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AGermanism is aloan word or other loan element borrowed fromGerman for use in some other language.
Technology and engineering have also provided Germanisms, as in the Englishbremsstrahlung (a form ofelectromagnetic radiation), or the Frenchschnorchel (literally, "submarine snorkel", a type of air-intake device for submarine engines).
InAfrikaans, a colloquial term for ethnic Germans isaberjetze, from Germanaber jetzt! ("come on, now!"), possibly due to the frequent use of that phrase by German farmers or overseers in exhorting their workers.[citation needed]
Albanian has many loan words brought back from Germany by migrant workers.Krikëll for "beer mug", for example, is borrowed from theAustrian German termKrügel. The German wordSchalter has been borrowed in both its meanings ("(office) counter" and "(electric) switch") as Albanianshalter.[citation needed]
In the early 20th century, German film directors participated in the creation of the Egyptian cinema and usually concluded their work with the wordfertig (done). Their local staff kept that word in the formferkish and soon used it in other contexts.
In connection with the football World Cup, the German team is calledfarik el Mannschaft, with the GermanMannschaft meaning team – whereinfarik is already the Arabic term for "team" and is supplemented by the articleel. When at the football World Cup of 2006 the German team lost to Italy, a saying wentel Mannschaft khessret! ("The Mannschaft lost!")
In Sudan, the German wordKollege (colleague) acquired a very unusual importance. There it means straw, which was bound to a bundle for drying. The background to this important change is that colleagues are seen in the context of staying closely together.
InBassa, a tribal language inCameroon, the word for "train station" isbanop from the GermanBahnhof, which recalls the Germans building the first railway in their former colony.
Bosnian has a number of loanwords from German:šlager (hit, fromSchlager),šminka (make-up, fromSchminke),šnajder (tailor, fromSchneider),šunka (ham, fromSchinken) etc. In the Bosnian languagerikverc means the reverse gear of a vehicle that is best to berostfraj, stainless. The German equivalents arerückwärts androstfrei respectively.
German words which were adopted into the Bulgarian language includeбормашина, "drill", from GermanBohrmaschine,ауспух, "exhaust pipe" fromAuspuff,шибидах fromSchiebedach and in the skiing sport the termШус, which is the same as the English "schuss", was adopted fromSchussfahrt, a steep and fast ride downhill.
Even the German wordAnzug, "suit", is used in Bulgarian. However, it means "tracksuit" there.
One of the very few German loan words in Chinese is the word forstorm drain covers,Gullideckel in German. The common Chinese term for "rain water hole", 雨水口,yushuikou, is calledguli, 骨瀝, in theQingdao form – contrary to the rest of China. The Chinese learned of storm drains for city sewage in the German lease area ofJiaozhou. The approximately 40 German loan words that are in use in Qingdao still include the word 大嫚,daman, forDamen, "ladies" with 胶州大嫚 meaning "Jiaozhou-women".
In the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, typical Austrian German words such asparadajz (Paradeiser meaningfrom paradise, fortomato, the verbatim translationrajčica is increasingly used),špajza (Speise, "food", used in the sense of "pantry"),knedli (Knödel, "dumplings"),putar (Butter, "butter", nativelymaslac),ribizli (Ribisel, "currants"),šnicla (Schnitzel, "flat piece of meat", nativelyodrezak),Fijaker (Fiaker, "fiacre"),foranga (Vorhang, "curtain", nativelyzavjesa),herceg (Herzog, "Duke", nativelyvojvoda),majstor (Meister, "master", often in the sense of "repairman") ortišljar (Tischler, "carpenter", nativelystolar).[1]
Similarly, words such aspleh (Blech, "tin"),cajger (Zeiger, "pointer"),žaga (Säge, "saw"),šalter (Schalter, "switch"),šrafciger (Schraubenzieher, "screwdriver", nativelyodvijač) orcurik orrikverc (Zurück, "back" orrückwärts "backwards", for the reverse gear) are common in Croatia. Especially in the technical fields there are almost no phonetic differences with the German words, and mostCroats understand these without good language skills in German.
Other common Terms:
Less commonly, the termsšpajscimer (Speisezimmer, "dining room"),badecimer (Badezimmer, "bathroom"),forcimer (Vorzimmer, "hall"),šlafcimer (Schlafzimmer, "bedroom") andcimer fraj (Zimmer frei, "free room") are used in the colloquial language, as these newer loans mainly appear in advertising aimed for German tourists.
