Georgetown | |
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  .JPG)  .jpg) Top:Riggs Bank (left) andGeorgetown University (right);Middle:Washington Harbour;Bottom:Wisconsin Avenue (left) andC&O Canal (right) | |
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| Coordinates:38°54′35″N77°01′47″W / 38.909644°N 77.029647°W /38.909644; -77.029647 | |
| Country |  United States |
| District |  Washington, D.C. |
| Quadrant | Northwest |
| Ward | 2 |
Georgetown is a historicneighborhood and commercial district inNorthwest Washington, D.C., situated along thePotomac River. Founded in 1751 as part of thecolonial-eraProvince of Maryland, Georgetown predated the establishment ofWashington, D.C. by 40 years. Georgetown was an independentmunicipality until 1871 when theUnited States Congress created a new consolidated government for the entire District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances andrenamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in Washington, D.C.
The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection ofWisconsin Avenue andM Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, andGeorgetown Park, an enclosed shopping mall.Washington Harbour, which includes waterfront restaurants, is located to the south onK Street between 30th and 31st Streets.
Georgetown is home to the main campus ofGeorgetown University and other landmarks, including theOld Stone House (1765), the oldest still standing building structure in Washington, D.C., theVolta Bureau for deaf education, theDumbarton Oaks estate, and a historically significant stretch of theChesapeake and Ohio Canal. Theembassies ofCameroon,France,Iceland,Liechtenstein,Mongolia,Sweden,Thailand,Ukraine, andVenezuela are located in Georgetown.
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Located on theAtlantic Seaboard Fall Line, Georgetown was at thehead of navigation on thePotomac River, the farthest point upstream that boats coming from theAtlantic Ocean could navigate.
In 1632, English fur trader Henry Fleet documented an American Indian village of theNacotchtank people called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown and established trade there.[1] The area was then part of theProvince of Maryland, anEnglish colony.[citation needed]
In approximately 1745,George Gordon constructed a tobacco inspection house along thePotomac River on a site that was already a tobacco trading post when the inspection house was built. Warehouses, wharves, and other buildings were then constructed around the inspection house, and it quickly became a small community. Georgetown grew as thriving port, facilitating trade and shipments of goods to and from thecolonial-eraProvince of Maryland.[2]
In 1751, the legislature of the Province of Maryland authorized the purchase of 60 acres (240,000 m2) of land from Gordon andGeorge Beall for £280.[3] A survey of the town was completed in February 1752.[4]
Georgetown was founded during the reign ofKing George II, and some speculate that the town was named after him. A second theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall.[5] TheMaryland Legislature issued a charter and incorporated the town in 1789.[6] Although Georgetown was never officially made a city, it was later referred to as the "City of Georgetown" in several 19th-centuryActs of Congress.[7]Robert Peter, an early area merchant in the tobacco trade, became the town's first mayor in 1790.[8]
John Beatty established the first church in Georgetown, aLutheran church on High Street.Stephen Bloomer Balch established aPresbyterian church in 1784. ACatholic Church, Trinity Catholic Church, was built in 1795, along with a parish school-house. Construction ofSt. John's Episcopal Church began in 1797 but paused for financial reasons until 1803, and the church was finally consecrated in 1809. Banks in Georgetown included theFarmers and Mechanics Bank, which was established in 1814. Other banks included the Bank of Washington, Patriotic Bank, Bank of the Metropolis, and the Union and Central Banks of Georgetown.[9]
Newspapers in Georgetown included theRepublican Weekly Ledger, which was the first paper, started in 1790.The Sentinel was first published in 1796 by Green, English & Co. Charles C. Fulton began publishing thePotomac Advocate, which was started by Thomas Turner. Other newspapers in Georgetown included theGeorgetown Courier and theFederal Republican. William B. Magruder, the first postmaster, was appointed on February 16, 1790, and in 1795, a custom house was established on Water Street. General James M. Lingan served as the first collector of the port.[9]
In the 1790s, City Tavern, the Union Tavern, and the Columbian Inn opened and were popular throughout the 19th century.[10] Among these taverns, only the City Tavern remains today, serving as a private social club and known asCity Tavern Club, located near the corner ofWisconsin Avenue andM Street.[citation needed]
