George Chapman | |
|---|---|
 Chapman. Frontispiece engraving forThe Whole Works of Homer (1616) attributed toWilliam Hole | |
| Born | c. 1559 Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England |
| Died | (1634-05-12)12 May 1634 London, England |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Period | Elizabethan |
| Genre | Tragedy, translation |
| Notable works | |
George Chapman (c. 1559 – 12 May 1634) was an Englishdramatist,translator andpoet. He was aclassical scholar whose work shows the influence ofStoicism. Chapman is seen as an anticipator of themetaphysical poets of the 17th century. He is best remembered for his translations ofHomer'sIliad andOdyssey, and the HomericBatrachomyomachia.
Shakespeare was a contemporary of Chapman, and there is evidence that he knew some of Chapman's work.William Minto proposed Chapman as a candidate for being the "Rival Poet" mentioned inShakespeare's sonnets.
Chapman was born atHitchin inHertfordshire. His father appears to have been reasonably well off, but George was the younger son, and would need to earn his living. From his literary work it is evident that he acquired a good command of Latin and Greek (although he drew on the work of earlier scholars in his Greek translations). There is conjecture that he attended theUniversity of Oxford without taking a degree, though no reliable evidence affirms this. Very little is known about Chapman's early life, but Mark Eccles uncovered records that reveal much about Chapman's difficulties and expectations.[1]
As a young man, Chapman spent time in the household of SirRalph Sadler. Sadler, a wealthy man who specialised in Anglo-Scottish diplomacy, was based in London and his country estate atStandon, Hertfordshire. Chapman encountered two problems that were to dog him during his career, debt and the failure to find a patron who could give him long-term support.
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In 1585 Chapman was approached by one John Wolfall Sr. ofSilver Street, London. Wolfall offered to supply a bond of surety for a loan to furnish Chapman money "for his proper use in Attendance upon the then Right Honorable Sir Rafe Sadler Knight".[1] Sadler died in 1587. His sonThomas was also politically prominent (James I stayed at Standon on his journey toward London to claim the English throne), but while Chapman maintained contact with the Sadler family, he spent the early 1590s abroad. He saw military action in theLow Countries, fighting under renowned English general SirFrancis Vere.
Chapman returned to England at some point in the 1590s. His comedyThe Blind Beggar of Alexandria premiered in 1596. He would be plagued for many years by the papers he had signed in 1585. Wolfall, who turned out to have a history ofpredatory lending,[2] had the poet arrested for debt in 1600. When in 1608 Wolfall's son sued yet again (asadministrator of his father´s estate), Chapman's only resort was to petition theCourt of Chancery for equity.[3]
Wolfall's son claimed that Chapman´s career prospects would have been better if he had not turned to poetry. Leaving aside counterfactual speculation, he was certainly unlucky with patrons,Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and the Prince of Wales,Prince Henry, both met their ends prematurely. The former was executed for treason byElizabeth I in 1601, and the latter died oftyphoid fever at the age of eighteen in 1612. Chapman's resultant poverty did not diminish his ability or his standing among his fellow poets and dramatists.
At one point Chapman appears to have returned to Hertfordshire to evade his creditors, but he died in London. He was buried atSt Giles in the Fields. A monument to him designed byInigo Jones marked his tomb, and stands today inside the church.[4] Jones was a friend of Chapman and had collaborated with him on projects such asThe Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn.
By the end of the 1590s, Chapman had become a successful playwright, working forPhilip Henslowe and later for theChildren of the Chapel. Among his comedies areThe Blind Beggar of Alexandria (1596; printed 1598),An Humorous Day's Mirth (1597; printed 1599),All Fools (printed 1605),Monsieur D'Olive (1605; printed 1606),The Gentleman Usher (printed 1606),May Day (printed 1611), andThe Widow's Tears (printed 1612). His plays show a willingness to experiment with dramatic form:An Humorous Day's Mirth was one of the first plays to be written in the style of "humours comedy" whichBen Jonson later used inEvery Man in His Humour andEvery Man Out of His Humour. WithThe Widow's Tears, he was also one of the first writers to meld comedy with more serious themes, creating the tragicomedy later made famous byBeaumont and Fletcher.
He also wrote one noteworthy play in collaboration.Eastward Ho (1605), written with Jonson andJohn Marston, contained satirical references to the Scottish courtiers who formed the retinue of the new kingJames I; this landed Chapman and Jonson in jail at the suit of Sir James Murray of Cockpool, the king's "rascal[ly]"Groom of the Stool.[5] Various of their letters to the king and noblemen survive in a manuscript in theFolger Library known as theDobell MS, and published by AR Braunmuller asA Seventeenth Century Letterbook. In the letters, both men renounced the offending line, implying that Marston was responsible for the injurious remark. Jonson's "Conversations With Drummond" refers to the imprisonment, and suggests there was a possibility that both authors would have their "ears and noses slit" as a punishment, but this may have been Jonson elaborating on the story in retrospect.
Chapman's friendship with Jonson broke down, perhaps as a result of Jonson's public feud withInigo Jones. Some satiric, scathing lines, written sometime after the burning of Jonson's desk and papers, provide evidence of the rift. The poem lampooning Jonson's aggressive behaviour and self-believed superiority remained unpublished during Chapman's lifetime; it was found in documents collected after his death.
