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Pride (also known asLGBTQ pride,LGBTQIA pride,LGBT pride,queer pride orgay and lesbian pride)[5] is the promotion of the rights,self-affirmation,dignity,equality, and increased visibility oflesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender andqueer (LGBTQ) people as asocial group. Pride, as opposed to shame andsocial stigma, is the predominant outlook that bolsters mostLGBTQ rights movements. Pride has lent its name to LGBTQ-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals, acable TV channel, and thePride Library.
Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during LGBTQ Pride Month or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a country'sLGBTQ history, for exampleMoscow Pride in May for the anniversary of Russia's 1993decriminalization of homosexuality. Some pride events includePride parades and marches, rallies, commemorations, community days, dance parties, and festivals.
Commonsymbols of pride include therainbow flag and otherpride flags, the lowercase Greek letterlambda (λ), thepink triangle and theblack triangle, these latter tworeclaimed from use asbadges of shame inNazi concentration camps.[6]
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In the earlier decades of the 20th century before the term "Pride" became widely used, gatherings and protests by the LGBTQ+ community were often referred to asHomophile demonstrations reflecting a more conservative andassimilationist approach to LGBTQ+ rights. As the movement became more radical in the late 1960s, particularly after the Stonewall Uprising, they were calledGay Liberation marches or rallies which emphasized demands for full equality and liberation.[7][8]
The term "Gay Pride" was claimed to be coined either byJack Baker and Michael McConnell, an activist couple in Minnesota, or byThom Higgins,[9] another gay rights activist in Minnesota.[10] Higgins, a former member of the Catholic Church, sought to combat the negative energy emanating from the institution. Higgins paired one of the seven deadly sins, "pride," with "gay" due to the church's stance on same-sex behaviors as going against divine and natural laws. "That language was transformative," McConnell said. This approach not only opened doors but also propelled individuals forward. In 1971, McConnell introduced the term "gay pride" in Chicago, setting off a powerful movement.[11][12]
Brenda Howard along with the bisexual activistRobert A. Martin (aka Donny the Punk) and gay activistL. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing the word "Pride" to describe these festivities.[13][14]
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs was one of the first openly gay activists and is considered a predecessor of the LGBT pride movement.[15][16]
The 1950s and 1960s in the United States constituted an extremely repressivelegal and social period for LGBT people. In this context Americanhomophile organizations such as theDaughters of Bilitis and theMattachine Society coordinated some of the earliest demonstrations of the modern LGBT rights movement. These two organizations in particular carried outpickets called "Annual Reminders" to inform and remind Americans that LGBT people did not receive basiccivil rights protections. Annual Reminders began in 1965 and took place each July 4 atIndependence Hall inPhiladelphia.
The anti-LGBT discourse of these times equated both male and female homosexuality with mental illness. Inspired byStokely Carmichael's "Black is Beautiful", gay civil rights pioneer and participant in the Annual RemindersFrank Kameny originated the slogan "Gay is Good" in the early 1960s[17] to countersocial stigma and personal feelings ofguilt andshame.
Early on the morning of Saturday, June 28, 1969, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons rioted following a police raid on theStonewall Inn, a gay bar at 43Christopher Street inGreenwich Village,Manhattan, New York City. This riot and further protests and rioting over the following nights were the watershed moment in the modern LGBT rights movement and the impetus for organizing LGBT pride marches on a much larger public scale.
On November 2, 1969,Craig Rodwell, his partner Fred Sargeant,Ellen Broidy, and Linda Rhodes proposed the first pride march to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in Philadelphia.[18][19][20][21][22]
That the Annual Reminder, in order to be more relevant, reach a greater number of people, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle in which we are engaged—that of our fundamental human rights—be moved both in time and location.
We propose that a demonstration be held annually on the last Saturday in June in New York City to commemorate the 1969 spontaneous demonstrations on Christopher Street and this demonstration be called CHRISTOPHER STREET LIBERATION DAY. No dress or age regulations shall be made for this demonstration.
We also propose that we contact Homophile organizations throughout the country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day. We propose a nationwide show of support.
All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia voted for the march except forMattachine Society of New York, which abstained.[19] Members of theGay Liberation Front (GLF) attended the meeting and were seated as guests of Rodwell's group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN).[23]
Meetings to organize the march began in early January at Rodwell's apartment in 350Bleecker Street.[24] At first there was difficulty getting some of the majorNew York City organizations likeGay Activists Alliance (GAA) to send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy,Michael Brown, Marty Nixon, andFoster Gunnison Jr. of Mattachine made up the core group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and sought donations from the national homophile organizations and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via theOscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop customer mailing list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization.[25][26] Other mainstays of the organizing committee were Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie andBrenda Howard of GLF.[27] Believing that more people would turn out for the march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970.[28] With Dick Leitsch's replacement as president of Mattachine NY by Michael Kotis in April 1970, opposition to the march by Mattachine ended.[29]
There was little open animosity, and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign "I am a Lesbian" walked by. –The New York Times coverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970[30]
Christopher Street Liberation Day on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with the march, which was the firstGay Pride march in New York history, and covered the 51 blocks toCentral Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.[31]The New York Times reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.[30] Reporting byThe Village Voice was positive, describing "the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago".[32] There was also an assembly on Christopher Street.
On Saturday, June 27, 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march[34] fromWashington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to theWater Tower at the intersection ofMichigan andChicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants extemporaneously marched on to theCivic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza.[35] The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere. Subsequently, during the same weekend, gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march inLos Angeles and a march and "Gay-in" inSan Francisco.[36][37]
The next year, Gay Pride marches took place inBoston,Dallas,Milwaukee,London,Paris,West Berlin, andStockholm.[32] By 1972 the participating cities includedAtlanta,Brighton,[38]Buffalo,Detroit,Washington D.C.,Miami, andPhiladelphia,[39] as well as San Francisco.
Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from themselves. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department and Independence Hall five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government.[40] Ten people marched with Kameny then, and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred."[41]
Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life".[42] The image of gays retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals".[42]Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."[43]
In the 1980s there was a major cultural shift in the Stonewall Riot commemorations. The previous more loosely organized, grassroots marches and parades were taken over by more organized and less radical elements of the gay community. The marches began dropping "Liberation" and "Freedom" from their names under pressure from more conservative members of the community, replacing them with the philosophy of "Gay Pride"[citation needed] (in San Francisco, the name ofthe gay parade and celebration was not changed fromGay Freedom Day Parade toGay Pride Day Parade until 1994). The Greeklambda symbol and thepink triangle, which had been revolutionary symbols of the Gay Liberation Movement, were tidied up and incorporated into the Gay Pride, or Pride, movement, providing some symbolic continuity with its more radical beginnings[clarification needed]. The pink triangle was also the inspiration for thehomomonument inAmsterdam, commemorating all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality.
Pride Month occurs in the United States to commemorate theStonewall riots, which occurred at the end of June 1969. As a result, many pride events are held during this month to recognize the impact LGBTQ people have had in the world.
I call upon all Americans to observe this month by fighting prejudice and discrimination in their own lives and everywhere it exists. –Proclamation 8529 by U.S President Barack Obama, May 28, 2010
Three presidents of the United States have officially declared a pride month. First, PresidentBill Clinton declared June "Gay & Lesbian Pride Month" in 1999[44] and 2000.[45] Then from 2009 to 2016, each year he was in office, PresidentBarack Obama declared June LGBT Pride Month.[46] Later, PresidentJoe Biden declared June LGBTQ+ Pride Month in 2021.[47]Donald Trump became the first Republican president to acknowledge LGBT Pride Month in 2019, but he did so through tweeting rather than an official proclamation; the tweet was later released as an official "Statement from the President."[48][49]
Beginning in 2012,Google displayed some LGBT-related search results with different rainbow-colored patterns each year during June.[50][51][52] In 2017, Google also included rainbow-coloured streets on Google Maps to display Gay Pride marches occurring across the world.[53]
At many colleges, which are not in session in June, LGBT pride is instead celebrated during April, which is dubbed "Gaypril".[54]
Pride month is not recognized internationally as pride celebrations take place in many other places at different times, including in the months of February,[55][56] August,[57][58] and September.[59] In Canada,Pride Season refers to the wide array of Pride events held from June to September.[1] In other countries like the United States, the month of June is recognized as Pride Month whereas in Canada, it's a full season.
For the first time in the history of an Arab monarchy, diplomatic embassies in the United Arab Emirates supported the LGBTQ community by raising therainbow flag to celebrate Pride Month 2021. The UK embassy in the UAE posted a picture onTwitter of the Pride flag alongside theUnion Jack, affirming their "pride in the UK's diversity and our values of equality, inclusion and freedom". The US embassy in the Emirates also posted a picture of the flying American and Pride flags on its Abu Dhabi residence, stating that it supported "dignity and equality of all people". While the move was remarkable, it faced backlash online and was extensively criticized by the locals over social media. Many called it "disrespectful" and "insulting".[60]
The termWrath Month, which started as aTwitter meme in 2018, eventually came to be used by some as a response to the perceived tameness of Pride Month.[61]
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The rainbow flag, also known as the pride flag, is a symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) pride and social movements.[62] The most common variant consists of six horizontal stripes of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.[63] Designed in 1978 by artist Gilbert Baker, the flag's colors were originally eight and had specific meanings in relation to the LGBT+ community. The design has undergone revisions over the years, but it remains a widely recognized symbol of LGBTQ+ identity and activism.[64]
From both outside and inside the LGBT community, there is criticism and protest against pride events. Bob Christie's documentaryBeyond Gay: The Politics of Pride evaluates gay pride events in different countries within the context of local opposition.