George Washington frequented Georgetown, includingSuter's Tavern, where he negotiated many deals to acquire land for the new national capital.[11] A key figure in the land deals was a local merchant namedBenjamin Stoddert, who arrived in Georgetown in 1783. He had previously served as Secretary to the Board of War under theArticles of Confederation. Stoddert partnered with GeneralUriah Forrest to become an original proprietor of thePotomac Company.[12]
Stoddert and other Potomac landowners agreed to a land transfer deal to the federal government at a dinner at Forrest's home in Georgetown on March 28, 1791. Stoddert bought land within the boundaries of the federal district, some of it at the request of Washington for the government, and some on speculation. He also purchased stock in the federal government under Hamilton's assumption-of-debt plan. The speculative purchases were not, however, profitable and caused Stoddert much difficulty before his appointment asSecretary of the Navy byJohn Adams, the nation's secondpresident. Stoddert was rescued from his debts with the help ofWilliam Marbury, a Georgetown resident who later was a plaintiff in the landmark caseMarbury v. Madison. Stoddert ultimately purchasedHalcyon House at the corner of 34th and Prospect Streets.[12] TheForrest-Marbury House onM Street is currently the embassy of Ukraine.
In 1800, the federal capital was moved from therevolutionary capital ofPhiladelphia to Washington, D.C., and Georgetown became an independent municipal government within the District of Columbia, of which there were three: Alexandria, D.C., Georgetown, D.C., and Washington, D.C. Georgetown, D.C., was in the newWashington County, D.C.; the District's other county wasAlexandria County, D.C., nowArlington County, Virginia, and the independent city ofAlexandria, Virginia.
By the 1820s, thePotomac River had become silted up and was not navigable up to Georgetown. Construction of theChesapeake & Ohio Canal began in July 1828, to link Georgetown toHarper's Ferry, Virginia in present-dayWest Virginia. But the canal was soon in a race with theBaltimore and Ohio Railroad and got to Cumberland eight years after the railroad, a faster mode of transport, and at the cost of $77,041,586. It was never profitable. From its beginning to December 1876, the canal earned $35,659,055 in revenue, while expending $35,746,301.[9]
The canal provided an economic boost for Georgetown. In the 1820s and 1830s, Georgetown was an sizable shipping center. Tobacco and other goods were transferred between the canal and shipping on the Potomac River; salt was imported from Europe, and sugar and molasses were imported from theWest Indies.[9] These shipping industries were later superseded by coal and flour industries, which flourished with theC & O Canal providing cheap power formills and other industry.[13] In 1862, theWashington and Georgetown Railroad Company began ahorsecar line running along M Street in Georgetown and Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, easing travel between the two cities.
The municipal governments of Georgetown and the City and County of Washington were formally revoked by Congress effective June 1, 1871, at which point its governmental powers were vested within the District of Columbia.[14] The streets in Georgetown wererenamed in 1895 to conform to thestreet names in use in Washington.[15]
In the 1850s, Georgetown had a largeAfrican American population, including both slaves and free blacks. Slave labor was widely used in construction of new buildings in Washington, in addition, to provide labor on tobacco plantations in Maryland and Virginia. Slave trading in Georgetown began in 1760 when John Beattie established his business on O Street and conducted business at other locations around Wisconsin Avenue. Other slave markets ("pens") were located in Georgetown, including one at McCandless' Tavern near M Street and Wisconsin Avenue.[16] Slave trading continued until 1850, when it was banned in the District as one element of theCompromise of 1850.[17] Congressabolished ownership of slaves in the entire District on April 16, 1862, annually observed today asEmancipation Day.[18] Many African Americans moved to Georgetown following theCivil War, establishing a thriving community.[19]
By the late 19th century, flour milling and other industries in Georgetown were declining, in part due to the fact that the canals and other waterways continually silted up.[20] Nathaniel Michler and S.T. Abert led efforts to dredge the channels and remove rocks around the Georgetown harbor, though these were temporary solutions andCongress showed little interest in the issue.[21] An 1890 flood and expansion of the railroads brought destitution to the C&O Canal, and Georgetown's waterfront became more industrialized, with narrow alleys, warehouses, and apartment dwellings which lacked plumbing or electricity. Shipping trade vanished between theCivil War andWorld War I.[22] As a result, many older homes were preserved relatively unchanged.
