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Deutsche Haitianer | |
|---|---|
 German legation of theHamburg-America Line, c. 1900 | |
| Languages | |
| German | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity andJudaism[1] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Germans,German Caribbeans |
German Haitians (Haitian Creole:Ayisyen Alman yo) areHaitians ofGerman descent or Germans with Haitian citizenship.
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The earliest known German settlement inSaint-Domingue was inBombardopolis, south of theMôle-Saint-Nicolas. About a thousand Germans came to Bombardopolis, invited by France, in the eighteenth century and managed to make a living in agriculture. That first wave of Germans, having been permitted to settle in one of the least fertile part of Haiti left the island for Guyana, and Louisiana. A second group of Germans were the soldiers who came with the French Leclerc expedition.[citation needed]
Starting in the mid-1800s Germans started to settle and instigate commercial relations with Haïti. Germany having no colonies in the Caribbean found a country open to foreign trade, with limited competition from other nations. The German community was willing to integrate into Haitian society. Some Germans married into Haiti's most prominent families. This enabled them to bypass the constitutional prohibition against foreigners owning land.In 1910, Haitian Germans controlled 80% of Haiti's International Commerce. Though German Haitians only numbered about 200, they wielded a disproportionate amount of economic power. For example, they owned and operated utilities inPort-au-Prince andCap-Haïtien but also controlled the Port-au-Prince main wharf.[citation needed]
When the US invaded Haiti in 1915, they promptly jailed and confiscated all Germans and their possessions. This was one of their primary goals. During the First World War (1914-1918), when the US entered the war, Germans still in Haïti were jailed in Fort Nationale under US soldiers guard. At the end of the First World War most Germans left Haïti, never to return due to the hostility of the American occupying force. The Germans who stayed were the ones who had created family ties on the island. The US never returned the confiscated German belongings.In 1940 during the Second World War, when Haïti declared war on Germany, again all German properties were confiscated, the Haitians later passed a law to return them to their rightful owner. German Haitians who kept their German citizenship were imprisoned. In 1942 these German war prisoners were sent to the US, at American request, as guarantee for the US prisoners held in Germany. Only in 1946, when Dumarsais Estimé became president, did Haiti allow these German prisoners in jail at that time onEllis Island in New York, to return to Haiti. It has been reported that the German/Haitian prisoners were offered American citizenship but rejected this, preferring to be sent back to Haiti.[citation needed]
Bombardopolis history and German population.
The 1805 Constitution of Haïti promulgated by Dessalines. Article 13 granting citizenship to Germans.
Germany Pre-WW1 politics in the Caribbean region.
Haïti declares war to Germany, while under occupation.
World War 2 German prisoners of war from the Caribbean and Haïti.“There were Latin American and U.S. businessmen who begrudged the success of Japanese, German, and Italian nationals and the war provided an opportunity to remove this source of competition.”
