This article is about the encyclopedia. For the 2000 rock album, seeGeographica (album). For the French-language magazine, seeGéographica. For the lost 3rd century BC text, seeEratosthenes.
Title page of the 1620 edition ofIsaac Casaubon'sGeographica, whose 840 page numbers prefixed by "C" are now used as a standard text reference.
TheGeographica (Ancient Greek:Γεωγραφικά,Geōgraphiká;Latin:Geographica orStrabonis Rerum Geographicarum Libri XVII, "Strabo's 17 Books on Geographical Topics") orGeography, is anencyclopedia of geographical knowledge, consisting of 17 'books', written inGreek in the late first century BC, or early first century AD, and attributed toStrabo, an educated citizen of theRoman Empire of Greek descent. There is a fragmentarypalimpsest dating to the fifth century. The earliest manuscripts of books 1–9 date to the tenth century, with a thirteenth-century manuscript containing the entire text.[1]
Apart from the "outline", two words recur, "earth" and "country." Something of a theorist, Strabo explains what he means by Geography and Chorography:[7]
It is the sea more than anything else that defines the contours of the land (geōgraphei) and gives it its shape, by forming gulfs, deep seas, straits and likewise isthmuses, peninsulas, and promontories; but both the rivers and the mountains assist the seas herein. It is through such natural features that we gain a clear conception of continents, nations, favourable positions of cities and all the other diversified details with which our geographical map (chorographikos pinax) is filled.
From this description it is clear that bygeography Strabo means ancientphysical geography and bychorography,political geography. The two are combined in this work, which makes a "circuit of the earth" detailing the physical and political features. Strabo often uses the adjectivegeōgraphika with reference to the works of others and to geography in general, but not of his own work. In the Middle Ages it became the standard name used of his work.
The date ofGeographica is a large topic, perhaps because Strabo worked on it along with hisHistory for most of his adult life. He traveled extensively, undoubtedly gathering notes, and made extended visits toRome andAlexandria, where he is sure to have spent time in the famous library taking notes from his sources.
Strabo did not date his work and determining this has been a matter of scholarly study since theRenaissance. The earliest attempts were in the 16th and 17th centuries (such as the 1549 Basel edition and the 1571 Heidelberg edition) however the first serious attempt was by Johannes Fabricus in 1717.[8]
Strabo visited Rome in 44 BC at age 19 or 20 apparently for purposes of education. He studied under various persons, includingTyrannion, a captive educated Greek and private tutor, who instructedCicero's two sons. Cicero says:[9]
The geographical work I had planned is a big undertaking...if I take Tyrannion's views too...
If one presumes that Strabo acquired the motivation for writing geography during his education, the latter must have been complete by the time of his next visit to Rome in 35 BC at 29 years old. He may have been gathering notes but the earliest indication that he must have been preparing them is his extended visit to Alexandria 25–20 BC. In 20 he was 44 years old. His "numerous excerpts" from "the works of his predecessors" are most likely to have been noted at thelibrary there.[10] Whether these hypothetical notes first found their way into hishistory and then into hisgeography or were simply ported along as notes remains unknown.
20th century drawing of Augustus
Most of the events of the life ofAugustus mentioned by Strabo occurred 31–7 BC with a gap 6 BC – 14 AD, which can be interpreted as an interval after first publication in 7 BC.[11] Then in 19 AD a specific reference dates a passage: he said that theCarni andNorici had been at peace since they were "stopped ... from their riotous incursions ...."[12] byDrusus 33 years ago, which was 15 BC, dating the passage to the summer 19 AD.[13][8] The latest event mentioned is the death ofJuba at no later than 23 AD, when Strabo was in his 80s. These events can be interpreted as a second edition unless he saved all his notes and wrote the book entirely after the age of 80. Dueck concludes that theGeography was written between AD 18–24.[8]
Strabo is his own best expounder of his principles of composition:[14]
In short, this book of mine should be ... useful alike to the statesman and to the public at large – as was my work onHistory. ... And so, after I had written myHistorical Sketches ... I determined to write the present treatise also; for this work is based on the same plan, and is addressed to the same class of readers, and particularly to men of exalted stations in life. ... in this work also I must leave untouched what is petty and inconspicuous, and devote my attention to what is noble and great, and to what contains the practically useful, or memorable, or entertaining. ... For it, too, is a colossal work, in that it deals with the facts about large things only, and wholes ....
Theecumene. Geography requires encyclopedic knowledge of celestial, terrestrial and maritime features as well as natural history and mathematics and is of strategic interest.
20
Earth is asphere with surface curved by the law of gravity, that bodies move to the center.