The washing machine is often referred to colloquially asvešmašina (Waschmaschine, nativelyperilica za rublje). Somewhat odd is the use of the termcušpajz (Zuspeise, "additional food") for a kind of vegetable stew.
The Czech language borrowed some words from neighbouring dialects such ashajzl (fromHäusl for a little house) as a vulgar word for toilet. Inhřbitov (cemetery) comes from "hrob" (tomb), which comes from GermanGrab.
German words were imported so frequently that alreadyJan Hus (1412) vehemently opposed them. There were words likehantuch from GermanHandtuch for towel,šorc fromSchürze for apron,knedlík fromKnödel,hausknecht, GermanHausknecht, for servant andforman fromFuhrmann for waggoner. But Hus did not succeed. Knedlíky are still served, and in 1631, the school reformerJan Amos Komenský did not object to translate the biblical termparadise withlusthaus (GermanLusthaus "house of joy").
In the late 19th century, many Czech craftsmen worked in the German-speaking area of theDanube monarchy. Czech adopted many loan words from this category:ermloch from GermanÄrmelloch for arm hole,flikovat from Germanflicken for darning andpiglovat frombügeln for ironing.
In domestic disputes, German was a supplier of cuss words.Václav Havel used the wordglajchšaltace (GermanGleichschaltung) to denounce the forced bringing-into-line, and called his counterpartVáclav Klaus anoberkašpar. (German vernacularOberkaspar literally "masterKasperle", "master buffoon"). He, in turn, called Havel alump (GermanLump: approximately rascal, rapscallion). Sometimes opponents completely use German in order to insult each other. Such an insult may be, for example:Sie blöde Ente, "you stupid duck" (in German, this animal, however, is usually not used as a cuss).
Other (sometimes used colloquially) Germanisms in Czech:
The modern Danish language emerged after centuries of heavy German influence due to the fact that Christianity was brought by German monks, and that nearly all clerks at the royal court were (literate) Germans. Thus well over half of the Danish lexical mass came in the 13th cent. and is of German origin, though not the basic grammatical structure, which remained Scandinavian. The same is true for Swedish, while the Norwegian in its most used form is in fact Danish, albeit with a very different pronunciation. It is in fact difficult to compile a full Danish sentence which would not include any old German words. This process was reinforced in the 18th cent. with a new wave of German clerks at the court of kings and queens who were to a great extent German princes.
The interesting words in this respect are those which were not integrated into the language, but are openly used as Germanisms. The German termHab und Gut, "Habseligkeiten", is used in the form ofhabengut to express one's possessions carried along. The word was introduced to Denmark by travelling journeymen who took all their possessions along with them. "Fingerspitzgefühl" is commonly used in the original German sense: sensitivity, feeling with the tips of your fingers. The old German princely quote "So ein Ding müssen wir auch haben" (We should also have one of those things) is even the title of a TV show about electronics. The expression "Det sker i de bedste familier" (It happens in the best of families) is a crude translation of the German "Es kommt in den besten Familien vor".
Bundesliga-hår ("Bundesliga hair") is the Danish word for amullet, because this type of haircut (as well as in Hungary) was regarded a characteristic offootball Bundesliga players. Also the Italians saw this kind of connection and dubbed itcapelli alla tedesca (German style haircut).
TheDutch language includes many well established words from German, for exampleüberhaupt (at all, generally),sowieso (anyway/certainly). More specific terms include the wordunheimisch, which is used for something scary (in German only another form of this word is still used:unheimlich), and the sports termSchwalbe (in German the bird swallow, but also used for "diving" in football). Furthermore,calques such asmoederziel alleen ("all alone", frommutterseelenallein) are quite common.
One notable German word in the English language is "kindergarten", meaning "garden for the children". The first kindergarten outside the German area was founded in 1851 in London. Five years later, Margarethe Schurz opened the first kindergarten in America inWatertown, Wisconsin. The language in the first kindergarten was German, as they were thought to be for the children of German immigrants. In 1882, the number of kindergartens in the US was 348. Meanwhile, the majority of Americans are no longer aware of the German origin of the word. The kindergarten teacher was first called "kindergartner", and later "kindergarten teacher". "Kindergartner" is now the child who attends the kindergarten. The verb "to kindergarten" means using the kindergarten method. Often, however, only the first letter 'K' of the word "kindergarten" is used, so a "pre-K" is a child who is not old enough for kindergarten.
