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Generalissimo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Military rank of the highest degree
For other uses, seeGeneralissimo (disambiguation).
Francisco Franco, Generalissimo of Spain
Francisco Franco, Generalissimo of Spain from 1936 to 1975

Comparative military ranks
Armies,
air forces
(non-Commonwealth)		Navies,
coast guards		Air forces
(Commonwealth system)
General officers,Flag officers,Air officers
Marshal or
field marshal		Admiral of the fleetMarshal of the air force
General or
colonel general or
army general		AdmiralAir chief marshal
Lieutenant general or
army corps general		Vice admiralAir marshal
Major general or
divisional general		Rear admiral or
counter admiral		Air vice-marshal
Brigadier or
brigadier general		Commodore or
flotilla admiral		Air commodore
Senior officers
Colonel(Ship-of-the-line)
Captain		Group captain
Lieutenant colonelCommander or
frigate captain		Wing commander
Major or
commandant		Lieutenant
commander orcorvette captain		Squadron leader
Junior officers
CaptainLieutenantFlight lieutenant
First lieutenant or
lieutenant		Lieutenant
junior grade or
sub-lieutenant		Flying officer
Second lieutenant or
junior lieutenant		Ensign or
midshipman		Pilot officer
Senior NCOs
Warrant officer or
sergeant major		Warrant officer or
chief petty officer		Warrant officer or
Flight Sergeant
Junior NCOs
SergeantPetty officerSergeant
Corporal or
bombardier		Leading seamanCorporal
Enlisted ranks
Lance corporal or
Lance bombardier or
specialist		Able seamanLeading aircraftman or
Air specialist
Private or
gunner or
trooper or
Sepoy or
sapper		SeamanAircraftman or
airman or
aviator
Proposed insignia of the Generalissimus of USSR, (only held by Joseph Stalin)
Proposed insignia of theGeneralissimo of the Soviet Union (only held byJoseph Stalin)

Generalissimo[1] (/ˌdʒɛn(ə)rəˈlɪsɪmoʊ/JEN-(ə-)rə-LIS-ih-moh), alsogeneralissimus, is amilitary rank of the highest degree, superior tofield marshal and otherfive-star ranks in the states where they are used.

Usage

[edit]

The wordgeneralissimo (pronounced[dʒeneraˈlissimo]), anItalian term, is theabsolute superlative ofgenerale ('general') thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals". Thesuperlative suffix-issimo itself derives fromLatin-issimus,[2][3][4][5][6] meaning "utmost, to the highest grade". Similar cognates in other languages includegeneralísimo inSpanish,generalíssimo inPortuguese,généralissime inFrench, andgeneralissimus in Latin. TheRussian wordгенералиссимус,generalissimus comes from Latin.[7]

Historically, this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state,[8]usually only subordinate to thesovereign.[9] Alternatively, those of imperial blood or the commanders-in-chief of several allied armies could gain the title.[10]The militaryleaderAlbrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 became the first imperialgeneralissimo (general of the generals) of theHoly Roman Empire. Other usage of the title has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers (such asFerdinand Foch on the Western Front in 1918 orJoseph Stalin on the Eastern Front in 1945), or if a senior military officer becomes achief of state or ahead of government (likeChiang Kai-shek in theRepublic of China orFrancisco Franco inSpain).

The rankgeneralissimus of the Soviet Union would have been ageneralissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank.[11][12] In fact the grade was established by thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet, which did not need the approval of Stalin.[13] The rank ofgeneralissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy.[14]

In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with military officers who tookdictatorial power in their respective countries, especially due to the Spanish leader Francisco Franco having this rank. As such, it is used in literature depicting fictionalLatin American dictatorial regimes, for exampleFather Hilary's Holiday byBruce Marshall.[15]