21
Knowledge ofgeometry is required to understand geography.
Hipparchus says the equator is 252,000 stadia long; the great circle distance from equator to pole is 63,000 stadia.
8
Strabo does not believePytheas thatThule is farthest north at theArctic Circle. He thinks no one is north ofIerne. He believes the Romans scorned to invadeBritain as being worthless.
9
The length and width of the inhabited world are 70,000 and 30,000 stadia respectively.
10
Strabo recommends representing the Earth on a globe of no less than 10 feet in diameter or on a plane map of at least 7 feet.
11–12
Strabo says he personally travelled fromArmenia toTyrrhenia and from theEuxine Sea to the frontiers ofEthiopia. He and all other geographers receive information mostly by hearsay. He went up theNile river with his friendAelius Gallus, prefect of Egypt, to the edge of Ethiopia andSyene.
Ibēria is poor, inhospitable and mountainous, 6000 stadia N–S, 5000 E–W. ThePurēnē oros is aligned N–S and separates Ibēria fromKeltikē.[15]
4
TheSacred Cape is the westernmost point of the inhabited world.[16] The country next to it is calledCuneus, "wedge", in theLatin language from its shape. It is occupied by the Ibēres across the straits from the Maurousioi.
5
Strabo repeatsPoseidonius' assertion that the setting sun is larger at the coast because of a lens effect through the water vapor. He says Artemidorus is wrong in claiming a size of 100 times larger and that he could not have seen it because the cape was taboo at night.
6
South West Iberia is delimited by theTagus river (to the north of the Sacred Cape) and theAnas river to the east. The region is populated by theKeltikoi and someLusitanai resettled there from beyond the Tagus by the Romans. Inland are theKarpētanoi (Madrid region), theŌrētanoi (La Mancha and easternSierra Morena, and theOuettōnoi (Salamanca region). The fertile southeast,Baetica (Andalusia region), east of theBaetis river after which it is named, is occupied by theTourdētanoi or Tourdouloi, who have writing and a literature. Other Iberians have alphabets, but not the same, as they do not all use the same languages (glōttai).
Some thirty manuscripts ofGeographica or parts of it have survived, almost all of them medievalrecensions, though there is 5th centurypalimpsest (in 3 parts) and fragmentarypapyri of the 2nd - 3rd centuries. Attempts atcritical editions during the 1840s-50s Kramer,Meineke,Müller and Dübner did not benefit from these discoveries which only occurred after their publications.[17]
Today there are about thirty manuscripts in existence, with a fragmentary palimpsest of the fifth century the earliest (Vaticanus gr. 2306 + 2061 A).[23] Two manuscripts in Paris provide the best extant text: Parisinus gr. 1397 of the tenth century for Books 1-9, and Parisinus gr. 1393 of the thirteenth century for the entire text. The end of Book 7 had been lost sometime in the latter Byzantine period.
ALatin translation commissioned byPope Nicholas V appeared in 1469: this was the edition probably used byColumbus and other earlyRenaissance explorers. The first printed Greek edition was the Aldine of 1516,[34] and the first text with commentary was produced by Isaac Casaubon in Geneva in 1587. The Teubner edition appeared in 1852-3 under the editorship of August Meineke.[35]
The first semi-critical Greek text was established by Kramer,Meineke,Müller and Dübner during the 1840s-50s, notably before the discovery and study of the 5th century palimpsets by CardinalAngelo Mai,Giuseppe Cozza Luzi andPierre Batiffol in 1844, 1875 and 1888.[17] The first fully critical edition was only completed in 2011Stefan Radt.[36]
Strabo (1917–1932).The Loeb Classical Library: The Geography of Strabo: in Eight Volumes (in Ancient Greek and English). Translated by Jones, Horace Leonard. Cambridge, Massachusetts/London: Harvard University Press/William Heinemann. Contains Books 1–17, Greek on the left page, English on the right. Sterrett translated Books I and II and wrote the introduction before dying in 1915. Jones changed Sterrett's style from free to more literal and finished the translation. TheIntroduction contains a major bibliography on all aspects of Strabo and a definitive presentation of the manuscripts and editions up until 1917. Greek text based on Meineke (1852–53).
Roller, Duane W. (2014).The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes. Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-139-95249-1.
Pothecary, Sarah (2024).Strabo's Geography: A Translation for the Modern World. Princeton University Press.ISBN978-0-691-24313-9.
^Strabo, and Duane W Roller.The Geography of Strabo. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 51
^Dueck, Daniela (2000).Strabo of Amasia: A Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome. London, New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 145.ISBN0-415-21672-9.
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg)
GreekWikisource has original text related to this article:Γεωγραφικά