In English, the German "über" (hyper, over) is sometimes (often spelled "uber") used in compositions, as inubergeek, to express extreme progression. In German the prefix "super" is sometimes used, next to "über", in the sense of superior, as inSuperminister.[2] The peculiar feature of the German language to build compound nouns contributes to proliferation of Germanisms and interestingneologisms.American students often use the term "foosball" (GermanFußball) for the tabletop soccer, for which in Germany however the English term "kicker" is used.
If somebody is sneezing, one may respond "[God] bless you". Because many people do not want to use a blessing phrase with religious context, instead the German term "gesundheit" is widely used. (Very seldom heard in the south or in Texas.) In German,Gesundheit means health, but is also used as response when someone sneezes. The same word is used in Yiddish, and thus came to be known also in the US.
TheConcise Oxford English Dictionary lists the German wordverboten, defined as "forbidden by an authority". Other well known examples include words such asweltschmerz,mensch,rucksack,schadenfreude,kaput(t) andweltanschauung. Another important psychological concept is "Angst".
There are long-lasting contacts betweenEstonian and German languages. Estonia was conquered in theLivonian crusade by German and Danish crusaders already in the 13th century. Since then, Estonia was settled by priests, merchants and craftsmen from Germany. As a result, the Estonian language has borrowed nearly a third ofits vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from German. Examples include:vein (Wein, wine),klaver (Klavier, piano),reis (Reise, trip) andkunst (art). Modern loans from the Germans includereisibüroo (Reisebüro, travel agency) andkleit (Kleid, dress).
InFrench, some Germanisms are due to the experiences in the Second World War, such aswitz for a bad joke or threatening (in German,Witz is just joke) andersatz for ersatz coffee (GermanErsatzkaffee, but more usuallyMuckefuck, itself probably a Francesism frommocca faux), or as an adjective meaning make-believe, fall-back, i.e. (as in German) some replacement used for lack of the authentic stuff.
The wordlied, same meaning in English and French, is derived from the GermanLied which translates as "song". (In German, the termLied refers to any kind of song, however for contemporary music in German also often theanglicismSong is used.)
In French the wordvasistas denotes a skylight window. The word probably originates from theNapoleonic Wars, when French soldiers looking at the German skylight askWas ist das? (What is this?) It then became the name for this kind of windows.[citation needed]
Schubladiser is the Swiss French term for filing or procrastinating something. The noun isschubladisation.Schublade is German for drawer, therefore these Swiss French terms can be literally translated as "drawering" and "drawerisation", resp.
InSwiss French, there are some terms derived from (Swiss) German such aspoutzer instead ofnettoyer (cleaning, in Germanputzen) orspeck instead oflard (bacon, in GermanSpeck).
Around the German-French border areas, inherently many words cross the language border, for example, inLorraine: Instead ofça éclabousse,ça spritz is used for "this sputters" –spritzen is "sputtering" in German.Spritz as a term for extruded biscuits (Spritzgebäck in German) is known everywhere in France.
Modern Greek uses a few German loanwords for terms related to German or Austrian culture, such assnitsel (σνίτσελ,Schnitzel) andfroilain (φροϊλάιν, fromFräulein, "Miss", used only for young women from Germany or Austria). Some loan words were introduced by thegastarbáiter (γκασταρμπάιτερ, GermanGastarbeiter), who have spent part of their life in Germany or Austria, such as lumben (λούμπεν), meaning "riffraff", from GermanLumpen, "rogues"[citation needed].
ModernHebrew includes several Germanisms, some coming directly from German, and some via theYiddish language. In the artisanal sector, some German phrases such asstecker (GermanStecker forplug) anddübel (GermanDübel fordowel), the latter pronounced[diːbl] due to the missing "ü"umlaut.[1]
The German wordStrudel (שטרודל) in Hebrew is used for the character "@" in E-mail addresses, after the appearance of the pastry in cross-section.
A Hebrew slang for siesta isschlafstunde (GermanSchlafstunde literally "hour to sleep"), although it is not clear whether theYekkes started that habit in Israel or brought it from Germany.
