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.jpg) A Garuda IndonesiaBoeing 777-300ER | |||||||
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| Founded | 1 August 1947; 78 years ago (1947-08-01) (asKLM Interinsulair Bedrijf) | ||||||
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| Commenced operations |
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| Hubs | Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta | ||||||
| Secondary hubs | |||||||
| Focus cities | Surabaya | ||||||
| Frequent-flyer program | GarudaMiles | ||||||
| Alliance | SkyTeam | ||||||
| Subsidiaries |
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| Fleet size | 78 | ||||||
| Destinations | 54[1] | ||||||
| Parent company |
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| Traded as | IDX: GIAA | ||||||
| Headquarters | Garuda City Center Building Complex M1 Street,Soekarno–Hatta International Airport,Tangerang,Banten, Indonesia[3] | ||||||
| Key people |
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| Revenue |  US$52.1 billion (2024)[6]: 22 | ||||||
| Operating income | US$3.736 billion (2024)[6]: 23 | ||||||
| Net income | US$3.935 billion (2024)[6]: 23 | ||||||
| Total assets |  US$21.235 billion (2024)[6]: 19 | ||||||
| Employees | 4,502 (2024)[6]: 141 | ||||||
| Website | |||||||
Garuda Indonesia is theflag carrier ofIndonesia, headquartered atSoekarno–Hatta International Airport nearJakarta. A successor ofKLM Interinsulair Bedrijf, it is a member ofSkyTeamairline alliance and the second-largestairline of Indonesia afterLion Air, operating scheduled flights toa number of destinations across Asia, Europe, and Australia from its hubs, focus cities, as well as other cities forHajj. It is the only Indonesian airline that flies to European airspace.
At its peak from the late 1980s to the mid 1990s, Garuda operated an extensive network of flights all over the world, with regularly scheduled services to Adelaide, Cairo, Fukuoka, Johannesburg, Los Angeles, Paris, Rome, and other cities in Europe, Australia and Asia.[7] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of financial and operational difficulties hit the airline hard, causing it to drastically cut back services. In 2009, the airline undertook a five-year modernization plan known as theQuantum Leap, which overhauled the airline's brand, livery, logo and uniforms, as well as acquiring a newer, more modern fleet and facilities and renewing focus on international markets. It earned Garuda awards such as Most Improved Airline, 5-Star Airline, and World's Best Cabin Crew bySkytrax. Garuda has since fallen back into financial difficulties exacerbated by corruption. However, it has maintained its service and safety standards. The top management was replaced in 2020, and a new restructuring programme is also underway.
Garuda also operated a budget subsidiary,Citilink, that provided low-cost flights to multiple Indonesian destinations and wasspun-off in 2012.[8] In November 2018, the airline took over operations as well as financial management ofSriwijaya Air by a cooperation agreement (KSO);[9] the contract expired in December 2019.
The predecessor to Garuda Indonesia was aKLM subsidiary,KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf (KLM Interinsular Service), which was nationalized in December 1949.[10]
In its current institutional form, Garuda Indonesia had its beginnings in theIndonesian war of independence against the Dutch in the late 1940s, when Garuda flew special transports with aDouglas DC-3. The first aircraft was a DC-3 known asSeulawah (Acehnese: "Gold Mountain", or from Arabic Shalawah, means praise/worship) and was purchased for 120,000Malayan dollars, which was provided by thepeople of Aceh (notably local merchants).[11] The first commercial flight fromCalcutta toYangon (then,Rangoon) was on 26 January 1949, using a DC-3 Dakota aircraft with the tail number RI 001 and the name Indonesian Airways. 26 January 1949 is generally recognized as the airline's founding date.[12]
The nameGaruda is taken from theHindu tradition: it is the name of LordVishnu's mount (vahana) and was introduced in 1949. During theDutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference at The Hague, from 23 August to 2 November 1949, Indonesian PresidentSukarno cited a Dutch poem by a renowned Javanese scholar and poet Raden MasNoto Soeroto: "Ik ben Garuda, Vishnoe's vogel, die zijn vleugels uitslaat hoog boven uw eilanden", which means "I'm Garuda, Vishnu's Bird, that spreads its wings high above the Islands". The first flight under the name Garuda Indonesian Airways was made with a second DC-3 entering service in 1949. Its first flight under the new name was to pick up Sukarno in Yogyakarta on 28 December.[13]
Throughout the revolution, Garuda supported national interests and often carried diplomats on its flights. TheBurmese government helped the airline significantly during its beginnings. The country's national airline,Union of Burma Airways, often chartered one of the airline's DC-3s for its own flights. Accordingly, upon Garuda's formal joint incorporation withKLM on 31 March 1950, the airline gave the Burmese government a DC-3.
By the early and mid-1950s, the airline operated a fleet of 38 aircraft, including 22 DC-3s, 8Catalina seaplanes, and 8Convair 240s. In 1956, the airline operated its first flight to Mecca with Convair aircraft, carrying 40 Indonesian pilgrims.[12]
Garuda's fleet continued to grow throughout the 1960s, during which the airline continued its expansion. It acquired threeLockheed L-188 Electras in 1961, which supplemented itsConvair CV-240 fleet, before taking delivery of its first jet aircraft, theConvair 990 Coronado, in 1963, which allowed it to launch flights to Hong Kong.