List ofgeneralissimos

[edit]
Main category:Generalissimos
PersonServiceCountryEraNotes
Prince Adolph John, Count Palatine of KleeburgThe DelugeSweden1655–1660Named "Generalissimo of the Swedish armies in Poland and Prussia" by his brother KingCharles X Gustav of Sweden[16]
Emilio AguinaldoPhilippine Revolutionary ArmyPhilippines1898–1901Generalissimo of the Katipunan[17]
Crown Prince Charles JohnRoyal Swedish ArmySweden1810–1818Named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces on October 20, 1810, upon his arrival to Sweden. Charles John had the singular distinction of having been offered the role of Generalissimo of four different nations: Sweden (accepted), Imperial Russia, offered by Alexander during the Conference at Åbo in 1812,[18] of a restored Bourbon France in 1814 (offered by Louis XVIII's brother theComte D'Artois),[19] and a desperate offer by Napoleon in early 1814 as an inducement for Sweden to switch its alliance to France.[20] Charles John declined the latter three.[21][22][Note 1]
Prince Charles GustavThirty Years' WarSweden1648–1650He was named "Generalissimo of all Swedish forces in Germany" by his cousin QueenChristina of Sweden in January 1648, however he didn't accomplish much as commander of the Swedish forces in Germany as the war ended in October of the same year.[23]
Chiang Kai-shekNational Revolutionary ArmyRepublic of China1926–1975Appointed commander in chief of the Nationalist Army for theNorthern Expedition.[24] Appointed "general special class" (特級上將Tèjí shàng jiàng) in 1935
John Churchill, 1st Duke of MarlboroughWar of the Spanish SuccessionDutch Republic1702Referred to asgeneralissimo by the DutchStates General[25]
Ferdinand FochFrench ArmyFrance1918Généralissime was the title used to describeMarshal Ferdinand Foch's Allied Command, starting March 26, 1918. He actually held the rank ofgénéral de division, the dignity (rank) ofMarshal of France and later the ranks ofBritish field marshal andMarshal of Poland.[26]
Deodoro da FonsecaBrazilian ArmyBrazil1890[27]
Francisco FrancoSpanish Armed ForcesSpain1936–1975Generalísimo was used as a combination rank as he held the highest possible rank in all three branches of service:capitán general,capitán general del Aire, andcapitán general de la Armada.[28]
Prince Consort Frederick of HesseRoyal Swedish ArmySweden1716–1720Fredrick was named "Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed forces to horse and foot" in 1716 byKing Charles XII.[29]
Maurice GamelinFrench ArmyFrance1939His rank wasgénéral d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces wasgénéralissime.
Prince George of DenmarkBritish ArmyGreat Britain1702–1708Declared "generalissimo of all our Forces within Our Kingdom of England and Ireland and Elsewhere" by his wifeQueen Anne[30][31]
Máximo GómezCuban Liberation ArmyCuba1895–1898[32]
Miguel Hidalgo y CostillaRevolutionary Army of MexicoMexico1810–1811[33]
Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa)Armed Forces of the Empire of JapanJapan1926–1945Dai-gensui, as sovereign ruler of theEmpire of Japan[34]
Agustín de IturbideMexican ArmyMexico1821–1823[35]
James, Duke of YorkThird Anglo-Dutch WarEngland1673"Generalissimo and supreme commander" over forces employed against the Dutch.[30]
Joseph JoffreFrench ArmyFrance1914His dignity (rank) wasMarshal of France, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Army wasgénéralissime.[36]
KalākauaHawaiian ArmyHawaii1886–1891King of Hawaii, was given titles of "supreme commander andgeneralissimo of the Hawaiian Army".[37]
Karl Philipp, Prince of SchwarzenbergAustrian ArmyAustrian Empire1813–1814Generalissimo of the Armies of theHabsburg Empire and senior Field Marshal of the combined forces of theSixth Coalition. He led the largest Allied field army, theArmy of Bohemia, during theBattle of Leipzig in 1813 and theInvasion of France in early 1814.[38]
Kim Il SungKorean People's ArmyNorth Korea1992Taewonsu[39][40]
Kim Jong IlKorean People's ArmyNorth Korea2012Taewonsu (posthumously awarded)[41][40]
Louis, Grand DauphinWar of the Spanish SuccessionFrance1708Commanded the French Army[42]
Mao ZedongPeople's Liberation ArmyPeople's Republic of China1955Proposed the rank ofGeneralissimo of the People's Republic of China (declined usage)
Alexander Danilovich MenshikovImperial Russian ArmyRussia1727–1728[43]
Francisco de MirandaVenezuelan ArmyVenezuela1812
José María MorelosRevolutionary Army of MexicoMexico1813–1815[44]
Ihsan NuriArarat ForcesArarat1927–1930[45]
Alexander SuvorovImperial Russian ArmyRussia1799
Duke Anthony Ulrich of BrunswickImperial Russian ArmyRussia1740–1741[46]
Maxime WeygandFrench ArmyFrance1940His rank wasgénéral d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces wasgénéralissime.
José de San MartínPeruvian ArmyPeru1821–1822Generalísimo de las Armas del Perú
Joseph StalinSoviet Armed ForcesSoviet Union1945Generalissimus of the Soviet Union[47] (declined usage)
Sun Yat-senNational Pacification ArmyRepublic of China1921Technically asdayuanshuai or "grand marshal of the army and navy"[48][49]
Rafael TrujilloDominican ArmyDominican Republic1930[50]
Albrecht von WallensteinThirty Years' WarHoly Roman Empire1625Via the "Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation"[51][52]
George WashingtonContinental Army
United States Army		United States1776When chosen to be the commander-in-chief, was called byThe Virginia Gazette thegeneralissimo of American forces.[53] Promotedposthumously to General of the Armies of the United States on January 19, 1976, with date of rank of July 4, 1976[54]
William, Count of Schaumburg-LippeRoyal Portuguese ArmyPortugal1762–1763BecameGeneralissimus of the Allied Armies in Portugal during theSpanish invasion
Yuan ShikaiBeiyang ArmyRepublic of China (1912–1949)1913–1916Leader of theBeiyang government, declaredgeneralissimo (dayuanshuai) in 1913
Zhang ZuolinNational Pacification ArmyRepublic of China (1912–1949)1927–1928Leader of theBeiyang government, declaredgeneralissimo (dayuanshuai) in June 1927[55]
Our Lady of AparecidaBrazilian ArmyBrazil1967Patroness of Brazil, uses the feminine equivalent titleGeneralissima.[56]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The NapoleonicMarshal of FranceJean Baptiste Bernadotte,Prince of Ponte Corvo, was elected Crown Prince of Sweden by theRiksdag of the Estates andKing Charles XIII in 1810. Given his exalted French military rank, the rank ofgeneralissimus was likely granted him in order to give him precedence over "mere"Swedish field marshals. Once he becameKing of Swedenand Norway in 1818, thegeneralissimus rank became superfluous.