The modern month names in Israel correspond to the German names:Januar,Februar,März, etc. The only modification isAugust which is – different from the German – pronounced "Ogust", because the vocal connection "au" in Hebrew is unusual.
The German vocabulary had already influenced theHungarian language at the time of the marriage of the state's founderStephen I of Hungary to princessGiselle of Bavaria in the year 996. An early example is the wordHerzog ("Duke"). The Hungarian wordherceg formed as a result ofvowel harmony, the alignment of vowels in a word. This Hungarian word was later borrowed into South Slavic languages[3] and gave rise to the geographical nameHercegovina.
German clergy, farmers and craftsmen were linguistically influential, particularly in the 13th and 18th centuries, bringing their own terminology to Hungary. These include the job titlesbakter (Wächter, night watchman, train guard),suszter (Schuster,cobbler) andsintér (Schinder, aknacker) as well as the termskuncsaft (Kundschaft, customer) andmester (Meister, master). In some professions, a large part oftechnical terms came via German, e.g. in the field of carpentrylazur (Lasur,glaze),firnisz (Firnis,lacquer),lakk (Lack,varnish),smirgli (Schmirgelpapier,sandpaper) andcolstok (Zollstock, foot rule).
Words were also loaned in the time of the monarchs from theHouse of Habsburg. This explains a number of German words that are mainly used inAustria. These include the wordskrampusz (Krampus, companion ofSanta Claus),partvis (Bartwisch, handbrooms),nokedli (Nocken,dumpling), andribizli (Ribisel,currant).Eszcájg derives fromEsszeug. Second-hand goods dealers were calledhandlé (Händler, merchant). Further examples includefasírt (Austrian Germanfaschiert, minced meat) andknődli (Knödel, hot dumplings).
Even a German sentence became a Hungarian word.Vigéc, derived from the German greetingWie geht's? (How are you?) is the Hungarian word for a door-to-door salesman. The wordspájz (Speis,Austrian German forSpeisekammer) is being used for thepantry.
The Hungarian phrasenem nagy vasziszdasz ("not a big what-is-it") is an informal way of belittling the complexity/importance of something (from Germanwas ist das?,what is it?).
Sometimes linguistic communities borrow the same term for a word from each other's language. This is the case for razzia – the Germans taken their wordRazzia from the Italians (originally Arab غزوة ghazwa = "razzia"), the Italians use the termblitz for this, from the German wordBlitzkrieg.Un lager in Italian is not a beer like in English, but short forKonzentrationslager.
German tourists' demand broughtil würstel to Italy (Würstel is a German dialect word for sausages), and evenil würstel con crauti (GermanKraut short forSauerkraut).
Japanese includes some words with German origin, such as アルバイト (arubaito) from the GermanArbeit ("work", "job"); however, in Japan it is used to denote a minor job, e.g., a student's sideline.
Other words transferred into Japanese are related toclimbing, like ヒュッテ (hyutte) from GermanHütte for mountain hut, ゲレンデ (gerende) from German "Gelände" for terrain, アイゼン (aizen) from GermanEisen (short forSteigeisen) forcrampons, エーデルワイス (ēderuwaisu) forEdelweiß, リュックサック (ryukkusakku) from GermanRucksack for backpack and probably also シュラフ (shurafu) from GermanSchlafsack forsleeping bag. Also, the main Japanese mountain chain is calledJapanese Alps.
During the Second World War, in Japanese weeklynewsreels the military victories of the GermanGeneralfeldmarschallErwin Rommel in Africa were frequently celebrated, thus establishingrommel as the Japanese term for victory or success. Even today, Japanese football mascots are called with this word.
Since the medical education initially was influenced by its German teachers, many German medical terms became part of the Japanese language. These include クランケ (kuranke) from GermanKranke as a term for the sick ones, カルテ (karute) from GermanKarte (card) in the sense of a card to record the course of disease of a patient, ギプス (gipusu) from GermanGips for an orthopedic cast, アレルギー (arerugī) from GermanAllergie for allergy, and ノイローゼ (noirōze) from GermanNeurose for neurosis. Even the word オルガスムス (orugasumusu) fororgasm originates from the German wordOrgasmus.
Of the typical German food items, the most commonly found in Japan are ザワークラウト (sawākurauto,Sauerkraut) and the cake specialties シュトレン (shutoren,Stollen) and バウムクーヘン (baumukūhen,Baumkuchen).