In 1965, the airline took delivery of its firstDouglas DC-8, and grew beyond the Asian market it was focused on, beginning scheduled flights fromKemayoran Airport toAmsterdam andFrankfurt viaColombo,Bombay, andPrague.Rome andParis became the airline's third and fourth European destinations, with flights stopping in Bombay andCairo to refuel. Flights to the People's Republic of China began that same year, with service toGuangzhou viaPhnom Penh, the first Indonesian airline to do so.
During the early 1970s, Garuda Indonesian Airways took delivery of both theMcDonnell Douglas DC-9 (first delivered in 1969) andFokker F28 Fellowship (first delivered in 1971) for its short and medium-haul operations. The airline went on to take delivery of 62 F28s, holding the title of the largest operator of the F28 in the world. In 1976, Garuda took delivery of its firstMcDonnell Douglas DC-10, giving it the capability to carry more passengers and fly longer flights, and replacing the DC-8 and Convair 990 fleet on flights within Asia and to Europe. The DC-10 became an integral part of the Garuda fleet for the years to come, outlasting the newerMcDonnell Douglas MD-11s, before the type was finally retired in 2002. In 1980, the airline took delivery of the firstBoeing 747-200, complementing the DC-10 on high-capacity or long-range routes.
On 21 June 1982, Garuda became the launch customer of theAirbus A300 B4-220FFCC, the first variant of the A300 capable of being operated with two pilots instead of three. By 1984, nine of these were in service, supplemented by 8McDonnell Douglas DC-10s, 24DC-9s, 45Fokker F-28s, and 6Boeing 747-200s. In 1985, underReyn Altin Johannes Lumenta, who had been CEO since 1984, Garuda Indonesian Airways made the controversial decision to hire foreign brand consultantsLandor Associates to create a new logo, livery and brand, a project regarded as expensive and unnecessary at the time but later applauded as vital for Garuda's reputation and corporate identity as the national airline.
Under Lumenta, Garuda Indonesia also increased the number of flight frequencies and destinations, reduced ticket prices and collaborated withMerpati Nusantara Airlines, introducing flexible tickets valid for both Indonesian airlines.[14][15]
In 1991, Garuda took delivery of theMcDonnell Douglas MD-11s,[12] which gradually replaced the DC-10 on flights to Europe and allowed the airline to launch flights to Los Angeles viaHonolulu.[7] During this time, the airline operated a fleet of the aforementioned MD-11s, DC-10s, Boeing 747, Airbus A300 andBoeing 737-400, operating it to destinations throughout Asia, Europe and North America. In 1994, Garuda took delivery of its firstBoeing 747-400 aircraft, which became a mainstay of its fleet until 2015, operating Hajj flights and high-density short-haul routes, while the delivery of the firstAirbus A330-300 in 1996 allowed more flexibility, as it was more fuel-efficient than the three- and four-engine jets. That same year, Garuda placed an order for sixBoeing 777 aircraft,[16] due for delivery in 2000, but a new series of challenges and difficulties were about to hit the airline.
The late 1990s and early 2000s proved a turbulent and difficult time for Garuda; accidents inFukuoka (Flight 865) in 1996 andMedan (Flight 152) in 1997 added to problems caused by the1997 Asian financial crisis, resulting in a drastic reduction in operations, including termination of service to the Americas and a massive scaling back of its European operations. Largely due to historical links with theNetherlands, Garuda continued to operate flights to Amsterdam after the initial cutbacks. The other European routes that continued were Frankfurt and London. However, Garuda attempted to launch its first non-stop flight from Jakarta to Europe with a Jakarta to Frankfurt service, continuing on to London and back on October 28, 2001, as Garuda Indonesia Flights 970 and 971, the route was short-lived and the route was axed in early 2002 due to the effect of tourism caused by the attacks in the US on September 11 the previous year, along with the ditching of Garuda Flight 421 earlier that year. Finally, both routes returned back to one-stop services until they were discontinued in 2003, with the Amsterdam route discontinued the following year on 28 October 2004. The situation was exacerbated by the11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., theBali bombings, the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and theSARS scare, all of which contributed to a downturn in air travel and Indonesian tourism.[17] Shortly after, its earlier order for the Boeing 777 was deferred, and so was an order for 18Boeing 737-800s to replace its ageing 737 Classic fleet.[16] By 2005, Garuda had largely recovered from its economic problems, swapping its order for six Boeing 777-200ERs for ten of the smallerBoeing 787-8 Dreamliners in 2005,[16] but its operational problems remained.[18]
On 7 September 2004, Garuda's reputation suffered further damage when human rights activistMunir Said Thalib, travelling to Amsterdam via Singapore on Garuda Indonesia Flight 974, was assassinated by off-duty pilotPollycarpus Priyanto, who slipped arsenic into his drink sometime before the departure of the flight's second leg to Amsterdam. Munir was reported to have felt unwell several hours after departure from Singapore, during which time he was checked on by a doctor who happened to be on board and moved to the business class cabin to sleep. He died about two hours before arrival in Amsterdam, sparking an international controversy, during which time Priyanto, CEO Indra Setiawan, and deputy Rohainil Aini were all convicted of his murder, although it has been alleged it was under orders from theIndonesian State Intelligence Agency (Badan Intelijen Negara).[19][20][21] The airline was found negligent in failing to perform an emergency landing and was ordered to pay compensation to Munir's widow,[22] but failed to do so.[23]
In June 2007, the EU banned Garuda Indonesia and all other Indonesian airlines, from flying into any European countries,[24][25] following thecrash of Flight 200 earlier that year. With the support of the international aviation industry for all Indonesian airlines, the EU promised to review its ban and sent a team of experts, led by theEuropean Commission's Air Safety Administrator Federico Grandini to Indonesia to consider lifting the ban.[26] In August 2007, Indonesia's transportation minister announced that the EU would lift its ban hopefully sometime in October, saying that the ban was attributed to communication breakdown between the two parties and that discussions were in progress.
In November 2007, Garuda announced its intention to fly toAmsterdam from Jakarta and Denpasar with eitherAirbus A330 orBoeing 777 aircraft if the EU lifted its ban.[27] On 28 November 2007, the EU said that the safety reforms already undertaken were a step in the right direction for the EU to consider lifting the ban, but still did not satisfy the EU's aviation safety standards, and thus did not lift its ban.[28] The ban was lifted in July 2009,[29] after which Garuda began evaluating service to Amsterdam and other European destinations, as well as the United States.[30]
Following the lifting of the EU ban against Garuda Indonesia and three other Indonesian carriers which were Lion Air, etc, the airline announced in July 2009 an aggressive five-year expansion plan known as theQuantum Leap.[31][32] The plan involved an image overhaul, including changing the airline'slivery, staff uniform and logo, and nearly doubling the size of its fleet from 62 to 116.[31] TheQuantum Leap also plans to boost annual passenger numbers to 27.6 million in the same period, up from 10.1 million at the time of program launch through increasing domestic and international destinations from 41 to 62.[31] Route expansions includedAmsterdam, with a stopover inDubai, in 2010. As of 2014[update], Garuda flies to Amsterdam non-stop five times a week using aBoeing 777-300ER with continuing service toLondon, with the sixth weekly service to be added by the end of 2015. Other European and American cities such asFrankfurt,Paris,Rome,Madrid andLos Angeles are being considered for reopening.[33][34][35][36][37]
As part of theQuantum Leap, the airline refreshed its logo and redesigned its livery in 2009, more than 20 years after the last update.[38] New uniforms were introduced in 2010.[39] In 2010, the airline placed a firm order for six additional Airbus A330s at the 2010Farnborough Airshow,[40] while it opened a new hub atSultan Hasanuddin International Airport,Makassar, South Sulawesi to increase services to the eastern part of Indonesia on 1 June 2011, its third afterJakarta andDenpasar.[41]In 2013, Garuda's won theSkytrax World's Best Cabin Crew Awards, and in 2018, Garuda's won the awards again for the fifth consecutive year.During this period, the airline also added additional frequencies to many of its international routes, including to Singapore, Bangkok, Beijing and Shanghai from Jakarta, while it also added capacity to Denpasar-Seoul.
At the Paris Air Show 2011, Garuda Indonesia announced a firm order of 25 Airbus A320s with an option for another 25.[42] All 25 Airbus A320s are to be used by their subsidiary,Citilink[43] The airline's earlier order for theBoeing 787, made in 2005, was changed once more, due to the delays in the 787's entry into service. Garuda opted to sign for 10Boeing 777-300ERs instead, which it would take delivery of in 2013 to use on long-haul flights to Europe, and medium-haul flights within Asia, such as to Japan, China, Singapore and Saudi Arabia, as well as short-haul domestic routes between Jakarta and Denpasar.
The airline made its debut on theIndonesia Stock Exchange in February 2011,[44] with thegovernment of Indonesia retaining a majority of the shares. PT Trans Airways bought 10.9% stake of Garuda Indonesia unsold IPO shares from underwriters on 27 April 2012. The transaction was valued at Rp 1.53 trillion ($166.8 million).[45]In late 2014, the airline became one of seven airlines to earn the prestigious 5-star rating fromSkytrax, marking the end of the five-yearQuantum Leap program.[46] Following this announcement, Emirsyah Satar, who had been CEO for the past nine years, announced his resignation and retirement and promoted former Citilink chief Arif Wibowo as his successor.
Following Wibowo's promotion, he began a "Quick Wins" cost-cutting drive to cut down on losses while boosting revenue through various measures, including cancelling unprofitable routes and increasing staff efficiency.[47] Despite this, Wibowo remained committed to continuing the airline's international expansion, particularly once market conditions, such as the weakening rupiah, improved. This was reaffirmed following the airline's announcement of its intent to order 90 new aircraft, from both Boeing and Airbus, worth $20 billion at list prices at the 2015 Paris Air Show.[48] Wibowo retired from his position in 2017, replaced by Pahala Nugraha Mansury the same year before being replaced by I Gusti Ngurah Askhara Danadiputra, otherwise known as Ari Askhara in 2018.
During Ari Askhara's leadership, Garuda introduced live acoustic concerts on domestic flights, which led to criticism.[49] as well as reopening the London route from Denpasar, with transit in Medan'sKualanamu International Airport. It was also hit with three high-profile scandals.
In April 2019, Chairal Tanjung and Dony Oskaria, Independent Commissioners of the airline, called out that Garuda's 2018 Annual Report was not under the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, thus deciding not to sign the report. BothMinistry of Finance andFinancial Services Authority found various violations inside the report, as both Independent Commissioners told the public, which led to both regulators imposing a penalty on the airline and the auditors involved.[50][51]
On 13 July 2019, travel reviewer and YouTuber Rius Vernandes shared a picture of a hand-written menu during his flight from Sydney to Jakarta, which led to Garuda's management reporting him to the police followed by the airline issuing a regulation prohibiting selfies on the plane and a lawsuit prompted by the Garuda's workers' association also known as SEKARGA. Both Garuda's and SEKARGA's actions were panned and criticized by worldwide netizens. Through mediation, Rius and Garuda settled, and SEKARGA pulled the lawsuit on 19 July 2019.[52][53]
On 5 December 2019, Ari Askhara was fired from his position for smuggling a classicHarley-Davidson motorcycle andBrompton folded bicycle. The motorcycle and bicycle were found by theSoekarno–Hatta International Airport'sCustoms and Excise team inside a recently deliveredAirbus A330-900 aircraft.[54][55] It was revealed that Ari Askhara and other directors had been implementing various policies that harmed Garuda flight attendants, such as mutation without explanation, additional flight hours, and discrimination between employees.[56][57][58][59] These policies were subsequently revoked.[60]
A year later in December 2020, it was revealed throughTwitter that many Garuda flight attendants had been victims of sexual harassment and coercion to prostitution during Ari's leadership, with many attendants confirming that VP Cabin Attendant Roni Eka Mirsa was the pimp for the prostitution circle.[58][61][62] Police responded by investigating the whistleblower in the case for defamation after a report was filed by an air hostess who was allegedly the mistress of various executives at state-owned enterprises. She later dropped the complaint.[63] State-owned Enterprises MinisterErick Thohir said that he would consider dismissing executives of state-owned enterprises if their female employees have faced sexual harassment.[64]
On 14 May 2020, as a result of theCOVID-19 pandemic and itsimpact on the aviation industry, Garuda Indonesia furloughed 800 of its staff for at least three months. In June, it laid off 180 contracted pilots.[65] The airline implemented face masks for crew members following health regulations to prevent the spread of the disease. On 16 June 2020, after some passengers complained that they could not see the flight attendants' faces, Garuda president director Irfan Setiaputra said the airline was planning to replace face masks with face shields for its cabin crew.[66] Three days later, in response to public criticism of the plan, he said Garuda's flight attendants would not stop using face masks.[67]
Due to the prolonged pandemic, Garuda Indonesia experienced problems in operations, management, and funding. Its debt has arisen and is unpaid, and the corporation is currently[when?] on the verge of bankruptcy and future closure by the government.[68] In the effort to save the airline, Garuda has cut around 30 percent of its workforce, reducing its staff to 5,400 from 7,861. Garuda claims that its board of directors and its commissioners have taken a pay cut as well.[69]
At the end of 2021, Garuda reported a debt of $9.8 billion to more than 800 creditors, complicating efforts for out-of-court settlement attempts during the COVID-19 pandemic, where Garuda's income dropped by 70 percent.[70] As the future replacement of Garuda Indonesia in case the corporation is deemed beyond saving, the government preparedPelita Air Service, a cargo airline currently owned byPertamina, to be the successor of Garuda Indonesia as the new flag carrier of Indonesia.[71][72]
In May 2022, Garuda appeared in court for its attempts to reschedule its debts. Garuda filed for a 30-day delay in the proceedings, which is granted by the court. This was the second extension given by the court, as the original court date was in March 2022.[73]
In April 2022, the Sixth Committee of Indonesia's People Representative Council and Erick Thohir, Indonesia's Minister of State Owned Enterprises, decided to execute a scheme to save the ailing airline.[74]
In June 2022, during Garuda's attempt to delay payment of its debts, Garuda announced that its debt was $8.3 billion, where its biggest debtors were Airbus SE and Pertamina.[75] If the delay to pay its debts was accepted by its creditors, Garuda promised that it would be profitable in three years.[76] Garuda will also seek funding of $1.3 billion through global bonds and issuance of new stocks.[77] On 17 June 2022, Garuda's creditors voted to accept Garuda's debt restructuring, saving the company from bankruptcy.[78] Boeing did not join the debt restructuring process because Garuda stated that its amount of debt to Boeing was not verified yet, and Garuda stated that if Boeing did not confirm its debt to Boeing in 30 days after the debt restructuring, Garuda's debt to Boeing could be removed.[79] On 20 June 2022, Garuda's debt restructuring was put on hold because two of the lessors did not agree with the debt restructuring, and a new court date was set on 27 June.[80]
In September 2022, Garuda Indonesia filed for US Chapter 15 bankruptcy protection.[81]
On 22 June 2022, the Attorney General's Office of Indonesia said it was finishing its investigation of corruption in the purchase of CRJ-1000 and ATR 72-600 aircraft. Setijo Awibowo, the Vice President of Strategic Management, Agus Wahjudo, the Executive Project Manager of Aircraft Delivery and ex-vice President of Treasury Management Albert Burhan are suspects in the case. Emirsyah Satar, the CEO during the alleged corruption, has been arrested for another corruption case. The loss for Indonesia is reported to be US$609 million.[82]
| Name | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| Dr. E. Konijnenburg | 1950 | 1954 |
| Ir. Soetoto | 1954 | 1959 |
| Marsekal Iskandar | 1959 | 1961 |
| Partono | 1961 | 1965 |
| Soedarmo | 1965 | 1968 |
| Wiweko Soepono | 1968 | 1984 |
| Reyn Altin Johannes Lumenta[14] | 1984 | 1988 |
| Soeparno | 1988 | 1992 |
| Wage Mulyono | 1992 | 1995 |
| Soepandi | 1995 | 1998 |
| Robby Djohan | 1998 | 1999 |
| Abdul Gani | 1999 | 2002 |
| Indra Setiawan | 2002 | 2005 |
| Emirsyah Satar[83] | 2005 | 2014 |
| Muhammad Arif Wibowo | 2014 | 2017 |
| Pahala Nugraha Mansury[84] | 2017 | 2018 |
| I Gusti Ngurah Askhara Danadiputra | 2018 | 2019 |
| Fuad Rizal | 2019 | 2020 |
| Irfan Setiaputra | 2020 | 2024 |
| Wamildan Tsani Panjaitan | 2024 | 2025 |
| Glenny Kairupan | 2025 | Present |
Since its establishment, Garuda Indonesia has changed its branding and livery multiple times.
