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TheGerman Youth Movement (German:Die deutsche Jugendbewegung) is a collective term for a cultural and educational movement that started in 1896. It consists of numerous associations of young people that focus on outdoor activities. The movement includedGerman Scouting and theWandervogel. By 1938, 8 million children had joined associations that identified with the movement.
In 1896 theWandervogel, a popular movement of youth groups who protested against industrialization, was founded inBerlin, and its members soon derived many vital concepts from the ideas of earliersocial critics andRomantics, ideas that had extensive influence on many fields at the onset of the 20th century.
To escape the repressive andauthoritarian German society at the end of the 19th century, its values increasingly transformed byindustrialism,imperialmilitarism, as well as byBritish andVictorian influence, groups of young people searched for free space to develop a healthy life of their own away from the expanding cities. Expressing a romantic longing for a pristine state of things and older diverse cultural traditions, they turned to nature, confraternity and adventure. Soon the groups split and ever more organisations were founded, all still calling themselvesWandervogel, but organisationally independent. Nonetheless, the youth groups maintained a sense of belonging to a common movement, but one split into several branches:
After theFirst World War, the leaders returned disillusioned from the war. The same was true for leaders of GermanScouting. So both movements started to influence each other heavily in Germany. From the Wandervogel came a stronger culture of hiking, adventure, bigger tours to farther places, romanticism and a younger leadership structure. Scouting brought uniforms, flags, more organisation, more camps and a clearer, more rational ideology. There was also an educationalist influence fromGustav Wyneken.
Together, this led to the emergence of the Bündische Jugend, a movement of many different youth associations. There were Wandervogel groups, Scouting associations and others, all of which mixed the elements described above with new ingredients. New styles and groups developed. A new tent form, thekohte, was introduced byEberhard Koebel (aka "tusk"). Together with Koebel's interpretation of theyurt this type of tent is still the typical black tent used by German scouts on international scout camps to this day. TheDeutsche Freischar and then theJungenschaft was founded.
In the German Youth Movement one can find all the different reactions of German society as a whole to the rise of theNazis. Many welcomed it as a liberation movement to break free of the injustice of theTreaty of Versailles and to see Germany thrive once again. The notion of a 'Volksgemeinschaft', a people's community, was also popular. On the other hand, there were also many in the German Youth Movement who saw their associations as an elite superior to the more primitive Nazis. Some groups were genuinely democratic, or even left wing. Many more, even some of those who tended to the right, still wanted to carry on their independent work and existence as organisations. This led inescapably to a confrontation with the Nazi state, since the Nazi state did not allow any youth groups separate from theHitler Youth, which itself adopted many of the outer forms of the Bündische Jugend after 1933. The groups remaining outside the Hitler Youth were outlawed and pursued, while some of them (e.g., theEdelweiss Pirates) tried to carry on.
One thing which might have been different from other sections of German society is the following: The Youth Movement was very idealistic, romantic and moral. Therefore, its members tended to take greater risks in following and acting upon their beliefs and persuasions. This might be the reason why one can find significant members of the Youth Movement on both sides, among theNazis and among theWiderstand.
Examples for this are the following:Adolf Eichmann was one of their members from 1930 to 1931.Hans Scholl was a member of the Jungenschaft, an especially independent-minded association of the Bündische Jugend.Claus von Stauffenberg was a member of theScout association of theNeupfadfinder, also an association of the Bündische Jugend.
After the war many associations were refounded inWest Germany, when the allies allowed it. InEast Germany theCommunist government did not allow it but instead outlawed allindependent youth organisations. On the other hand, there were some connections between the German Youth Movement and theFree German Youth; within which apioneer movement subunit, named theThälmann Pioneers, existed for East German schoolchildren aged 6-14.
In West Germany the Youth Movement became strongly dominated byScouting, althoughWandervogel,Jungenschaft and other groups were also refounded. In contrast to the situation before the war, all groups tried to have a more rational ideology and declared their support of the newBasic Law. German Scouting also approached world Scouting (theWorld Organization of the Scout Movement and theWorld Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts) and was admitted to the world organisations for the first time.
Both thekibbutz andBruderhof Communities can trace their origins to the German Youth Movement.[1] The influence ofFriedrich Nietzsche on the movement was substantial, with the philosopher described as the "Prophet of the German Youth Movement".[2] Today there are still many groups and organisations which see themselves as part of this movement. German Scouting is still heavily influenced by this history, although the historical influence varies from group to group. The most distinctive features of German Scouting trace from this history.
