George G. M. James | |
|---|---|
| Born | George Granville Monah James November 9, 1893 |
| Died | June 30, 1956(1956-06-30) (aged 62) |
| Nationality | Guyanese-American |
| Alma mater | Durham University;Columbia University |
| Occupation(s) | Historian and author |
| Notable work | Stolen Legacy (1954) |
George Granville Monah James (November 9, 1893 – June 30, 1956)[1] was aGuyanese-American historian and author, known for his 1954 bookStolen Legacy, which argues thatGreek philosophy andreligion originated inancient Egypt.
James was born inGeorgetown, Guyana. His parents were Reverend Linch B. and Margaret E. James. James earned bachelor's and master's degrees atDurham University inEngland and gained his doctorate atColumbia University inNew York. He wasProfessor ofLogic andGreek atLivingstone College inSalisbury, North Carolina, before working atArkansas AM&N College inPine Bluff, Arkansas. James died two years after publishingStolen Legacy in 1954.[2] James was afreemason and was associated withPrince Hall Freemasonry.[3]
James was the author ofStolen Legacy: The Greeks Were Not the Authors of Greek Philosophy, But the People of North Africa, Commonly Called the Egyptians (also known asStolen Legacy: Greek Philosophy is Stolen Egyptian Philosophy), first published in 1954. In this book, James claims that the ancient Greeks were not the original authors ofGreek philosophy, but that ideas and concepts were stolen from theAncient Egyptians when Alexander the Great "invaded Egypt and captured the Royal Library at Alexandria and plundered it", and that Aristotle's ideas came from these stolen books and that he established his school within thelibrary. James also cites earlier Ancient Greek sources such asHerodotus who describe the cultural debt of Greece to Egypt. He also mentions prominent Greek philosophers such asPythagoras andPlato who are said to have studied in Egypt.
The book draws on the writings offreemasonry to support its claim that theGreco-Roman mysteries originate from an "Egyptian Mystery System",[4][a] although as historians point out, James does not cite these sources accurately.[5][6][7]
Stolen Legacy and its thesis have generally been consideredpseudohistory by historians. HistoriansWilson J. Moses,Albert Gelpi,Mary Lefkowitz,Ronald H. Fritze and philosopherRobert Todd Carroll all call the book and its claimspseudohistorical.[4][8][9] Carroll writes that:
James's principal sources were Masonic, especiallyThe Ancient Mysteries and Modern Masonry (1909) by the Rev.Charles H. Vail. The Masons in turn derived their misconceptions about Egyptian mystery and initiation rites from the eighteenth century work of fictionSethos [...] (1731) by theAbbeJean Terrasson (1670-1750), a professor ofGreek. Terrasson had no access to Egyptian sources and he would be long dead before Egyptian hieroglyphics could be deciphered. But Terrasson knew the Greek and Latin writers well. So he constructed an imaginary Egyptian religion based upon sources that described Greek and Latin rites as if they were Egyptian [...] Hence one of the main sources for Afrocentric Egyptology turns out to be Greece and Rome. The Greeks would have called thisirony. I don't know what Afrocentrists call it.[4]
PhilosopherRonald B. Levinson dismissed the book in a 1955 review, writing that "only social psychologists and collectors of paradoxes will find here grist for their mills" and presenting some of James's claims as self-evidently ridiculous.[10] Historian Stephen Howe wrote that the book "is a work of utmost intellectual naivety, innocent of even the outward appearances of academic procedure".[11]
Professor of philosophy Kristian Urstad, reviewing the book in the academic journalKritike, states that it is not a genuine work of scholarship, but rather "a plea for justice and reformation, a call to turn the tide of racism washing over his time".[12] He writes that:
Though one can appreciate what James was trying to do for African people and tradition, especially given the context in which this work was written, this is a book wrought with historical inaccuracies, sketchy dating, dubious referencing, and philosophical misunderstandings. [...] James claims thatDemocritus did not write those books commonly attributed to him. Instead, he came to possess them fromAnaxarchus, who had brought them back from the Egyptian Library, a library sacked and looted during Alexander's conquest of Egypt (a campaign that Anaxarchus was a part of). The author’s claim here is altogether historically erroneous. Democritus was born eighty or so years before Anaxarchus and would have been dead forty years before Anaxarchus’ return to Ionia. Similar cases of (glaring) historical negligence are rife throughout James’ book.[12]
In the 1990s,classics professorMary Lefkowitz emerged as a prominent critic of Afrocentrism and of James. Her critique ofStolen Legacy showed that the book tries to look scholarly but is ultimately a pseudohistory that is disingenuous and extremely tendentious in its conclusions.[9] Lefkowitz makes the following arguments:[13]
The book received positive responses by Afrocentrist authors despite the harsh criticism by historians and other scholars. Afrocentrist authorWilliam Leo Hansberry wrote in support of the book's key premises, including its conclusion that the Greeks stole the knowledge of the Egyptians.[14]Stolen Legacy has strongly influenced theAfrocentric school of history, including leading exponents such asAsa Hillaird,Yosef Ben-Jochannan andMolefi Kete Asante.[2][13]