An intense process ofGermanisation was carried out byNazi Germany inGerman-occupied Poland duringWorld War II, with the ultimate goal of eliminating Polish culture and people. This included themass-murder of Polish intellectuals and thekidnapping of Polish children.
"Adolf Hitler inMein Kampf proclaimed, language-exclusiveGermanisation does not equate to total Germanisation, an alien nation, which expresses its thought in non-German form, degrades the greatness and honour of the German nation. The implementation of Germanisation requires a change of character of the occupied nation via partial expulsion of the Polish populous and the assimilation of the rest, deemed upon their "racially worthy" elements."[1]
The greatest fervour of Germanisation was implemented in those regions seized by the GermanWehrmacht duringWorld War II. Frequently in his public rallies,Adolf Hitler called for the displacement and liquidation ofPoles inhabitingPoland. On November 25, 1939, at theNSDAP Office of Racial Policy, acodification was formed codifying Erhard Wetzel and Günther Hecht's memorandum entitled "The Question of the treatment of the population of the former Polish territories in accordance to racial politics" ("Die Frage der Behandlung der Bevölkerung der ehemaligen polnischen Gebiete nach rassepolitischen Gesichtspunkten"), which openly expressed:
"ThosePoles suitable for Germanisation shall receive German surnames after having undergone the complete process of Germanisation, that will take two to three generations. The administrative, trade and common language shall be German, whilst administrators on former Polish soil may only be German. [...] Our pursuance is to Germanise as rapidly the Germanisable populous. [...] The decisively Polish elements must be expelled. [...] Poles may not take part in secondary, vocational schools, nor higher education. [...] Church service must not be undertaken inPolish. Any type of association, corporation and religious or church gatherings are forbiden, whilst Polish restaurants, cafés and cinemas shall be closed down, in addition, all Polish press and book publications must be abolished. [...] Those people who are incapable of being renationalised, must be subject to culture of the shallowest nature. [...] In that populous categorised for expulsion, racially-worthy children no greater than 8-10 years of age, should be selected and relocated to the Reich. [...] No contact is permitted with their Polishkin. [...] Otherwise, expel: allPoles, that settled on the terrain of the New Reich after October 1, 1918, allPolish intelligentsia, Polish activists, those so-called neutral Poles that fail to Germanise, allJews [...] and all Polish-Jewish inhabitants. [...] There will be no Polish journalists, nor will there be any Polish book and newspaper publications."[2][3]
Germany used the ancientdivide and rule strategy inOccupied Poland. In accordance to the aforesaid strategy,Germanisation was sanctioned on the Polish population on a regional basis. The best known operation was namedgoralenvolk.Heinrich Himmler, in his strictly secret memorandum, entitledGedanken über die Behandlung Fremdvölkischer im Osten ("Thoughts on Treatment of Alien Races in the East"), dated May 25, 1940, described the German tactic against Poland: "We have to divide Poland into as many ethnic groups, regions and divided groups as it is possible". Likewise, in his reflections, entitled: "A few thoughts on the treatment of aliens in the East" (Einige Gedanken über die Behandlung der Fremdenvölker im Osten), Himmler writes: "We have to aim to recognise and retain as many different nationalities, that is besides the Poles and Jews, also Ukrainians, Belarusians,Gorals,Lemkos andKashubians. If one kind find other breakaway nationalities – those also. [...] What I am trying to state is, it is not in our interest to unite national groups and foment and gradually increase national identity and the development of national culture, on the contrary, to divide it into many parts and fractures. [...] Within [...] 4 to 5 years e.g. the termKashubians must be unknown, for the Kashubian nation will be no more (this especially refers toWestern Prussia). In the long term, we must also liquidate the Ukrainian, Goral and Lemko identity on our territory. What was said about those national offshoots similarly largely refers to the Poles."
