 Borders ofGerman New Guinea before (in blue) and after (in red) the 1899 German-Spanish treaty | |
| Type | Bilateral treaty |
|---|---|
| Signed | 12 February 1899 (1899-02-12) |
| Parties | |
TheGerman–Spanish Treaty of 1899, (Spanish:Tratado germano-español de 1899; German:Deutsch-Spanischer Vertrag 1899) signed by theGerman Empire and theKingdom of Spain, involved Spain selling the majority of its Pacific possessions not lost in theSpanish–American War to Germany for 25 millionpesetas (equivalent to 17 millionMarks).
During the 19th century, theSpanish Empire lost most of its colonies toindependence movements. Then came theSpanish–American War in 1898, in which Spain lost most of its remaining colonies.Cuba became independent while the United States took possession ofPuerto Rico along with thePhilippines andGuam from Spain's Pacific Ocean colonies, theSpanish East Indies. This left Spain with only its African possessions ofSpanish Sahara,Ifni, andSpanish Guinea, and with about 6,000 tiny, sparsely populated, and not very productive Pacific islands. The latter were both ungovernable, after the loss of the administrative center ofManila, and indefensible, after the destruction of two Spanish fleets in the Spanish–American War. The Spanish government, therefore, decided to sell the remaining islands. Germany lobbied the Spanish government to facilitate the sale of the islands to them.
The Spanish Prime MinisterFrancisco Silvela signed the treaty on 12 February 1899. It transferred theCaroline Islands and theNorthern Mariana Islands to Germany, which then placed them under the jurisdiction ofGerman New Guinea.Palau, at the time considered part of the Carolines, was also occupied and during the following years the Germans started up mining there. The United States might have retained both the Carolines and Northern Marianas, but a lack of diplomatic consistency and interest allowed Spain to retain control until the sale.[1][2]
In October 1914, duringWorld War I, theEmpire of Japan invaded and conquered many of these German possessions. After the war, they became in 1919 theSouth Seas Mandate of theLeague of Nations, under control of the Japanese. During and afterWorld War II the United States took control of the former Spanish and German archipelagos in the Pacific.
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It has been asserted that some islands (Kapingamarangi,Nukuoro,Mapia,Rongrik,Ulithi, and "Matador", probably a reef already sunken today, but it appeared on maps of the time) are still in Spanish possession since they were not transferred to the United States nor to Germany.[citation needed]
The hypothesis appeared on 5 March 1948, when the state lawyer andCSIC researcher Emilio Pastor y Santos wrote a letter claiming that Spain should establish three naval stations in the Carolinas, Marianas and Palaos, following article 3. He suggestedSaipan,Yap andKoror. In October, Pastor announced that there were still four islands under Spanish sovereignty, as they were forgotten in the 1899 treaty. In 1950, Pastor published the bookTerritorios de soberanía española en Oceanía, 'Territories of Spanish sovereignty in Oceania'. On 12 January 1949, the question was dealt with in the Council of Ministers, but
...while the subject is not clear, it becomes to wait before dealing with the United States or the friendly powers taking part of the United Nations, since Spain has no contacts with the UN and it would be this organization which would solve the final lot of those Micronesian islands owned by Japan.
However, a report of 4 January 1949 from the legal advice of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs "estimated that any hypothetical right of Spain over those islands would have been destroyed by thelater trust regimes, that were those established after World War I with the transfer of those territories to Japan and, after World War II, with their attribution to the United States".[4]
In 2014, the Spanish government closed any speculation on the issue of Spanish possessions in the Pacific with an answer in the Congress to the deputyJon Iñarritu. According to its interpretation, Spain yielded in 1899 every remaining possession in the Pacific.[4][5] It added that "those islands were traditionally linked to the Carolinas and it has to be understood that, if the latter were yielded, the former were yielded too"[4] and "the Spanish attitude between 1899 and 1948 shows that the intent of Spain by signing the treaty with Germany was to transfer to it all its possessions in the Pacific."[4] It would be inconsistent "that Spain would have wanted to yield the Carolinas, the Palaos and the Marianas, but would have reserved the sovereignty over a few little islands of scarce economic value over which it had never exercised its factual sovereignty", concluding that Spain does not preserve any sovereignty over any Pacific islands or atolls.[citation needed]
CurrentlyMapia is underIndonesian sovereignty, Yap, Kapingamarangi, Ulithi and Nukuoro are parts of theFederated States of Micronesia, Rongerik is controlled by theMarshall Islands, Saipan is in theNorth Mariana Islands controlled by the United States, and Koror is part ofPalau.[citation needed]