In the late 18th century and 19th century, African Americans comprised a substantial portion of Georgetown's population, with a large number centered around Herring Hill in the far eastern section nearRock Creek Park. The1800 census reported the population in Georgetown at 5,120, which included 1,449 slaves and 227 free blacks.[17] A testament to the African-American history that remains today is theMount Zion United Methodist Church, which is the oldest African-American congregation in Washington. Prior to establishing the church, free blacks and slaves went to the Dumbarton Methodist Church where they were restricted to a hot, overcrowded balcony. The church was originally located in a small brick meetinghouse on 27th Street, but it was destroyed by fire in the 1880s. The church was rebuilt on the present site.[23]Mount Zion Cemetery offered free burials for Washington's earlier African-American population.[24] "From a pre-Civil War population of 6,798 whites, 1,358 free Negroes, and 577 slaves, Georgetown's population had grown to 17,300 but half these residents were poverty-stricken Negroes."[22] Otherblack churches in Georgetown includedAlexander Memorial Baptist Church, First Baptist Church, Jerusalem Baptist Church, and Epiphany Catholic Church.[25]
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In 1915, theBuffalo Bridge on present-day Q Street opened and connected this part of Georgetown with the rest of the city east ofRock Creek Park. New construction of large apartment buildings began on the edge of Georgetown. In the early 1920s, John Ihlder led efforts to take advantage of newzoning laws to get restrictions enacted on construction in Georgetown.[26] In 1933, a study byHorace Peaslee and Allied Architects laid out ideas for how Georgetown could be preserved.[27]
TheChesapeake and Ohio Canal, then owned by theBaltimore and Ohio Railroad, formally ceased operations in March 1924. After severe flooding in 1936,Baltimore and Ohio Railroad sold the canal to theNational Park Service in October 1938.[18] The waterfront area retained its industrial character in the first half of the 20th century. Georgetown was home to a lumber yard, a cement works, the Washington Flour mill, and a meatrendering plant, with incinerator smokestacks and a power generating plant for the oldCapital Traction streetcar system, located at the foot of Wisconsin Avenue, which closed in 1935, and was demolished in October 1968. In 1949, the city constructed theWhitehurst Freeway, an elevatedhighway above K Street, to allowmotorists entering the District over theKey Bridge to bypass Georgetown entirely on their way downtown.
In 1950, Public Law 808 was passed, establishing the historic district of "Old Georgetown".[28] The law required that theUnited States Commission of Fine Arts be consulted on any alteration, demolition, or building construction within the historic district.[29]
In 1967, theGeorgetown Historic District was listed on the U.S.National Register of Historic Places.[30]
Georgetown is home to many politicians andlobbyists. Georgetown's landmark waterfront district was further revitalized in 2003, and includes aRitz-Carlton,Four Seasons, and other hotels.[31] Georgetown's highly traveled commercial district is home to a variety of specialty retailers and fashionable boutiques.