During the airline's earliest years, Garuda's colour scheme was a simple "Indonesian Airways" logotype with blue lines running along the fuselage and the Indonesian flag on the horizontal stabilizer.
During the airline's early years, Garuda's colour scheme was a simple "Garuda Indonesian Airways" logotype with red lines running along the fuselage and the Indonesian flag on the horizontal stabilizer.
In the 1960s, Garuda introduced a red and white colour scheme following the Indonesian national identity and theIndonesian flag. Also during this period, the airline introduced a bird logo: a triangle-stylized eagle-like Garuda with a red and white shield. The logo was painted on thevertical stabiliser of Garuda's aircraft from 1961 to 1969.
In 1969, alogotype with a unique font replaced the triangular eagle as Garuda's corporate identity, along with a new color scheme consisting of a red and orange "hockey stick" line running along the aircraft's windows and vertical stabilizer. This livery was used from 1969 to 1985.
In 1985, Garuda underwent a complete branding makeover, changing its name into "Garuda Indonesia" along with its livery, logo and logotype. The new branding and livery were created byLandor Associates who also created the new logo: the Garuda symbol with five bent lines forming its wings.[85] The color scheme was changed to a deep royal blue and aqua color, said to be inspired by the nature of Indonesia that was dominated by tropical greenery and seas when viewed from the air. The nationalistic red and white color scheme was no longer used.
In 2009, a new branding initiative was launched through a new image, developed once again by brand consultant Landor Associates: a new spin of the idea called "nature's wing".[85] Garuda has since replaced the old logo painted on its aircraft's vertical stabilizers with this new "nature's wing" graphic of blue and aqua shades. The "nature's wing" graphic was inspired by the wings of tropical birds as well as the ripples of waves upon the water.[86] The bird symbol designed by Landor 24 years earlier is still maintained as Garuda Indonesia's logo, with minor changes, while the logotype now uses a customized font.
To celebrate its 62 years of service, on 26 January 2011, Garuda Indonesia painted 2 of itsBoeing 737-800s with retro liveries the airline used in the 1960s and 1970s.
To raise awareness on wearing masks during theCOVID-19 pandemic, Garuda Indonesia painted five of their aircraft with a surgical mask tied to its nose, with the words "Ayo pakai masker," meaning "Please wear masks," introduced on 1 October 2020. This is part of Indonesia's governmental responses to the pandemic, however, the design itself is from an ongoing competition Garuda launched calledFly Your Design Through The Sky, asking people to design masks to be painted in one of their planes.[87]
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Garuda Indonesia has its head office atSoekarno–Hatta International Airport inTangerang,Banten, Indonesia,[88][89] nearCengkareng and nearJakarta.[90] The head office is the Garuda Indonesia Management Building, located within the Garuda Indonesia City Center. The about 17,000-square-metre (180,000 sq ft) head office facility is on a 5-hectare (12-acre) plot of land. As of 2009[update], the head office houses the Garuda management and about 1,000 employees from various units.Indonesian PresidentSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono opened the current Garuda head office in 2009.[91] The previous head office was located in the city center of Jakarta, inCentral Jakarta.[91][92][93]
Garuda Indonesia had announced that its subsidiary GMF AeroAsia would be listed inIndonesia Stock Exchange in 2008. However, due to the2008 financial crisis, GMF delayedIPO until 2009. The Ministry of State-Owned Companies (Kementrian BUMN) had also announced a plan to privatize Garuda, which opened the possibility of offering its shares publicly.Garuda Indonesia aimed to list on 11 February 2011, for an initial public offering.[94] The Government of Indonesia confirmed the IPO price of Garuda Indonesia at Rp. 750 per share and also cut the offering size to 6.3 billion shares only from 9.362 billion planned before.[95]
Garuda Indonesia's subsidiaries include:
| Company | Type | Principal activities | Country | Group's equity shareholding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PT Citilink Indonesia | Subsidiary | Low-cost airline | Indonesia | 100% |
| PT Garuda Maintenance Facility Aero Asia Tbk | Subsidiary | Aircraft maintenance | Indonesia | 100% |
| PT Aero Wisata | Subsidiary | Travel, hotel, transportation and catering services | Indonesia | 100% |
| PT Sabre Travel Network Indonesia (Previously Abacus)[98] | Subsidiary | Computer reservation provider | Indonesia | 100% |
| PT Gapura Angkasa | Subsidiary | Ground handling service | Indonesia | 58,75%[99] |
| PT Aero Systems Indonesia | Subsidiary | IT provider and solutions | Indonesia | 100% |
| Cargo Garuda Indonesia | Strategic Business Unit | Cargo | Indonesia | 100% |
| Garuda Sentra Medika | Strategic Business Unit | Aircrew health services | Indonesia | 100% |
| PT Aerojasa Perkasa | Strategic Business Unit | Cargo | Indonesia | 100% |
| Garuda Indonesia Holiday France S.A.S. | Subsidiary | Travel agency | Indonesia, France | 100% |
