Genuflection orgenuflexion is the act of bending a knee to the ground, as distinguished fromkneeling which more strictly involves both knees. From early times, it has been a gesture of deep respect for a superior. Today, the gesture is common in the Christian religious practices of theAnglicanism,[1]Lutheranism,[2] theCatholic Church,[3] andWestern Rite Orthodoxy.[4] TheLatin wordgenuflectio, from which the English word is derived, originally meant kneeling with both knees rather than the rapid dropping to one knee and immediately rising that became customary in Western Europe in theMiddle Ages. It is often referred to as "going down on one knee" or "bowing the knee".[5] InWestern culture:
Conversely, one kneels with both knees if the Sacrament is exposed.
In 328 BC,Alexander the Great introduced into his court-etiquette some form of genuflection already in use inPersia, a modification to the tradition ofProskynesis.[6] In theByzantine Empire even senators were required to genuflect to the emperor.[7] In medieval Europe, one demonstrated respect for a king or noble by going down on the left knee, often remaining there until told to rise. It is traditionally often performed in western cultures by a man making aproposal of marriage. This is done on the left knee.
The custom of genuflecting, as a sign of respect and even of service, arose out of the honor given to medieval kings. In modern times, when the folded flag of a fallen veteran is offered to the family, the presenting officer will go down on his left knee, if the recipient is seated.[8]
Genuflection, typically on one knee, still plays a part in theAnglican,Lutheran,Roman Catholic andWestern Rite Orthodox traditions, among other churches; it is different from kneeling in prayer, which is more widespread.
Those for whom the gesture is difficult, such as the aged or those in poor physical condition, are not expected to perform it. Bowing of the head or at the waist, if possible, are common substitutes.
Except for those people, genuflection is still today mandatory in some situations, such as (in the Catholic Church) when passing in front of the Blessed Sacrament, or during the Consecration in the Mass.
In theKing James Version of the Holy Scriptures, the verb "to kneel" occurs more than thirty times, both in the Old and in The New Testament.[9]
Genuflection is a sign of reverence to the Blessed Sacrament. Its purpose is to allow the worshipper to engage his whole person in acknowledging the presence of and to honor Jesus Christ in the Holy Eucharist.[10] It is customary to genuflect whenever one comes into or leaves the presence of the Blessed Sacrament reserved in the Tabernacle. "This venerable practice of genuflecting before the Blessed Sacrament, whether enclosed in the tabernacle or publicly exposed, as a sign of adoration, ...requires that it be performed in a recollected way. In order that the heart may bow before God in profound reverence, the genuflection must be neither hurried nor careless."[11]
Genuflection to theBlessed Sacrament, the consecratedEucharist, especially when arriving or leaving its presence, is a practice inAnglicanism,[1] theLatin Church of theCatholic Church,[3]Lutheranism,[2] andWestern Rite Orthodoxy.[4] It is a comparatively modern replacement for the profound bow of head and body that remains the supreme act of liturgical reverence in the East.[12] Since in many Anglican, Roman Catholic and Western Orthodox Churches the Blessed Sacrament is normally present behind the altar, genuflection is usual when arriving or passing in front of the altar at the communion rail.
Only during the later Middle Ages, centuries after it had become customary to genuflect to persons in authority such as bishops, was genuflection to the Blessed Sacrament introduced. The practice gradually spread and became viewed as obligatory only from the end of the fifteenth century, receiving formal recognition in 1502. The raising of the consecrated Host and Chalice after the Consecration in order to show them to the people was for long unaccompanied by obligatory genuflections.[12]
The requirement that genuflection take place on both knees before the Blessed Sacrament when it is unveiled as at Expositions (but not when it is lying on thecorporal during Mass)[12] was altered in 1973 with introduction of the following rule: "Genuflection in the presence of the Blessed Sacrament, whether reserved in thetabernacle or exposed for public adoration, is on one knee."[13] "Since a genuflection is, per se, an act of adoration, the general liturgical norms no longer make any distinction between the mode of adoring Christ reserved in the tabernacle or exposed upon the altar. The simple single genuflection on one knee may be used in all cases."[14] However, in some countries theepiscopal conference has chosen to retain the double genuflection to the Blessed Sacrament, which is performed by kneeling briefly on both knees and reverently bowing the head with hands joined.[14]
As a result of the custom of genuflecting to the sacrament, it is customary in some countries, Germany for example, for people attending mass to genuflect before entering their pew during mass and when leaving it. Though the sacrament in its tabernacle is the "recipient" of this sign of respect, it is almost invariably performed in the direction of the (high) altar, and the crucifix above or behind it as being the most easily recognisable landmark in any church (it is also almost always in close proximity to the tabernacle).