The German language also influencedKashubian and other Slavic languages, for examplekajuta from GermanKajüte for (ship) cabin,bùrméster from GermanBürgermeister for mayor orhańdel from GermanHandel for trade.In Kashubianszlafrok from GermanSchlafrock is adressing-gown.A Kashubian craftsman uses aszruwa (screw, from GermanSchraube).
InKirundi, the language of theAfrican Great Lakes countryBurundi, the word for German people (the former colonial rulers) isdagi. That is derived from the German salutationTag, short forGuten Tag (literally "[I wish you a] good day").[citation needed]
In order to remove the last relics of the occupation during the Second World War, inSouth Korea most Japanese loanwords are removed from the vocabulary. This does not include the word 아르바이트 (areubaiteu) which is still used both in the Korean and Japanese language. The Japanese アルバイト (arubaito) is derived from the German wordArbeit (work, job), but here denotes a student's sideline.
Although a majority of internationalisms (largely Latin or Greek-based) are borrowed from English, a considerable minority of internationalisms are borrowed from German, usually via Japanese, in the field of chemistry, medicine, philosophy, etc., such as 요오드 (yoodeu < Iod), 망간 (manggan < Mangan), 부탄 (butan < Butan), 알레르기 (allereugi < Allergie), 히스테리 (hiseuteri < Hysterie), 이데올로기 (ideollogi < Ideologie), 테마 (Tema < Thema), etc. In addition, there are also loanwords of native German origin, such as 코펠 (kopel (portable cooker), a corrupted form of Kocher, via Japanese コッヘルkohheru), and hybrids like 메스실린더 (meseusillindeo <GermanMess- (measuring) + Englishcylinder;Messzylinder in German).
InMacedonian, the denotation ofwitz is виц, similar as in French.
The German wordVorspiel translates to "prelude", also with sexual connotation, andNachspiel translates to aftermath. In contrast, in Norwegian the wordsvorspiel andnachspiel stand for the consumption of alcoholic beverages before or after a visit of bars or discothèques. In German again, these habits are calledvorglühen, a quite recent neologism reflecting the use ofGlühwein (yet using the term which denotes the preheating of adiesel engine), andAbsacker.
The German language also greatly influencedPolish and otherWest Slavic languages, especially due to German settlement, shared borders and the implied policy ofGermanisation after thePartitions of Poland. The majority of all the borrowed words in Polish are of German or Germanic origin. For example,kajuta from GermanKajüte for (ship) cabin,sztorm from GermanSturm for storm,burmistrz from GermanBürgermeister for mayor,szynka from GermanSchinken for ham, orhandel from GermanHandel for trade. Because most cities in Poland were founded on GermanMagdeburg Law in theMiddle Ages many construction-related terms were borrowed, for instance,rynek (Ring - square or place or market);plac -Platz - square;cegła -Ziegel - brick;budynek -Büding - building (medieval High German) - with scores of derivatives on building materials, etc.Gmach (building) - fromGemach - a room.[4]
In Polish,szlafmyca from GermanSchlafmütze means night cap, but – as in German – also used in a figurative sense assleepyhead.Szlafrok from GermanSchlafrock is adressing-gown.
A Polish craftsman uses aśruba (screw, from GermanSchraube) andklajster (paste/glue from GermanKleister). If he does not know the name of his tool, he may ask for awihajster (thingamabob, from GermanWie heißt er? meaninghow is it called?). He will receive the requested thing:Podaj mi ten mały wihajster! (Please give me the small thingamabot!)There is also the wordfajrant (leisure-time, from GermanFeierabend). In a carousal, he can drink to someonebruderszaft (from GermanBruderschaft, fraternity) and disband with arausz (from GermanRausch, inebriation).
In PolishUpper Silesia most of inhabitants speak standard Polish language but there is minority, who speak theSilesian dialect/language, they also use German words in every day life as either slang or as directly borrowed terms. InUpper Silesia andKatowice it is customary to useblumy instead ofkwiat for a flower (German:Blume), if someone speaks Silesian.
Other Germanisms commonly used in Polish include:
Portuguese incorporates German words such asdiesel andkitsch.