References

[edit]
  1. ^"generalissimo".Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 484.
  2. ^"issimus".Webster's Third New International Dictionary., FrenchLarousse Étymologique.
  3. ^"Online Etymology Dictionary".Online Etymology Dictionary.Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. RetrievedJuly 18, 2012.
  4. ^"Define Generalissimo at Dictionary.com".Reference.com.Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. RetrievedJuly 18, 2012.
  5. ^"Generalissimo – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary".Merriam-Webster.Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. RetrievedJuly 18, 2012.
  6. ^"Definition of generalissimo – Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)".Oxford Dictionary of English. Archived fromthe original on July 29, 2012.
  7. ^Arsenyev, Konstantin; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1892). "Генералиссимус" [Generalissimo].Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Vol. 15: Гальберг – Германий. F. A. Brockhaus (Leipzig), I. A. Efron (Saint Petersburg). p. 312.
  8. ^"generalissimo".Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription orparticipating institution membership required.) - "A supreme commander;spec. an officer in command of a combined military, naval, and air force, or of several armies. Also: a prefixed title or form of address for such a commander. Frequentlyfigurative."
  9. ^Thomas Hobbes (1660),Chapter XVIII: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution,archived from the original on July 3, 2015, retrievedAugust 16, 2015
  10. ^Arsen'ev, Konstantin Konstantinovich, ed. (1892)."Генералиссимус" [Generalissimus].Энциклопедический Словарь Ф.А.Брокгауза и И.А.Ефрона (in Russian). Brockhaus and Efron. RetrievedAugust 2, 2024.Титул Г. всегда присваивался только лицам царской крови или же главнокомандующим несколькими союзными армиями.
  11. ^Service, Robert (2005).Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. pp. 493,549.ISBN 978-0-674-01697-2.
  12. ^S. M. Shtemenko.The General Staff in the War Years. Moscow, 1985. Vietnamese version (vol. 2) . pp. 587–588.
  13. ^Сборник законов СССР и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР (1938 — июль 1956) / Сост.: М. И. Юмашев, Б. А. Жалейко. — М., 1956. — С. 202.
  14. ^"Generalissimo Stalin (Hansard, 7 November 1945)".Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2019.
  15. ^Marshall, B:Father Hilary's Holiday Doubleday & Company, New York 1965.
  16. ^"Adolf Johan".sok.riksarkivet.se. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2023.
  17. ^Whitefield, George. "Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1902, to July 26, 1903" (1903) [Textual record]. Archive.Org, ID: annualreportofma03unit, p. 188. Boston Public Library.OCLC 1039990497.
  18. ^Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.
  19. ^Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.
  20. ^Scott, Franklin (1935). Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. P. 153. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  21. ^(in Swedish)Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813
  22. ^Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.
  23. ^"Karl X Gustav".sok.riksarkivet.se. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2023.
  24. ^The New York Times, December 4, 1926, pg.6.
  25. ^Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul) (1745).Nicholas Tindal (ed.).The History of England. Vol. IV, part 1 (French original:Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27). J. and P. Knapton. p. 562.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2018.The Earl of Athlone [Godard van Reede] was set on by the other Dutch Generals, to insist on his quality of Velt-Marshal, and to have the command with the Earl of Marlborough by turns. But, though he was now in high reputation by his late conduct, the States obliged him to yield this point to the Earl of Marlborough, whom they declared Generalissimo of all their forces, and sent orders to all their Generals and other Officers to obey him.
  26. ^John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott
  27. ^Andermann, Jens; Rowe, William (2006).Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America. Berghahn Books. p. 176.ISBN 9781845452124.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedAugust 11, 2019.
  28. ^"Franco of Iberia".Time, October 18, 1943. cover.
  29. ^Pock, Johann Joseph (1724).Der politische, katholische Passagier, durchreisend alle hohe Höfe, Republiquen, Herrschafften und Länder der ganzen Welt. Brechenmacher. p. 832.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2018.wurde 1720. von dem König in Schweden ... zum Generalissimo der sämmtlichen Schwedischen Trouppen ernennet
  30. ^abRoper, Michael (1998).The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964. Kew, Surrey: Public Record Office. p. 5.
  31. ^Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul) (1745).Nicholas Tindal (ed.).The History of England. Vol. IV, part 1 (French original:Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27). J. and P. Knapton. p. 104.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2018.The Prince was Duke of Cumberland, Lord High-Admiral of Great-Britain and Ireland, Generalissimo of all her Majesty's forces both by sea and land, and Warden of the Cinque-ports.
