Georg Leibbrandt | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Reichsamtsleiter Eastern Division NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office October 1933 – Unknown | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Ministerialdirektor(from May 1942) Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories | |
| In office November 1941 – 10 August 1943 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Gottlob Berger |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1899-09-06)6 September 1899 |
| Died | 16 June 1982(1982-06-16) (aged 82) |
| Nationality | German |
| Party | Nazi Party |
| Education | University of Tübingen University of Marburg University of Leipzig (PhD) |
| Profession | Civil servant, scholar |
| Known for | Wannsee Conference participant |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany |
| Branch/service | Kriegsmarine |
| Years of service | 1943–1945 |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
Georg Leibbrandt (6 September 1899 – 16 June 1982) was a GermanNazi Party official and civil servant. He occupied leading foreign policy positions in theNazi Party Foreign Policy Office (APA) and theReich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (RMfdbO) as an expert on issues relating to Russia. Both agencies were headed by Nazi chief ideologistAlfred Rosenberg. Leibbrandt was a participant at the 20 January 1942Wannsee Conference, at which the genocidalFinal Solution to the Jewish Question was planned. In the postwar period, criminal proceedings against Leibbrandt were initiated, but the case was ultimately dismissed.
Leibbrandt was born toethnic German parents in Hoffnungstal (today,Tsebrykove, Ukraine), nearOdesa, in theRussian Empire. His primary language was German. He attended secondary schools in Dorpat (today,Tartu), Vero (today,Võru) and Odesa. He excelled at foreign languages, learning Greek, Latin, Russian, Ukrainian and, later, French and English. In 1918, he served as an interpreter for the German occupation troops in Ukraine. Following their withdrawal at the end of theFirst World War, he emigrated to Germany during the resumption of hostilities in theUkrainian War of Independence. His experiences at this time, including the loss of family members during forced resettlements and purges, left him with a deep sense ofanti-Bolshevism.[1]
In Germany, Leibbrandt studied theology, history and philosophy at the universities ofMarburg,Tübingen, and thenLeipzig, where he was awarded a doctorate (Ph.D.) in 1927, writing his dissertation onSwabian emigration to Russia. While a student, he was a member of theWingolf Christian fraternity. He earned a living as a language tutor and an interpreter for foreign visitors, and spent time inParis andLondon attending lectures on international law and international relations.[1] His doctoral advisor wasWalter Goetz.
Leibbrandt traveled extensively, including visits to Canada, the U.S., Switzerland and three trips to theSoviet Union in 1926, 1928 and 1929.[2] During his visits, he was variously represented as a doctor of philosophy, a post-graduate student, a professor of history, and an employee of the Institute for the Study of Germans Abroad (Deutsches Ausland Institut) inStuttgart. The official purposes of his visits were the study of the history and development of German colonies in theBlack Sea coastal region, and the gathering of historical information. As a result of his work, a book regarding emigrant movement of the Germans was published in Germany. Leibbrandt's talent for languages, coupled with aRockefeller Foundationscholarship, enabled him to resume his studies in Paris and the United States from 1931 to 1933. While in the US, he actively kept contact withGermans from Russia who had also immigrated to America.[3]
Leibbrandt's work brought him to the attention ofAlfred Rosenberg, theNazi Party's chief ideologist who headed the Party'sForeign Policy Office (APA). He requested that Liebbrandt return to Germany and offered him a position with his organization on condition that he become a Party member. His membership was approved on 20 September 1933, retroactive to 1 July, (membership number 1,976,826) and he was named head of the Eastern Division of the APA with the Party rank ofReichsamtsleiter. Liebbrandt succeeded in bringing together various associations of Russian Germans and uniting them in the League of Germans from Russia (Verband der Deutschen aus Russland). This was done to quantify their numbers, to keep track of them and to provide a pool of individuals who could be trained to perform political tasks in the east.[4]