InBrazilian Portuguese, German immigrants brought some German words. The wordblitz describes a traffic control (GermanBlitz is flash, also colloquial for traffic control due to the flash light.) Also known aremalzbier,quark andchopp, the latter fromSchoppen (German for a pint, in Brazilian Portuguese however denoting a draught beer). Also, in Brazil the GermanStreuselkuchen is acuca, spread on a bread in the RiograndianHunsrückian became, via the Germanschmier (grease),chimia. In the areas of German immigrants, alsooktoberfest andkerb (Hunsrückian forkermesse) are celebrated. The wordchipa is derived from the GermanSchippe (shovel).
In the state ofSanta Catarina and other regions of German immigration, the wordchiloida meansslingshot, from the German wordSchleuder.
InRomanian, German loans are especially found in names for craft items:bormaşină (drill, in GermanBohrmaschine),ştecher (plug,Stecker),şurub (screw,Schr[a]ube),şubler (vernier caliper,Schublehre),şnur (electric cord, GermanSchnur is cord in general), but there are also:
After TsarPeter the Great returned from Western Europe in the year 1698, the loan words were no longer taken from Greek and Polish. With Peter, transfers from Polish were replaced by transfers from Western languages. For the drastic reforms in the military and administration, economic and administrative experts were recruited from Germany. 1716 Peter ordered that the administrative writers learn German:
In some sectors of handicraft, the Germans were the majority; towards the end of the 18th Century, thirty German but only three Russian watchmakers worked inSt. Petersburg.
TheRussian language has taken many words regarding military matters from German, for exampleSchlagbaumшлагбаум[5] (boom barrier) andMarschrouteмаршрут (route), and alsoRucksackрюкзак (backpack),Maßstabмасштаб (scale, extent),Strafeштраф (in Germanpunishment, in Russian in the meaningfine, butштрафбат - штрафной батальон - punishment unit in the military), andZifferblattциферблат (clock face). Alsoфейерверк - Feuerwerk - fireworks.Вахта - Wacht - guard; Military ranks:ефрейтор: Gefreiter - corporal;лейтенант - Leutnant - lieutenant;комендант - Kommandant - commander;граф: Graf - count andГрафство - county. Alsoплацдарм - Platzdarm - drill area in the military, also theater of operations - originally obviously from Frenchplace d'armes. Apparentlyкартофель - potato also comes from German: Kartoffel.Штат (Staat) means a state (like the United States), but not the concept of state in general.Штатный - means civilian (clothes), or employee (on the payroll). The origin of the word re: civilian clothes can be another German word: Stadt - city, i.e. city clothes. The word for soldier isсолдат - from GermanSoldat, albeit French at its origin. A screw is calledвинт - from GermanGewinde - screw thread, apparently through Polishgwind. From thatвинтовка - rifle. Also through Polish:казарма - barracks - from GermanKaserne - via PolishKazarma, originally Italiancaserma - arsenal.
Mikhail Lomonosov, who studied inMarburg andFreiberg, is regarded as founder of the Russian mining science, mineralogy and geology. In his writings about mining and metallurgy, he uses German words, the names of metals and mineralsWismutВисмут (bismuth),WolframВольфрам (tungsten),GneisГнейс (gneiss),Kwarz (in German spelled Quarz)Кварц (quartz),Potasch (in German Pottasche)Поташ (potash),ZinkЦинк (zinc),Schpaty (German Spat)шпаты (feldspar), and the expressionschteiger (GermanSteiger) (foreman of miners). Also the termsgeolog (German Geologe) (geologist),gletscher (glacier)metallurgia (GermanMetallurgie) (metallurgy),nikel (in GermanNickel),schichta (GermanSchicht (layer), used both for ore layer and layer in a blast furnace), andschlif (German Schliff) (the grinding or cutting of a stone) fall into this category.
Terms from chess areZugzwangцугцванг,Zeitnotцейтнот,Endspielэндшпиль (endgame),Mittelspielмиттельшпиль (middlegame),Grossmeisterгроссмейстер (grandmaster).
Modern expressions areStrichcodeштрихкод (barcode),Butterbrotбутерброд, and evenBrandmauer, for which in German the English expressionFirewall is used.
SchramШрам is a scar and originates from the German wordSchramme (scratch, scar). Aschtolnjaштольня (GermanStollen) is anadit. Aschpagatшпагат (German spelling Spagat) is aSplit (gymnastics),schpinatшпинат (German spelling Spinat)spinach and aschpionшпион (German spelling Spion) a spy.