Georgetown is bounded by thePotomac River to the south,Rock Creek to the east,Burleith,Glover Park, andObservatory Circle to the north, andGeorgetown University to the west. Much of Georgetown is surrounded by parkland and green space that serve as buffers from development in adjacent neighborhoods, and provide recreation.Rock Creek Park,Oak Hill Cemetery, Montrose Park, andDumbarton Oaks are located along the north and east edge of Georgetown, east of Wisconsin Avenue.[32] The neighborhood is situated on bluffs overlooking the Potomac River. As a result, there are some rather steep grades on streets running north–south. The famous "Exorcist steps" connecting M Street to Prospect Street were necessitated by the hilly terrain of the neighborhood.
The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown areM Street andWisconsin Avenue, whose highfashion stores draw large numbers of tourists as well as local shoppers year-round. There is also theWashington Harbour complex onK Street, on the waterfront, featuring outdoor bars and restaurants popular for viewing boat races. Between M and K Streets runs the historicChesapeake and Ohio Canal, today plied only by tour boats; adjacent trails are popular with joggers or strollers.
Throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, the concentration of wealth in Georgetown sparked the growth of manyuniversity-preparatory schools in and around the neighborhood. One of the first schools was the Columbian Academy on N Street, which was established in 1781 with Reverend Stephen Balch serving as the headmaster.[33]
Private schools currently located in Georgetown includeGeorgetown Visitation Preparatory School, while nearby is the eponymousGeorgetown Day School.Georgetown Preparatory School, while founded in Georgetown, moved in 1915 to its present location several miles north of Georgetown inMontgomery County.
District of Columbia Public Schools operates area public schools, including Hyde-Addison Elementary School on O Street.[34] Hyde-Addison formed from merging two adjacent schools - Hyde Elementary and Addison Elementary. The Addison section was renovated in 2008 and the Hyde section was renovated in Summer 2014. An addition connecting the two buildings is scheduled for completion in Summer 2019.[35]Hardy Middle School andJackson-Reed High School both serve Georgetown as zoned secondary schools.[36][37]Duke Ellington School of the Arts, a public magnet school, is in the community.
The main campus ofGeorgetown University is located on the western edge of the Georgetown neighborhood. FatherJohn Carroll foundedGeorgetown University as aJesuitprivate university in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634.[38] Although the school struggled financially in its early years, Georgetown expanded into a branched university after theAmerican Civil War under the leadership of university presidentPatrick Francis Healy. As of 2007[update], the university has6,853 undergraduate students and4,490 graduate students on the main campus.[39]
The main campus is just over 102 acres (41 ha) in area and includes 58 buildings, student residences capable of accommodating 80 percent of undergraduates, various athletic facilities, and the medical school.[39] Most buildings employcollegiate Gothic architecture andGeorgian brick architecture. Campus green areas include fountains, a cemetery, large clusters of flowers, groves of trees, and open quadrangles.[40] The main campus has traditionally centered on Dahlgren Quadrangle, although Red Square has replaced it as the focus of student life.[41]Healy Hall, built inFlemish Romanesque style from 1877 to 1879, is the architectural gem of Georgetown's campus, and is aNational Historic Landmark.[42]
The 1973 filmThe Exorcist was partly filmed at Georgetown University and the surrounding area. TheExorcist steps, the stairway that the character Father Damien fell down, connects Prospect Street, on the edge of the campus, and M Street.