Chapman's greatest tragedies took their subject matter from recent French history. These includeBussy D'Ambois (1607),The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron (1608),The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois (1610[6]) andThe Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of France (published 1639). The twoByron plays were banned from the stage—although, when the Court left London, they were performed in their original and unexpurgated forms by the Children of the Chapel.[7]
The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Byron offended the French ambassador, probably because it included a scene which portrayedHenry IV's wife and mistress arguing and physically fighting, andRobert Cecil was persuaded to issue a warrant for Chapman's arrest. However,Ludovic Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, appears to have intervened to prevent its execution.[8] On publication, the offending material was excised, and Chapman refers to the play in his dedication to SirThomas Walsingham as "poore dismembered Poems".
His only work of classical tragedy,Caesar and Pompey (written 1604, published 1631), although "politically astute", can be regarded as his most modest achievement in the genre.[9][10]
Chapman wrote The Old Joiner of Aldgate, performed by the Children of Paul's between January and February 1603 – a play which caused some controversy due to the similarities between the content of the play and ongoing legal proceedings between oneJohn Flaskett (a local book binder) and Agnes How (to whom Flaskett was betrothed). The play was purchased from Chapman by Thomas Woodford & Edward Pearce for 20 marks (a considerable amount for such a work at the time) and resulted in a legal case that went before the Star Chamber.
Chapman wrote one of the most successfulmasques of theJacobean era,The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn, performed on 15 February 1613. According toKenneth Muir,The Masque of the Twelve Months, performed on Twelfth Night 1619 and first printed byJohn Payne Collier in 1848 with no author's name attached, is also ascribed to Chapman.[11]
Chapman's authorship has been argued in connection with a number of other anonymous plays of his era.[12]F. G. Fleay proposed that his first play wasThe Disguises. He has been put forward as the author, in whole or in part, ofSir Giles Goosecap,Two Wise Men And All The Rest Fools,The Fountain of New Fashions, andThe Second Maiden's Tragedy. Of these, only 'Sir Gyles Goosecap' is generally accepted by scholars to have been written by Chapman (The Plays of George Chapman: The Tragedies, with Sir Giles Goosecap, edited by Allan Holaday, University of Illinois Press, 1987).
In 1654, booksellerRichard Marriot published the playRevenge for Honour as the work of Chapman. Scholars have rejected the attribution; the play may have been written byHenry Glapthorne.Alphonsus Emperor of Germany (also printed 1654) is generally considered another false Chapman attribution.[13]
The lost playsThe Fatal Love andA Yorkshire Gentlewoman And Her Son were assigned to Chapman inStationers' Register entries in 1660. Both of these plays were among the ones destroyed in the famous kitchen burnings byJohn Warburton's cook. The lost playChristianetta (registered 1640) may have been a collaboration between Chapman andRichard Brome, or a revision by Brome of a Chapman work.
Chapman's earliest published works were the obscure philosophical poemsThe Shadow of Night (1594) andOvid's Banquet of Sense (1595). The latter has been taken as a response to the erotic poems of the age, such asPhilip Sidney'sAstrophil and Stella and Shakespeare'sVenus and Adonis.Other poems by Chapman include:De Guiana, Carmen Epicum (1596), on the exploits of SirWalter Raleigh; a continuation ofChristopher Marlowe's unfinishedHero and Leander (1598); andEuthymiae Raptus; or the Tears of Peace (1609).
Some have considered Chapman to be the "rival poet" ofShakespeare's sonnets (in sonnets 78–86), although conjecture places him as one in a large field of possibilities.[14][15]
From 1598 he published his translation of theIliad in instalments. In 1616 the completeIliad andOdyssey appeared inThe Whole Works of Homer, the first complete English translation, which untilAlexander Pope's (completed 1726) was the most popular in the English language and was the way most English speakers encountered these poems. The endeavour was to have been profitable: his patron, Prince Henry, had promised him £300 on its completion plus a pension. However, Henry died in 1612 and his household neglected the commitment, leaving Chapman without either a patron or an income. In an extant letter, Chapman petitions for the money owed him; his petition was ineffective. Chapman's translation of theOdyssey is written iniambic pentameter, whereas hisIliad is written iniambic heptameter. (The Greek original is indactylic hexameter.) Chapman often extends and elaborates on Homer's original contents to add descriptive detail or moral and philosophical interpretation and emphasis.
Chapman also translated theHomeric Hymns, theGeorgics ofVirgil,The Works ofHesiod (1618, dedicated toFrancis Bacon), theHero and Leander ofMusaeus (1618) and theFifth Satire ofJuvenal (1624).
Chapman's translation of Homer was admired by Pope for "a daring fiery spirit that animates his translation, which is something like what one might imagine Homer himself would have writ", though he also disapproved of Chapman's roughness and inaccuracy.[16]John Keats expressed a fervent admiration of Chapman's Homeric authenticity in his famous poem "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer". Chapman also drew attention fromSamuel Taylor Coleridge andT. S. Eliot.[17]
InPercy Bysshe Shelley's poemThe Revolt of Islam, Shelley quotes a verse of Chapman's ashomage within his dedication "to Mary__ __", presumably his wifeMary Shelley:
There is no danger to a man, that knows
What life and death is: there's not any law
Exceeds his knowledge; neither is it lawful
That he should stoop to any other law.[18]
The Irish playwrightOscar Wilde quoted the same verse in his part fiction, part literary criticism, "The Portrait of Mr. W.H.".[19]
The English poetJohn Keats wrote "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" for his friendCharles Cowden Clarke in October 1816. The poem begins "Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold" and is much quoted. For example,P. G. Wodehouse in his review of the first novel ofThe Flashman Papers series that came to his attention: "Now I understand what that 'when a new planet swims into his ken' excitement is all about."[20]Arthur Ransome uses two references from it in his children's books, theSwallows and Amazons series.[21]