Even the hockey term forpuck,schajbaшайба, originates from GermanScheibe, denoting a disk. The wordschlangшланг for garden hose is derived from the German word for a snake,Schlange. The wordschtepselштепсель originates from the German wordStöpsel (plug).
An exhibition in Vienna aboutGastarbeiter in Austria has the Serbian titlegastarbajteri. A particularly avid student is calledštreber (GermanStreber is a striver or a nerd).Schlag for cream is derived from the Austrian short form forSchlagobers.
The Serbian word for tomatoes,Парадајз(paradajs), is influenced from the AustrianParadeiser. One of the Serbian words forexhaust is auspuh (derived from German Auspuff).
Examples of Germanisms:
Swedes use the German wordaber (but) in the sense of "obstacle" or "objection". Anouveau riche is calledGulaschbaron (colloquialism in German language, literally "goulash baron").
For undercoverinvestigative journalism in the style ofGünter Wallraff the verbwallraffa is used, which is even part of theSwedish Academy's dictionary.
Slovene Germanisms are primarily evident in the syntax, lexicon, semantics, and phraseology of the language. There are few Germanisms in Slovene phonology and morphology. Many Slovene lexical Germanisms come from Austrian German.[6]
TheSpanish language of some South American countries incorporates Germanisms introduced by German immigrants, for example, inChilekuchen ("cake") andFrankfurter in Uruguay. The latter, however, sometimes is used for ahot dog – not as in German for the sausage only. In Argentine, the usage of the namePancho is interesting: it's a popular nickname forFrancisco orFranco, and therefore also used forFrankfurter sausages. The Chileans pronouncekuchen as in German with the ach-Laut, not "kutshen", as a Spanish pronunciation would be.
In Chile, the German wordsuche ("searching") (pronounced in Chilesutsche instead of with the Germanach-Laut) is used for house staff (gardeners, errand boys). After the German immigrants came to a certain prosperity, they posted job advertisements for local forces, which often started with the German verbsuche in a large-size font (cf.Imperial German influence on Republican Chile).
In Mexico,kermes, from the German wordKirmes ("funfair", "kermesse"), is used for a charitable street party.
The dominant lingua franca in the African Great Lakes region,Swahili, has borrowed many words from Arabic and English. Borrowed from the GermanSchule, however, is the wordshule forschool.
Even theKreolTok Pisin in the former German colony Papua-New Guinea has words borrowed from German language. These includebalaistift from GermanBleistift for "pencil", however today the English term is preferred.Raus (literally in Germanget out! means "Go!" or "From the way". Derived fromraus israusim meaning "empty", "dismissed away."
A reminder of the missionary by German Catholic lay brothers are the wordsbruda from GermanBruder for brother andprista from GermanPriester for priests. A relic of German colonialists' behaviour are invectives such asrinfi from GermanRindvieh, literally cattle, but used also as invective for a silly person, andsaise from GermanScheiße, shit.
The Turkish wordfertik as signal for a railway to be ready to depart originates from theBaghdad Railway which was initially operated by German personnel. The Germans commandfertig (ready) became the Turkishfertik and firstly also denoted the train conductor. Nevertheless, this word was only used in slang and became obsolete soon after the 1950s.
Another Germanism isOtoban from GermanAutobahn for highway.
The Modern Hebrewiton for newspaper is modeled after the German wordZeitung, usinget for "time" (Zeit in German).
Germanisms in foreign languages may have gone through a change of meaning, appearing as afalse friend to the learner's eye. For instance, in Russianгалстукgalstuk is not a scarf (German literally: "Halstuch"), but a tie, even though the modern German equivalent "Krawatte" (Croatian neck tie) seems to be of a more recent date; nor would aпарикмахерparikmacher (German literally: "Perückenmacher") be a "wig-maker", but actually is a hairdresser. It seems, though, that the hair dresser was indeed called a wig maker, i.e. when wigs were in fashion and that was what they did. Thus both Italians (parrucchiere) and Spaniards (peluquero) still call all hair dressers, for gentlemen and ladies, wig makers.
Likewise, in Japanese, amesser is not a knife, but a scalpel. Two more examples would be Japanese アルバイト (transliterated to "arubaito", derived from German:Arbeit ["work"] and abbreviated to "baito") and リュックサック (transliterated to "ryukkusakku"; derived from German "Rucksack"; abbreviated to リュック ["ryukku"]).