TheDistrict of Columbia Public Library operates theGeorgetown Neighborhood Library,[43] which originally opened at 3260 R St. NW in October 1935 on the site of the former Georgetown Reservoir. An earlier public library in Georgetown was endowed by financierGeorge Peabody in 1867 and opened in a room of the Curtis School on O Street opposite St. John's Church in 1875. In the early 1930s, a library committee was formed to encourage the establishment of a new public library branch in Georgetown.[44]
The building was severely damaged by a fire on April 30, 2007, and underwent a $17.9 million renovation and expansion. The building was then re-opened on October 18, 2010, with aLEED-Silver Certification from the U.S. Green Building Council.[45] A newly constructed, climate-controlled third floor now houses the collections of the original Peabody Library and is a center for research on Georgetown history.[46]
Georgetown's transportation importance was defined by its location just below thefall line of thePotomac River. TheAqueduct Bridge (and later, theFrancis Scott Key Bridge) connected Georgetown withVirginia. Before the Aqueduct Bridge was built, a ferry service owned by John Mason connected Georgetown to Virginia.[47] In 1788, a bridge was constructed overRock Creek to connect Bridge Street (M Street) with the Federal City.[48]
Georgetown was located at the juncture of theAlexandria Canal and theChesapeake and Ohio Canal. The C&O Canal, begun in Georgetown in 1829, reachedCumberland, Maryland in 1851, and operated until 1924.Wisconsin Avenue is on the alignment of the tobaccohogshead rolling road from ruralMaryland, and the Federal Customs House was located on 31st Street (now utilized as the post office). The city's oldest bridge, the sandstone bridge which carries Wisconsin Avenue over the C&O Canal, and which dates to 1831, was reopened to traffic on May 16, 2007, after a $3.5 million restoration. It is the only remaining bridge of five constructed in Georgetown by the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company.[49]
Several streetcar lines and interurban railways interchanged passengers in Georgetown at and near theGeorgetown Car Barn, which theCapital Traction Company operated near the end of the Aqueduct Bridge and later, the Key Bridge (seeStreetcars in Washington, D.C.). A station serving theGreat Falls and Old Dominion Railroad and its successor, theWashington and Old Dominion Railway, was located in front of a stone wall on Canal Road adjacent to the Exorcist steps, immediately west of the Car Barn, from 1912 to 1923.
Five suburban Virginia lines, connecting inRosslyn, provided links from the Washington, D.C. streetcar network toArlington National Cemetery,Fort Myer,Nauck,Alexandria,Mount Vernon,Clarendon,Ballston,Falls Church,Vienna,Fairfax,Leesburg,Bluemont, andGreat Falls (seeNorthern Virginia trolleys). Streetcar operations in Washington, D.C. ended on January 28, 1962.
In 1910, theBaltimore and Ohio Railroad completed an 11-mile branch line fromSilver Spring, Maryland, to Water Street in Georgetown in an abortive attempt to construct a southern connection toAlexandria, Virginia.[50] The line served as an industrial line, shipping coal to aGeneral Services Administration power plant on K Street (now razed) until 1985.[50] The abandoned right-of-way has since been converted into theCapital Crescent Trail, a rails-to-trails route,[50] and the power plant replaced by a condo.[citation needed]
There is noMetro station in Georgetown. Some residents opposed building one but no serious plans for a station existed in the first place, primarily due to the engineering issues presented by the extremely steep grade from the Potomac River (under which the subway tunnel would run) to the center of Georgetown, very close to the river. The planners expected the Metro to serve rush-hour commuters, and the neighborhood has few apartments, office buildings, or automobile parking areas.[51]
Since the Metro's opening, there have been occasional discussions about adding another subway line and tunnel under the Potomac to service the area. Three stations are located roughly one mile (1.6 km) from the center of Georgetown:Rosslyn (across theKey Bridge inArlington),Foggy Bottom-GWU, andDupont Circle. As of July 2025, Georgetown is served by the Crosstown (C91, C85), Downtown (D80, D82), andArlington-bound (A58)Metrobuses.
Georgetown Historic District | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Whitehaven Street,Rock Creek Park, thePotomac River, and theGeorgetown University campus |
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| Coordinates | 38°54′34″N77°3′54″W / 38.90944°N 77.06500°W /38.90944; -77.06500 |
| Area | 750 acres (300 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 67000025 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 28, 1967 |
| Designated NHLD | May 28, 1967 |
| Designated DCIHS | November 8, 1964 |
The entire Georgetown neighborhood is a designatedNational Historic Landmark District, known as theGeorgetown Historic District. It received this designation in 1967 for its large concentration of well-preservedcolonial andFederal period architecture.[52]
Georgetown is also home to several other historic landmarks, including:
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