131 (14). American Physical Society (APS): 142501.arXiv:2308.09795.Bibcode:2023PhRvL.131n2501A.doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.142501.ISSN 0031-9007.PMID 37862664.S2CID 261049638.
^^a ^bShimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam".Physical Review C.109 (4).doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

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EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission