George Fletcher Bass (/bæs/; December 9, 1932 – March 2, 2021) was an American archaeologist. An early practitioner ofunderwater archaeology, he co-directed the first expedition to entirely excavate an ancient shipwreck atCape Gelidonya in 1960 and founded theInstitute of Nautical Archaeology in 1972.
Bass was born on December 9, 1932, inColumbia, South Carolina to Robert Duncan Bass, an English Literature professor and scholar of the American Revolutionary War, and Virginia Wauchope, a writer.[1][2][3] His uncle was the archaeologistRobert Wauchope.[4] In 1940 Bass moved with his family toAnnapolis, Maryland, where his father took up active service with the US Navy in World War II and taught English at theUnited States Naval Academy.[3][5] He was interested in both astronomy and the sea as a youth and did odd jobs forBen Carlin, an adventurer who was the first person to circumnavigate the world in anamphibious vehicle.[5]
After graduating high school, he began studying for an English major atJohns Hopkins University; during his second year he did an exchange trip to England, attending what is now theUniversity of Exeter, from which he was suspended along with forty other students for pulling a prank. With nowhere else to go he accompanied his brother's roommate and his friends on a spring break trip toTaormina, Sicily, where he first became interested in archaeology as a career.[5]
On returning to Johns Hopkins he switched majors and in 1955 he received anM.A. in Near Eastern Archaeology from the university, which improvised a major for him out of courses from the Near Eastern and Classics departments because they did not have an archaeology department.[4][5] He then spent two years at theAmerican School of Classical Studies at Athens, where he excavated atGordion.[5][6] He began military service in 1957, assigned in South Korea to a 30-man army security group which was attached to theTurkish Brigade near theKorean Demilitarized Zone. Operating around rice paddies he was suddenly responsible for equipment, food, logistics, and operations which was a formative learning experience for future archeology expeditions.[5]
In 1960 he married Ann Bass (née Singletary), a pianist and piano teacher, who assisted him with his work. The couple had two sons.[7]
In 1959 ProfessorRodney Young, Bass's colleague at the University of Pennsylvania, had learned about an unspoiled Bronze-Age Mediterranean shipwreck site from diver and journalistPeter Throckmorton. Young invited Bass to work on the first expedition to entirely excavate an ancient shipwreck.[8] Excavation of the wrecksite, off the Turkish coast nearCape Gelidonya, began in the summer of 1960. In preparation, Bass took diving lessons atYMCA Philadelphia; he could take only one practical diving lesson before the excavation began.[5] Bass became the co-director, alongsideJoan du Plat Taylor, of the expedition.[5][9][10]
As an innovator, Bass adapted traditional land-based archaeological surveying techniques to the seabed and contributed to key technological advances, such as an underwater "telephone booth" in which divers could communicate with the surface; 3D photogrammetry to better map sites; and the use of side-scan sonar to locate wrecks.[11][12] In 1964 he began using theAsherah, the first commercially built American researchsubmersible, to examine and photograph shipwrecks.
In 1972 Bass founded theInstitute of Nautical Archaeology (INA); he left the University of Pennsylvania the following year.[1][13]In 1976 INA moved its headquarters toTexas A&M University, where Bass became a professor and held the George T. and Gladys H. Abell Chair in Nautical Archaeology.[1][14]
Bass was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2001 for "pioneering ocean technology and creating a new branch of scholarship, nautical archaeology, thereby providing new knowledge of the histories of economics, technology, and literacy." The award was presented by President George W. Bush.[15]
Beneath the Seven Seas : Adventures with the Institute of Nautical Archaeology by George Fletcher Bass (London : Thames & Hudson, 2005)ISBN0-500-05136-4,OCLC60667939
Archaeology Under Water by George Fletcher Bass (New York, Praeger, 1966),OCLC387479
A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology by George Fletcher Bass (New York, Walker, 1972)ISBN0802703909,OCLC508334
Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas: a history based on underwater archaeology by George Fletcher Bass (New York, N.Y. : Thames and Hudson, 1988)ISBN0-500-05049-X,OCLC18759167
Cape Gelidonya: a Bronze Age Shipwreck by George Fletcher Bass (Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1967),OCLC953382
Navi e Civiltà : Archeologia Marina by George Fletcher Bass (Milano : Fratelli Fabri, 1974),OCLC8201972
Geschiedenis van de scheepvaart weerspiegeld in de scheepsarcheologie by George Fletcher Bass (Bussum : Unieboek, 1973)ISBN90-228-1908-6,OCLC64115385
Serce Limani, vol. 1: the ship and its anchorage, crew, and passengers by George Fletcher Bass and others (College Station: Published with the cooperation of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology by Texas A&M University Press, 2004)ISBN0-89096-947-7,OCLC56457232
Beneath the wine dark sea : nautical archaeology and the Phoenicians of the Odyssey by George F Bass,OCLC41174856
A diversified program for the study of shallow water searching and mapping techniques by George F Bass; Donald M Rosencrantz; United States Dept. of Navy, Office of Naval Research; University of Pennsylvania, University Museum (Philadelphia, Pa.: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1968),OCLC61423407
Glass treasure from the Aegean by George Fletcher Bass (Washington: National Geographic Society, 1978),OCLC13594255
Shipwrecks in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology by George Fletcher Bass and Bodrum Sualtı Arkeoloji Müzesi (Bodrum : Museum of Underwater Archaeology, 1996)ISBN975-17-1605-5,OCLC35759537
