Thegeology of the Isle of Man consists primarily of a thick pile ofsedimentary rocks dating from theOrdovician period, together with smaller areas of later sedimentary and extrusiveigneous strata. The older strata was folded and faulted during theCaledonian andAcadianorogenies Thebedrock is overlain by a range ofglacial and post-glacial deposits. Igneous intrusions in the form ofdykes andplutons are common, some associated withmineralisation which spawned a minor metal mining industry.
The larger part of the island is formed from rocks ofOrdovician age which were traditionally known as the Manx Slates but are now referred by geologists to theManx Group. The relationships between the various different formations which constitute this sequence is often obscured byfaulting but the sequence is considered to be:
All of these formations are ofArenig age with the exception of the lowermost which isTremadocian. The Group is the equivalent of north-west England'sSkiddaw Group and south-east Ireland's Ribband Group.[1] The Manx Group is poorly fossiliferous butacritarchs andgraptolite provide some insight into the succession'sbiostratigraphy. The succession has been subject to low-grademetamorphism.[2] Amicrogabbro was intruded into rocks of the Creggan Mooar Formation to the east ofPeel during this period. Manx Group sandstones were used in the construction ofPeel Castle.[3]Snaefell, the high point of the Isle of Man, together with the ridge extending north-eastwards to the island's second highest summit,North Barrule are formed from the mudstones of the Barrule Formation. The same rocks also form the summit ofSouth Barrule, highest summit in the south of the island. A celebrated site in the far south is 'The Chasms' where large fissures have opened up in the coastal cliffs of the Mull Hill Formation'squartz-arenites. Nearby Spanish Head and theCalf of Man are formed from Lonan Formation rocks.
Also included traditionally within the Manx Slates are a group ofSilurian age rocks which outcrop along the coast betweenNiarbyl Point and Peel and which are nowadays referred to as the Niarbyl Formation. The Niarbyl rocks which were found on the basis of agraptolite discovery, to be ofWenlock age as recently as 1997 constitute the sole formation within theDalby Group. This group equates with a part of theWindermere Supergroup in the southern Lake District and theRiccarton Group in southern Scotland.[4]
A suite ofdykes of Ordovician to Silurian age have been intruded into the rocks of the Manx and Dalby groups. Other than some exposed hillsides and stream sections they are not readily encountered inland but are well exposed along the rocky shores of the island south of Ramsey in the east and Kirk Michael in the west. Most common aremetabasite dykes with a broadly NE-SW alignment. Dykes of a broadly similar age ofgranodiorite andmicrogranite are also to be found. TheDhoonpluton is composed of Ordovician/Silurian age granodiorite. It is exposed on the eastern flanks of Slieau Ruy west of the hamlet and also to the east where it has been quarried. The Oatlands pluton near Santon to the southwest ofDouglas is formed from granite and microgabbro-diorite. A flooded quarry is a legacy of its previous exploitation at this site. There may be a granite batholith beneath the island.[5]
Reddish-brown sandstones of thePeel Group of earlyDevonian age are exposed along the coast for a mile north-east of Peel. These rocks extend for up to a mile inland but are covered by sands and gravels. The sequence, estimated to be between 500 and 2000m thick, is fluvial and aeolian in origin. It also containsconglomerates, and some concretionary limestone orcalcretes which represent fossil soil horizons.[6] A scatter of diorite andlamprophyre dykes were emplaced during the early Devonian, the latter within the Niarbyl Formation rocks south of Peel. TheFoxdale granite pluton was also emplaced at this time. It is worked at a quarry within the Stoney Mountain Plantation south-east of Foxdale village.
A suite of sedimentary rocks was deposited during theCarboniferous period, the oldest being theTournaisian age conglomerates,breccias and sandstones of the Langness Conglomerate Formation. These were succeeded in theVisean by a variety of limestones assigned to theGreat Scar Limestone Group and finally by a range of rocks which compose theCraven Group. The limestones were formed in theEubonia Basin,[7] occupied by a tropical sea as the Isle of Man was situated at the equator at this time. The only onshore representatives of this basin succession, these strata are found within three miles of Castletown; inland exposures are few but these rocks are well exposed along the coast between Kentraugh, east of St Mary and the Santon Burn south-east ofBallasalla.