In September 2019, Garuda Indonesia launched the grandchildren of company, PT Garuda Tauberes Indonesia application. The company is engaged in logistics orders, both for couriers, air cargo gateways and payments through the e-commerce application platform Tauberes. The concept carried is smart logistic services. In addition, four new grandchildren of the company have also been established. The four companies are PT Garuda Daya Pratama Sejahtera, PT Garuda Indonesia Air Charter. Then followed, PT Garuda Ilmu Terapan Cakrawala, and PT Garuda Energi Logistik dan Komersial.[100]
On 18 August 2018, Garuda Indonesia signed an MoU agreement with the cargo airlineJayawijaya Dirgantara relating to the distribution of cargo fromJayapura toWamena.[101]
Garuda Indonesia operates flights to 96 airport destinations (72 domestic and 24 international) in 12 countries (including Indonesia), with approximately 500 daily departures from its hubs atJakarta,Denpasar,Makassar andMedan. The airline serves 3 continents (Asia,Australia andEurope) with its fleet of 140 aircraft, to destinations such asSingapore,Shanghai–Pudong,Tokyo–Haneda,Tokyo–Narita,Amsterdam,Sydney,Melbourne,Doha,Guangzhou,Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,Seoul–Incheon,Jeddah,Medina,Hong Kong, andKuala Lumpur–International. Although it has rapidly expanded its route network since theQuantum Leap began in 2009, Garuda still does not fly to several major cities, such asManila andHo Chi Minh City. Despite repeatedly stating its intention to fly to Manila, Garuda has not given a time frame.[102]
In June 2008, it was announced that Garuda Indonesia would increase services between Australia and Bali. From 25 June, Garuda Indonesia added an extra flight betweenDarwin andDenpasar, bringing the total number of services to three per week. Additionally, a fourth flight from Melbourne to Denpasar began on 22 July. On 2 September, another extra service departed from Melbourne to bring the total number of weekly flights to five and a sixth flight left from Sydney. This extra capacity was in response to an increase in the number of Australians who travelled toBali in the first quarter of 2008, marking a resurgence in Balinese tourism, which was hit hard by the2002 and2005 Bali bombings.[103]
On 13 October 2009, Garuda announced it would resume flights to Europe for the first time since its removal from theE.U. blacklist. It commenced flights betweenJakarta andAmsterdam in June 2010, initially with a refuelling stop inDubai.[104] On 2 December 2012, after agreeing to a codeshare agreement withEtihad Airways, Garuda changed the refueling stop toAbu Dhabi.[105] After the delivery of itsBoeing 777-300ER aircraft in 2013, the airline removed theAbu Dhabi refueling stop, and commencednon-stop service to Amsterdam, as the longest flight Garuda operated, and consequently ending flights toAbu Dhabi, leaving Etihad as the sole operator between Jakarta and Abu Dhabi.[106] On 8 September that year, the airline extended its Amsterdam flight with continuing service toLondon Gatwick.[107][108]
In 2011, Garuda flew 17.1 million passengers, up 39% from the previous year, while the total revenue jumped 38% to Rp27.1 trillion ($2.95 billion). The composition of passengers on domestic and international routes was 81% versus 19% respectively.[109]
On 31 March 2016, Garuda Indonesia inaugurated its first flight from Singapore Changi Airport to London Heathrow, using a Boeing 777-300ER.
In mid 2016, Garuda announced its intention to resume service toMumbai fromJakarta. This service is opened on 12 December 2016 via Bangkok using Boeing 737-800NG.[110]
On 12 September 2016, Garuda Indonesia announced its intention to resume service toLos Angeles viaTokyo–Narita using aBoeing 777-300ER fromJakarta after theFederal Aviation Administration (FAA) granted a Category 1 rating to Indonesia. The flight was slated to start in November 2017. The last time Los Angeles was served was in 1998.[111] As of 2019[update], however, the plan is yet to be realized and has most likely been shelved as the Government of Japan has yet to approve fifth freedom rights to Garuda.[112]
In February 2017, Garuda Indonesia announced that the airline will resume flights to Dubai and Moscow using the wide-bodyAirbus A330-200.[113] This flight is planned to be resumed in 2018, although As of 2019[update] has not been resumed.[114][needs update]
In August 2018, Garuda Indonesia announced that the airline would end flights to London Heathrow by October, although it then resumed flights in December with a dual-class Boeing 777-300ER in the same year.[115] 2019 marked further adjustments to Garuda's flight to London Heathrow as the airline announced a Jakarta-London Heathrow, London Heathrow-Denpasar routing.[116]
Codesharing has allowed Garuda Indonesia to expand services into Western Europe and the Middle East. Outside of its SkyTeam partnership, Garuda Indonesia has partnered with various airlines over the years:
As of 2025[update], Garuda Indonesia hascodeshare agreements with the following airlines:[124]
As Indonesia's flag carrier, Garuda Indonesia tries to connect many parts of Indonesia to support the government's "Indonesian Interconnectivity" program. But Garuda's fleet ofBoeing 737-800s cannot reach many remote and smaller airports, because of the lack of airport infrastructure in smaller cities and remote areas, such as insufficient runway length.