On August 1, 1940, inKraków,Hans Frank andJosef Bühler headed a conference concerning theGermanisation of Polish place names in theGeneral Governate, it was decided that every central square would be renamed to "Adolf Hitler Platz" and those roads heading to which shall be calledReichsstrasse,Strasse der Wehrmacht as well asStrasse der Bewegung.[4][5][6]
Nearly all settlement names in areas annexed byNazi Germany and theGeneral Governate were Germanised. For example,Łódź was renamedLitzmannstadt, in 1941,Rzeszów was changed intoReichshof whilstZamość, whom the Germans believed to be a German settlement, was to be renamedHimmlerstadt, as to honourHeinrich Himmler. Street names were also Germanised, firstly by adding a second German name, and later removing the Polish counterpart. During theGerman occupation of Poland, all Germanised street names were written in theGothic script. Nearly every main street was renamed "Hitlerstraße" in honour ofAdolf Hitler. In Łódź, on September 7, 1939, the chief of the police ordered to remove all signboards that bore a Polish word, as well as the removal of products that carried a Polish-branded label.[7]
On October 31, 1939Joseph Goebbels stated: "The Poles fundamentally should not have theatres, cinemas [...]. All schools and seminaries must be closed down in theGeneral Governate [...]. Poles should be left with such educational institutions that will punish the hopelessness of their national status."Hans Frank commanded that all educational institutions above elementary must be liquidated. The teaching of history was forbidden.
The occupying authorities of the GermanGeneral Governate brought into being operations that would inhibit the cultural development of the forcefully subordinated Polish population in the long-run. The main guidelines were formed by Dr. E. Weltz and Dr. G. Hecht's national politics programme from November 25, 1939, based on Adolf Hitler's statements made at the November 23, 1939, conference of the Ministry of Interior Affairs. The document concluded,inter alia:
"Universities and other higher education institutions, vocational schools, as well as secondary schools were always centres of Polish chauvinistic upbringing and therefore must be closed down. Only primary schools may be permitted, teaching only the most primitive of subjects: arithmetic, reading and writing. Education in fields of greater nationalist reals, like geography, history, history of literature and gymnastics, must be prohibited."[8]
The Minister of Education, K. Szelągowski along with other higher administrators were sent to aconcentration camp in Sachsenhausen. Thereupon, higher education institutions and secondary schools were liquidated. The General Superintendent Frank, on June 18, 1940, decided to resume the operation of primary and vocational schools with a limited educational level, limited to that of German technical schools. More drastic decisions in the sphere of education were proposed byHeinrich Himmler, who in a document from May 15, 1940, proposed to reduce the level of education in the General Governate to four-year primary schools, students would be taught numbers up to 500, writing of the surname and the enforcement of a tract that God's command against the Poles is total servitude, honesty, urgency and kindness towards the Germans.[9]
"Only a nation, whose underlying inclinations are destroyed, will allow itself to be thrown into slavery."[10]
The Germanisation of the Polish populace included limitedly planned and systemised elimination of thePoles. During the Germaninvasion of Poland, divisions of theEinsatzgruppen were placed within theWehrmacht, in accordance to theSpecial Prosecution Book for Poland composed via interviews with the German minority in theSecond Polish Republic, carried out the murder of the Polishintelligentsia during theIntelligenzaktion.[11] After the defeat of the Polish military, the extermination of the Polish intellectual elite was realised via operations likeOperation Tannenberg,AB-Aktion, that would deprive Poland its political, scientific, social, cultural and militaristic elite.
TheIntelligenzaktion led to the deaths of 100,000 Poles, of which around 50,000 were murdered by so-called "direct action" (i.e.shooting); the other 50,000 were sent to concentration camps, and few of them survived.[12] Territory that had been directly incorporated into Nazi Germany suffered the most severe losses, with 40,000 murdered and 20,000 sent to concentration camps.[13]
An extensive forced population transfer was conducted byGermany duringWorld War II. The expulsions were part of a long-term plan,Generalplan Ost, that would turn the Polish nation into a primitive, cultureless kind, that would be denationalisable and be controlled with ease.Hans Frank, the General Superintendent of theGeneral Governate, at a hearing on March 11, 1942, asserted: "...our aim [...] should be the complete clearance of the Vistulan Land [Weichselland] includingGalicia. This will only be feasible with time, when the inhabiting nations are expelled – the Poles and Ukrainians. It is no doubt, that such changes will take decades, yet this is the only right path, all else is defective."[14]
Part of theGeneralplan Ost (GPO) involved in taking children regarded as "Aryan-looking" from the rest of Europe and moving them toNazi Germany for the purpose ofGermanisation, or indoctrination into becoming culturally German. At more than 200,000 victims, occupied Poland had the largest proportion of children taken.[15][16]