Carboniferous rocks underlie the thick recent deposits north ofRamsey and aroundAndreas but are nowhere seen at the surface. At the top of the Carboniferous sequence, a suite of igneous rocks which outcrop on the eastern side of Bay ny Carrickey oppositePort St Mary which includetuffs,pillow lavas and debris flows are collected together as the Scarlett Volcanic Member. A number of basaltic and microgabbro dykes are thought to have been intruded into the Palaeozoic country rock during the Carboniferous period.[8]
Sandstones and mudstones from these two periods underlie the northernmost part of the island but are entirely obscured by thick Quaternary deposits.
Olivine microgabbro dykes ofPalaeogene age and with a broad NW-SE alignment are commonly exposed around the island's rocky coasts. A thick dyke in the north is connected to the Fleetwood Dyke as part of anen echelon series; this and other Palaeogene dykes appear to be associated with an igneous centre in Northern Ireland.[9]
The lower Palaeozoic rocks i.e. Ordovician and Silurian are intenselyfolded. Two main phases of deformation are recognised and usually considered to beAcadian, with deformation including the presence ofshear zones being most intense in the west.[10][11] They are also cut byfaults developed largely on Caledonoid lines i.e. with a north-east to southwest orientation. Some multi-kilometre scale folds are named such as the Port Erin and Dhoon anticlines and the Douglas Syncline. Several south-east directed thrust faults are mapped across the island. The Niarbyl Fault exposed in the cliff at Niarbyl on the west coast is considered to represent theIapetus Suture, the welding together of the former continents ofLaurentia andAvalonia in the course of theCaledonian Orogeny; sediments forming the rocks on one side of the fault were deposited on one continent, those on the other side were deposited on the other.
Lead,copper,zinc,silver,nickel andironmineralisation has taken place in certain areas, notably around Foxdale, up Glen Mooar at Laxey and in the south of the island. Vein deposits are especially associated with steep faults in Manx Group rocks withgalena andsphalerite being the main ore minerals. Copper ore is present aschalcopyrite andtetrahedrite. The lead-zinc mineralisation is thought to have occurred during the Carboniferous orPermian like that in theLake District andNorth Pennines.[12] The Foxdale and Glen Rushen mines operated until 1911 and mining in the island ceased when theLaxey Mine closed in 1919.[13] Silver was produced at both the Foxdale and Laxey mines.[14]
The island was surrounded by and indeed invaded by Irish Sea Ice during thelast Ice Age (and presumably earlier glacial periods). TheDevensian has left a legacy of glacialtill (diamicton) which is widespread and of variable thickness, many ridges being free of it.Pleistocene sediments across the north of the island are estimated to be in excess of 250m thick.[15] The till together withtalus andhead are collectively known to geologists as the Snaefell Formation. This forms a part of theManx Glacigenic Subgroup. The Bride Hills around the northern village ofBride which reach to an elevation of 96m are considered to be apush-moraine.[16] Of note too is the Lhen Trench which is interpreted as a glacial meltwater channel.
There are extensive areas covered by sands and gravels of glacial origin includingsandur deposits andmoraines not least in the flat north where they are known collectively as the Jurby, Orrisdale and Shellag formations. There are less extensive spreads of such materials between Peel andSt John's and north ofCastletown and extending west toPort Erin. Together these constitute theIrish Sea Coast Glacigenic Subgroup. At theLate Glacial Maximum, it is estimated that ice cover across the Irish Sea was up to 700m thick which would have entirely covered the island. However, during deglaciation, the Isle of Man became a palaeo-nunatak at an early stage.[17]
Holocene deposits includepeat, beach sands and gravels andaeolian sands together withalluvial deposits around rivers and streams, the latter most notably aroundSulby River, theRiver Glass and theRiver Neb.
The Manx Geological Survey is a charity established in 2000 which maintains a website dedicated to the island's geological heritage. As of 2013 noRIGS had been established on the Isle of Man nor had anyASSIs been designated on the basis of their geological interest but several designated for their wildlife interest incorporate geologically interesting sites. The Isle of Man Government has identified 30 coastal 'sites of geological interest'.[18]