In line with itsQuantum Leap plan, Garuda ordered brand-newBombardier CRJ1000 andATR 72 to reach smaller airports from Garuda's hubs likeNgurah Rai International Airport,Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, andKualanamu International Airport. On 25 November 2013, Garuda launched its new sub-brands "Explore" and "Explore-jet", for servicingperintis ("pioneer") lines traditionally served by (dormant)Merpati Nusantara Airlines and its competitorWings Air.
In 2022, due to the corruption scandal surroundingBombardier CRJ1000 andATR 72 fleet procurement back in 2013, and the company's worsened financial condition during the COVID-19 pandemic forced the grounding of these two types of aircraft fleets. Currently, most of the fleets have been returned to the lessor or transferred to its subsidiaryCitilink, which also means the end of the "Explore" and "Explore-jet" sub-brands.
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In 2009, Garuda Indonesia expressed an interest in joining theSkyTeamairline alliance, which would make it the second airline in Southeast Asia to participate afterVietnam Airlines. Membership would open SkyTeam's network to Indonesian, Australian, and New Zealand markets, which it lacked connectivity to. In December 2009, threeSkyTeam members –Korean Air,KLM, andDelta Air Lines (China Airlines joined as fourth member to support Garuda after its 2011 SkyTeam inclusion)[139] – committed to supporting Garuda Indonesia to join SkyTeam. This made Garuda Indonesia eligible to apply for membership in the alliance. On 23 November 2010, Garuda Indonesia signed an agreement to join SkyTeam. However instead of the usual 18–24 months to complete membership formalities, shortcomings with its IT system delayed Garuda's entry. After a 40-month process, the airline eventually became the 20th member of the alliance on 5 March 2014, two years after the original target date.[140][139][141]
The inclusion of Garuda Indonesia adds 40 new destinations to SkyTeam's global network and strengthens the alliance presence in Southeast Asia and Australia. To commemorate the event, the airline repainted anAirbus A330-300, aBoeing 737-800, and aBombardier CRJ1000 with SkyTeam livery. In addition to repainted aircraft, aBoeing 777-300ER was delivered with SkyTeam livery.[142]
With the arrival of Garuda Indonesia to SkyTeam, a variety of facilities are given as including SkyPriority, as well as changing its current frequent flyer membership into GarudaMiles. In addition, Garuda is connected with 140 new destinations and also teamed up with the world's major airlines, such asAeroflot,Aeroméxico,Air France,China Airlines,Delta Air Lines,KLM,Korean Air, andSaudia.[143]
TheBoeing customer code for Garuda Indonesia is U3, which appears on its aircraft designations as an infix, such as 737-8U3, 777-3U3ER, and 747-2U3B.
Garuda uses theBoeing 777-300ER on high-density medium and long-haul routes. TheAirbus A330 andBoeing 747-400 fleet is primarily used on most medium-haul routes from Jakarta and Denpasar, as well as for Umrah and Hajj flights. TheBoeing 737-800 andBoeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft are used on most domestic and regional routes. Meanwhile, theBombardier CRJ1000 is used to fly to airports incapable of handling the newer 737-800, replacing theBoeing 737 Classic. TheATR 72-600 turboprop entered service at the end of 2013, serving new inter-island routes to airports in the middle and eastern parts of Indonesia that cannot handle jet aircraft.[144]
At the Paris Air Show in 2015, Garuda Indonesia signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) to purchase 80 new aircraft from Boeing and Airbus (30 737 MAX, 20 787 Dreamliner, 30 A350 XWB) worth $20 billion at list prices[145] Garuda also signed a LoI for 14 Airbus A330-900s aircraft (including seven cancellations from existing A330-300 orders), first reported during the Singapore Airshow 2016, confirming the order on 19 April 2016.[146]
On 5 October 2017, Garuda operated its last Boeing 747 service after the last aircraft touched down inMakassar fromMedina, a returning Hajj flight. It was then ferried to Jakarta the following day for retirement.[147]
In January 2019, CEO Ari Askhara stated that the airline was considering and negotiating with lessors for a switch of 34 out of the remaining 49 Boeing 737 MAXes on order to the larger MAX 10 variant, as the airline was planning to resume 737 MAX deliveries by 2020.[148][149] In March 2019, the airline decided to cancel its outstanding orders for 49 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, citing a loss of passenger confidence in the type after the crashes ofLion Air Flight 610 andEthiopian Airlines Flight 302.[150][151] In November 2020, the airline clarified that their order for Boeing 737 MAX is not cancelled yet, and talks are still ongoing with Boeing concerning the order.[152] As of June 2025[update], although not announced, it is confirmed that Garuda Indonesia will recommit to the 737 MAX, and plans to orderBoeing 787 Dreamliner.[153]
In July 2025, as part of a broader trade agreement between Indonesia and the United States, PresidentPrabowo Subianto announced Indonesia's intention to purchase around 50 Boeing aircraft to strengthen Garuda Indonesia's fleet, aligning with efforts to modernize the national carrier and expand long-haul and regional services. This pledge was tied to negotiations to lower proposed U.S. tariffs on Indonesian exports from 32% to 19%, aiming to secure more favorable trade conditions while supporting U.S. manufacturing. However, despite the high-profile announcement, the specifics of the order, including aircraft models, financing terms, delivery schedules, and whether Garuda or its subsidiaries will directly receive the aircraft, remain under discussion, making the actual implementation of this purchase unclear at this stage.[154]