  32. ^Rioseco, Pedro."Generalísimo Máximo Gómez, ejemplo de internacionalismo y genio militar".Contraloría General de la República (in Spanish).Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2022.
  33. ^Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am ricaArchived September 23, 2015, at theWayback Machine. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.
  34. ^Bix, Herbert P. (October 13, 2009).Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan. Harper Collins.ISBN 978-0-06-186047-8.Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. RetrievedJune 5, 2022.
  35. ^Anna, Timothy E. (1985). "The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide: A Reappraisal".Journal of Latin American Studies.17 (1):79–110.doi:10.1017/S0022216X00009202.ISSN 0022-216X.JSTOR 157498.S2CID 145054515.
  36. ^Doughty, Robert A. (June 30, 2009).Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Harvard University Press. p. 232.ISBN 978-0-674-03431-0.Archived from the original on July 8, 2022. RetrievedJuly 8, 2022.
  37. ^"Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom".Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886. Honolulu: Black & Auld. 1886. pp. 37–41.OCLC 42350849.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedMarch 16, 2017.
  38. ^Peck, Harry Thurston (1898).The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Rev. with Large Additions. Dodd, Mead. p. 238.Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. RetrievedMay 4, 2022.
  39. ^"The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut". Archived fromthe original on October 2, 2010. RetrievedSeptember 30, 2010.
  40. ^ab"Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo".Voice of America. February 14, 2012.Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. RetrievedMay 8, 2022.
  41. ^"The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North".TheAustralian. Archived fromthe original on February 17, 2012. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2012.
  42. ^Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul) (1745).Nicholas Tindal (ed.).The History of England. Vol. IV, part 1 (French original:Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27). J. and P. Knapton. p. 68.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2018.But an unexpected alteration was suddenly made, and the French King declared the Duke ofBurgundy Generalissimo of his forces, appointing the Dukede Vendosme [sic: Vendôme] to serve under him; and he was to be accompanied by the Duke ofBerry.
  43. ^"Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996):Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.
  44. ^"Inauguration of the exhibition José María Morelos y Pavón. Generalissimo of Mexican America armies".Gobierno de México (in Spanish). Noticias – Dirección General de Asuntos internacionales – Secretaría de Cultura.Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. RetrievedJuly 3, 2022.
  45. ^Bletch Chirguh,La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover,Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes(in French)
  46. ^"Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1714-1774)". hermitagemuseum.org. 2023.Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2023.
  47. ^Joseph Stalin was appointedgeneralissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov,Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956,p. 584.Archived March 11, 2023, at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  48. ^Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992).Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History. Hong Kong University Press. p. 255.ISBN 962209287X.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedOctober 31, 2010.
  49. ^Taylor, Jay (April 15, 2009).The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China. Harvard University Press. p. 32.ISBN 978-0-674-05471-4. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2017.
  50. ^Stanley Walker,Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library
  51. ^A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908
  52. ^Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010.(in German)
  53. ^Chadwick, Bruce (2005).George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 40.ISBN 9781402226106.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedNovember 23, 2018.
  54. ^Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976 to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States
  55. ^Moore, Frederick (June 18, 1927)."Chang Tso-lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South".The New York Times.Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 4, 2020.
  56. ^"Nossa Senhora Aparecida recebeu o título de Generalíssima do Exército em 1967".www.a12.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). RetrievedOctober 22, 2024.
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