Within the APA, Leibbrandt was placed in charge ofanti-Soviet andanti-Communistpropaganda. Predicated on the Nazi ideology of German superiority, he published a series of pamphlets entitled "Bolshevism" as well as numerous articles in the Party newspaper,Völkischer Beobachter that expounded on the supposed connection between "Jewishness" and Bolshevism. He also wrote numerous speeches for Rosenberg containing strongantisemitic themes, which he also incorporated into his own presentations and writings. His chief ethnographic venture became known as theSammlung Georg Leibbrandt (Georg Leibbrandt Collection). It compiled card indexes of all German communities in the Soviet Union. It also collected information to provide a historical explanation of, and justification for, Germany's claim to territory and dominion over German ethnic groups in the east. This laid the groundwork for the occupation and resettlement policies pursued after theinvasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.[5] In 1938, Leibbrandt received an appointment as aBeisitzer (lay judge) at thePeople's Court and, in 1940, he became a lecturer at theFriedrich Wilhelm University inBerlin.[6]
Following the invasion of the Soviet Union, theReich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (RMfdbO) was established on 17 July 1941 with Rosenberg asReichsminister. In November, he appointed Leibbrandt asHauptabteilungsleiter (Main Department Leader) of its Political Department. By January 1942, Rosenberg recommended him for a promotion toMinisterialdirektor, which took effect in May.[7] Leibbrandt served as the Ministry's liaison forUkrainian,Caucasian, Russian and other groups ofémigrés. He established the Sammlung Georg Leibbrandt, which developed an index of literature pertaining to Russian ethnic Germans as well as a library. Its collection was expanded by materials looted from Soviet sources, including over 65,000 volumes from Ukraine. Leibbrandt was personally involved in this plunder, examining library and archival materials in the collections taken from Ukraine by theReichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce.[8]
Together with Rosenberg's deputyAlfred Meyer, Leibbrandt represented the RMfdbO at theWannsee Conference of 20 January 1942 that planned the implementation ofThe Final Solution. There is no record of any comments by Leibbrandt documented in the official minutes of the meeting. However, there are indications that he was aware of the genocide taking place. At a RMfdbO meeting to discuss the treatment of so calledMischlinge that was attended by Leibbrandt nine days later, the ministry officials advocated a broad-based definition of Jewishness in order to simplify the racial selection process.[9] Even before Wannsee, on 31 October 1941 for example, Leibbrandt had sent a letter toHinrich Lohse, theReichskommissar forOstland, requesting an explanation for Lohse's order forbidding the execution of Jews inLiepāja. Lohse replied by asking whether this was "a directive to liquidate all Jews in the East" and whether this should take place "without regard to age and sex and economic interests" affecting the war economy. Leibbrandt's deputyOtto Bräutigam responded on 18 December, informing Lohse that "Economic considerations should fundamentally remain unconsidered in the settlement of the [Jewish] problem".[10]
Leibbrandt also had ongoing conflicts with the otherReichskommissar that reported to the RMfdbO,Erich Koch of theUkraine. Furthermore,Reichsführer-SSHeinrich Himmler had long wanted to exert more direct control over the ministry and, in the summer of 1943, he succeeded in persuading Rosenberg to replace Leibbrandt with SSObergruppenführerGottlob Berger. Leibbrandt left the ministry and joined theKriegsmarine where he remained until the fall of the Nazi regime in May 1945.[11]
Arrested by the British, Leibbrandt was interned at the formerStalag XI-B inFallingbostel. Released in July 1947, he was arrested again two months later and compelled to testify as a witness at theMinistries Trial of former Nazi foreign policy officials. Interrogated byRobert Kempner, U.S. Assistant Chief Counsel, Leibbrandt said he could not remember the Wannsee Conference, and alleged telling Rosenberg that he "did not share the lunacy". He remained inAllied custody until finally released in May 1949. In January 1950, he was formally investigated for being an accessory to murder by theNuremberg-Fürth public prosecutor's office but the case was dismissed on 10 August 1950. In 1951, he underwentdenazification proceedings atKiel and he was classified as Category V, "exonerated". His attempt to obtain employment in theWest GermanForeign Ministry was unsuccessful.[12]
In 1955, Leibbrandt was an adviser toGerman ChancellorKonrad Adenauer on the repatriation of German prisoners of war from the Soviet Union.He was employed as a lobbyist for the city ofWilhelmshaven and theFriesland district, and he later represented the steel manufacturerSalzgitter AG.[6] He resumed his studies on the subject of Russian German communities, and remained an active member of theLandsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland, an association ofGermans who had been expelled from Russia, until his death inBonn on 16 June 1982.[12]
In November 1979, the U.S. Justice Department and State Department barred Leibbrandt from entering the United States for his participation in the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews from 1941 to 1943. His United Statestravel visa was revoked and his name was placed on the watch lists of the U.S. Immigration Service and State Department.[13]
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