In August 2011,São Paulocity aldermanCarlos Apolinário of the right-wingDemocrats Party sponsored a bill to organize and sponsor "Heterosexual Pride Day" on the third Sunday of December. Apolinário, anEvangelicalProtestant, stated that the intent of the parade was a "struggle ... against excesses and privileges". Members ofGay Group of Bahia [ar;ast;es;fr;it;pt] and theWorkers' Party opposed the bill as enhancing "the possibility of discrimination and prejudice".[66] The bill was nevertheless passed by the city council, but never received the signature of mayorGilberto Kassab.
A Brazilian photographer was arrested after refusing to delete photos of police attacking two young people participating in a gay pride parade on October 16, 2011, in the city of Itabuna, Bahia, reported the newspaper Correio 24 horas. According to the website Notícias de Ipiau, Ederivaldo Benedito, known as Bené, said four police officers tried to convince him to delete the photos soon after they realized they were being photographed. When he refused, they ordered him to turn over the camera. When the photographer refused again, the police charged him with contempt and held him in jail for over 21 hours until he gave a statement. According to Chief Marlon Macedo, the police alleged that the photographer was interfering with their work, did not have identification, and became aggressive when he was asked to move. Bené denied the allegations, saying the police were belligerent and that the scene was witnessed by "over 300 people", reported Agência Estado.[67]
In a 2008 interview for the biographyLa Reina muy cerca (The Queen Up Close), by Spanish journalist and writerPilar Urbano,Queen Sofía of Spain sparked controversy by voicing her disapproval of LGBT pride. This was in addition to overstepping her official duties as a member of the Royal Family by censoring theSpanish Law on Marriage in how it names same-sex unions as "matrimonio" (marriage). Without using the slogan "Straight Pride", Queen Sofía was directly quoted as saying that if heterosexuals were to take the streets as the LGBT community does for Gay Pride parades, that the former collective would bringMadrid to a standstill.[68]
Even though theRoyal Household of Spain approved publication of the interview and Pilar Urbano offered to share the interview recording, both Queen Sofía and the Royal Household have refuted the comments in question.[68]
In 2015 police dispersed thePride parade using tear gas and rubber bullets.[69]
In 2016 and 2017, theIstanbul Governor's Office did not allow the Pride Parade to take place, citing security concerns and public order.[69]
In 2016, Ugandan police broke up a gay pride event in the capital.[70]Homosexual acts are illegal in Uganda.
In a specialqueer issue ofThe Stranger in 1999,openly gay author, pundit, and journalistDan Savage questioned the relevance of pride thirty years later, writing that pride was an effective antidote to shame imposed on LGBT people, but that pride is now making LGBT people dull and slow as a group, as well as being a constant reminder of shame; however, he also states that pride in some simpler forms is still useful to individuals struggling with shame. Savage writes that gay pride can also lead to disillusionment where an LGBT individual realizes the reality that sexual orientation does not say much about a person's personality, after being led by the illusion that LGBT individuals are part of a co-supportive and inherently good group of people.[71]
The growth and commercialization of Christopher Street Days, coupled with their de-politicization, has led to an alternative CSD in Berlin, the so-called"Kreuzberger CSD" or "Transgenialer" ("Transgenial"/Trans Ingenious") CSD. Political party members are not invited for speeches, nor can parties or companies sponsor floats. After the parade, there is a festival with a stage for political speakers and entertainers. Groups discuss lesbian/transsexual/transgender/gay or queer perspectives on issues such as poverty and unemployment benefits (Hartz IV), gentrification, or "Fortress Europe".
In June 2010, American philosopher and theoristJudith Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day Parade in Berlin, Germany, at the award ceremony, arguing and lamenting in a speech that the parade had become too commercial, and was ignoring the problems of racism and the double discrimination facing homosexual or transsexual migrants. According to Butler, even the organizers themselves promote racism.[72] The general manager of the CSD committee, Robert Kastl, countered Butler's allegations and pointed out that the organizers already awarded a counseling center for lesbians dealing with double discrimination in 2006. Regarding the allegations of commercialism, Kastl further explained that the CSD organizers do not require small groups to pay a participation fee (which starts at €50 and goes up to €1500 ). He also distanced himself from all forms of racism andIslamophobia.[73]
Some social movements and associations have criticized modern iterations of pride, viewing it as a depletion of the claims of such demonstrations and themerchandization of the parade. In this respect, they defend, in countries like Spain, the United States or Canada, aCritical Pride celebration to give the events a political meaning again.[74][75][76][77]Gay Shame, a radical movement within theLGBT community, opposes theassimilation of LGBT people into mainstream,heteronormative society, thecommodification ofnon-heterosexual identity and culture, and in particular the (over) commercialization of pride events.[citation needed]
"Straight pride" and "heterosexual pride" are analogies and slogans that contrast heterosexuality with homosexuality by copying the phrase "gay pride".[78] Originating from theculture wars in the United States, "straight pride" is a form of conservativebacklash as there is no straight or heterosexualcivil rights movement.[79]