In theEpiscopal Church, genuflection is an act of personal piety and is not required by the prayer book. In some parishes it is a customary gesture of reverence for Christ's real presence in theconsecrated Eucharistic elements of bread and wine, particularly in parishes with anAnglo-Catholic tradition.[15]
Generally, if the Blessed Sacrament is reserved in the church, it is customary to acknowledge the Lord's presence with a brief act of worship on entering or leaving the building – normally, a genuflection in the direction of the place of reservation.[16]
TheGeneral Instruction of the Roman Missal lays down the following rules for genuflections duringMass:[17]
During Mass, three genuflections are made by the priest celebrant: namely, after the showing of the host, after the showing of the chalice, and before Communion. Certain specific features to be observed in a concelebrated Mass are noted in their proper place(cf. nos. 210-251).
If, however, the tabernacle with the Most Blessed Sacrament is present in the sanctuary, the priest, the deacon, and the other ministers genuflect when they approach the altar and when they depart from the sanctuary, but not during the celebration of Mass itself.
Otherwise all who pass before the Most Blessed Sacrament genuflect, unless they are moving in procession.
Ministers carrying the processional cross or candles bow their heads instead of genuflecting.
In theByzantine Rite, most widely observed in theEastern Orthodox Church, genuflection plays a smaller role andprostration, known asproskynesis, is much more common. During the holy mystery of reconciliation, however, following confession of sins, the penitent is to genuflect with head bowed before theGospel Book or anicon of Christ as the confessor - either a bishop or a presbyter - formally declares God's forgiveness.[citation needed]
Genuflection or kneeling is prescribed at various points of theRoman Rite liturgy, such as after the mention ofJesus' death on the cross in the readings of the Passion during Holy Week.
A right knee genuflection is made during and after the Adoration of the Cross onGood Friday.[8]
A genuflection is made at the mention of theIncarnation in the wordset incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto, ex Maria Virgine, et homo factus est ("and by the Holy Spirit was incarnate of the Virgin Mary, and became man") in theCreed on the solemnities ofChristmas and theAnnunciation.[18]
It is common practice that during the recital of theAngelus prayer, for the lines "And the Word was made flesh/And dwelt among us", those reciting the prayer bow or genuflect.[19]
In theTridentine Mass this genuflection is made on any day on which the Creed is recited at Mass, as well as at several other points:
In theMaronite Catholic Church, there is an evocative ceremony of genuflection on the feast ofPentecost. The congregation genuflects first on the left knee toGod the Father, then on the right knee toGod the Son, and finally on both knees toGod the Holy Spirit.
From the custom of genuflecting to kings and other nobles arose the custom by which lay people or clergy of lesser rank genuflect to a prelate and kiss hisepiscopal ring,[21] as a sign of acceptance of thebishop'sapostolic authority as representing Christ in the local church,[22] and originally their social position as lords. Abbots and other senior monastics often received genuflection from their monks and often others.
Genuflecting beforegreater prelates (i.e. Bishops in their own dioceses, Metropolitans in their province, Papal Legates in the territory assigned to them, and Cardinals either outside of Rome or in the church assigned to them in Rome) is treated as obligatory in editions of theCaeremoniale Episcoporum earlier than that of 1985;[23] duringliturgical functionsaccording to these prescriptions, clergy genuflect when passing before such prelates, but an officiating priest and any more junior prelates, canons, etc. substitute a bow of the head and shoulders for the genuflection.[12]
The present Catholic liturgical books exclude genuflecting to a bishop during the liturgy: "A genuflection, made by bending the right knee to the ground, signifies adoration, and therefore it is reserved for the Most Blessed Sacrament, as well as for the Holy Cross from the solemn adoration during the liturgical celebration onGood Friday until the beginning of theEaster Vigil."[17] But outside of the liturgy some continue to genuflect or kneel to kiss a bishop's ring.[24]
Though it is frequently asserted that genuflections are to be made on the left knee when made to merely human authorities,[8] there is no such prescription in any liturgical book.
Devout "high church" Anglicans genuflect as they pass the reserved sacrament.
Lutherans worship Christ wherever he is, including the sacraments, and thus Luther genuflected before the baptismal font and the sacrament.
To 'genuflect' (kneel down briefly and then arise) is the Western Orthodox way of venerating the sacrament or the altar. To take your place in church, walk quietly down the center aisle, and then genuflect before moving to the left or right into the pew. The same is done when leaving the pew, either to go up to communion or to leave after the service is over. The clergy and faithful also genuflect or bow when passing by the vessel in which the blessed sacrament is reserved. Another time to genuflect is at these words of the creed: 'Who for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, And was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man.'
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Genuflexion".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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