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AGenoa low (also known asGenoa cyclogenesis,Ligurian depression, orV(5)-track cyclone) is acyclone that forms or intensifies from a pre-existing cyclone to the south of theAlps over theGulf of Genoa,Ligurian Sea,Po Valley and northernAdriatic.[1] Vb cyclones are rare events which occur on average only 2.3 times per year.[2]
The northwestern Mediterranean and the Gulf of Genoa in particular, are not only a transition area for passing cyclones, but are frequently areas of cyclogenesis.[3][4] Low pressure areas move into or are formed as a result of North Atlantic air entering the Mediterranean Sea between the Alps and theMassif Central, via theRhone Valley, or via theCarcassonne gap between thePyrenees and Massif Central. This cold and moist air enters the Mediterranean basin, and is deflected by the high mountains of northwestCorsica, which divert the air mass to the northeast, triggering cool and wetLibeccio winds in response into theLigurian Sea, which in turn hit the westernApennines located in the immediate vicinity of the sea.
Several factors that have special relevance in the development of depressions south of the Alps are:
A complex interaction is established between theorography of Liguria and the contrast between the cold and humid air mass and the warmer water of the Ligurian Sea, the process ends with the formation of a low pressure area over the Ligurian Sea, just near the city ofGenoa. Genoa low cyclogenesis can occur at any time of year, though usually situated further south during the summer.[1] Cyclogenesis is shifted to the east depending on the amount of cold air entering the Po Valley, and generally shifts to theGulf of Venice when little enters the valley.[1]
The depressions bear rain, often intense, on the Ligurian coast and hills ofTuscany, due toorographic lift which affects the southern side of the Apennines. The area of low pressure is slow moving, and may follow a trajectory from west to east, then going on to affect the regions of the Adriatic, or move from the north-west to south-east down along theTyrrhenian Sea: in this last case, the structure will reach the same cyclonic area of formation of Tyrrhenian depressions, although not related to the latter.
Most Genoa lows remain stationary or leave a residual trough to the south of the Alps.[1] Three principal tracks which they typically follow were identified by Wilhelm Jakob van Bebber who classifiedEuropean windstorm tracks ("Zyklonenbahnen" in German) in 1891.[3] To this date, track V of the latter group has remained in common use, unlike the large majority of van Bebber's tracks.[3] The V track is linked to flooding events in central and eastern Europe, low pressure areas (south of the Alps) can track across France into the Mediterranean Sea where they pick up additional moisture, or form, and then move into central and eastern or southern Europe.[5] the tracks diverge from the Genoa low formation area along the following pathways.
A strong southwesterly flow in the upper atmosphere leads the lows to the northeast and north-northeast, ("Zugstrasse Vb" Van Bebber) towards theVienna Basin. The lows then glide over colder and denser air from the northwest and are lifted orographically by theBohemian Massif,Ore Mountains,Sudetes,Beskids andTatra Mountains.[6] The warm and moist air masses cause prolonged and abundant precipitation during slowMeridional flow over the upper catchments of both the southern and northernEuropean Watershed. Flooding then progresses down their major rivers of central Europe.[7] This 'Vb-track' displays a high potential for large summer floods in Europe.[8] Although the link between large summer floods and the Vb track have also been described as having a significant but weak correlation.[6]
Examples of flooding events which follow this pattern are:
Due to the expected warming of the future climate it is predicted that the annuality of Vb-cyclones will decrease. The decrease in Vb-cyclones could be caused by the shift of the cyclone track over Europe to the north. Modelling has shown that precipitation from future Vb-cyclones will have a greater impact on the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and a lesser impact on the Alpine region compared to the precipitation pattern of current Vb-cyclones.[13]
The Vc track draws the lows across thePanonian plain towards theCarpathian Mountains and on towards westernUkraine andMoldova.
If there is a strong anticyclone over theBalkans, Turkey and theBlack Sea, the usual track of the low is southeasterly, skirting the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is this track that moves the low across the Tyrrhenian Sea. Even after the primary low has moved out of the Tyrrhenian Sea-central Mediterranean area, if a residual trough remains south of the Alps, as is often the case, new centers can develop and occasionally move southeastward along the west coast of Italy.[1] It is also common that a Genoa Low that has moved to the southwest will stall and become stationary, just to the west of the foot of the Italian boot, and this often will be associated with new low centers developing to the east over theIonian Sea.[1] In this case, gale forceBora are typically generated by the time the depression moves into the Ionian Sea.[14]
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