As of July 2025[update], Garuda Indonesia operates the following aircraft:[155][156]
| Aircraft | In service | Orders | Passengers | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | J | Y | Total | ||||
| Airbus A330-200 | 3 | — | — | 36 | 186 | 222 | |
| 18 | 242 | 260 | |||||
| Airbus A330-300 | 14 | — | — | 36 | 215 | 251 | |
| 24 | 263 | 287 | |||||
| — | 360 | 360 | |||||
| 12 | 365 | 377 | |||||
| Airbus A330-800 | — | 4[156] | TBA | Order officially cancelled, but still remains in Airbus' order book. | |||
| Airbus A330-900 | 5 | 9[156] | — | 24 | 277 | 301 | |
| 42 | 323 | 365 | |||||
| Boeing 737-800 | 45 | — | — | 8 | 153 | 161 | |
| 12 | 150 | 162 | |||||
| 8 | 168 | 176 | |||||
| Boeing 737 MAX 8 | 1 | 49[157] | — | 12 | 150 | 162 | One has been delivered (PK-GDC).[158] |
| Boeing 777-300ER | 8 | 2 | 8 | 38 | 268 | 314 | |
| — | 26 | 367 | 393 | ||||
| Garuda Indonesia Cargo fleet | |||||||
| Airbus A330-300 | 2 | — | Cargo | Converted from passenger aircraft aspreighters. | |||
| Total | 78 | 64 | |||||
Garuda Indonesia is a full-service airline featuring economy, business and first classes. The airline began to introduce new premium products and services with the arrival of theAirbus A330-200 andBoeing 737-800 aircraft. First class cabins were introduced in 2013 on board theBoeing 777-300ER withWi-Fi and telecommunication services on board.[165]
First class is available on two Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, featuring eight suites arranged in a 1-2-1 configuration. The first-class seats are suites, with sliding doors for extra privacy. They feature a 24"AVOD screen andseats that convert into a bed, as well as a touchscreen seat controller. There is a chef on board the aircraft to tend to the passengers' needs. First Class passengers can use in-flightWi-Fi connectivity at no extra cost. It has aseat pitch of 82 inches and a seat width of 22 inches.[166][167][168]
The product was originally available on all Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, however, it was decided the final four aircraft would be delivered in a two-class configuration. In 2017, four more aircraft were refitted into the two-class configuration, leaving just two aircraft featuring First Class.
Garuda'sbusiness class product, is available on all aircraft except six older A330-300. The new Business Class cabin on Garuda'sBoeing 777-300ERs is fitted with EADS Sogerma flat-bed seats arranged in a staggered 1-2-1 configuration; allowing all passengers direct aisle access. These seats feature a 74" seat pitch, 15" AVOD screen,USB ports, an in-seat laptop power supply, and personal reading light.
Four new A330-300s, delivered from 2016 onwards, feature the B/E Super Diamond business class seat, featuring all-aisle access, in a staggered 1-2-1 configuration, a 180-degree recline, more storage space, a new 16-inch entertainment screen, and touchscreen seat controls, along with an all-new Panasonic eX3 inflight entertainment system.[169]
On board otherAirbus A330s, the Business Class cabin features a fully flat-bed seat on all-200s and seven-300s (delivered between 2013 and 2015). However, there are no Business Class seats on board six older A330-300s delivered in 1997. The flatbed seats have up to 74" seat pitch. Seats are equipped with personalAVOD In-Flight Entertainment System (IFE),USB ports, in-seat laptop power supply, and personal reading light. Business Class seats on board are configured in a 2-2-2 configuration.
Garuda'sBoeing 737-800 aircraft also features a reclining Business Class product with a 42" seat pitch in a 2–2 layout, equipped with an in-seat laptop power supply, personal 9-inch touch-screen and handset activated AVOD In-Flight Entertainment, and personal reading light.
A range of hot and cold beverages is available, along with snacks and/or meals, depending on the length of the flight. Wine and beer are also offered on international flights.
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Economy Class seats are available on all aircraft. Seat configuration is 3-3 on the 737, 2-4-2 on the A330 as well as 3-3-3 on the 777. Seat widths range from 17 inches on board all 737, to over 18 inches on board the A330 and 777. Seat pitch is 31–32 inches on the 737, 32–33 inches on board the 777, and 33–34 inches on board the A330.
Seat-back inflight entertainment is offered on all 737s (except some PK-GUx series) and all A330s and 777s. Except for four newest A330 aircraft (which feature an 11.1-inch touchscreen), every seat has a 9-inch seat-back touchscreen.
ESCort (Economy Sleeping Comfort) was Garuda's one of two newest onboard class services that was introduced in 2019 exclusively on its flights to and from London-Heathrow. In ESCort class, passengers can enjoy three whole economy class seats for themselves. The airline provided a mattress, pillow, and duvet cover along with business class meals and amenities for passengers travelling in this class. Passengers were allowed to lie down on the three seats during the flight.[170]
Premium Economy was the second onboard class service that Garuda Indonesia introduced in 2019 as it marks its maiden flight from London Heathrow to Denpasar, Bali. The Premium Economy class gave travelling couples an extra empty seat in the regular Economy class cabin. Passengers in Premium Economy can also enjoy a 40 kg (88 lb) checked baggage allowance along with a business class meal and amenity kit.[170][dead link]
In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) is available on board most Garuda Indonesia aircraft: all A330s, all 777s, and all 737-800s.
Garuda'sBoeing 777-300ER,Airbus A330s, and newerBoeing 737-800 aircraft are equipped withAudio video on demand In-Flight Entertainment System in all classes. The Economy Class on these aircraft features a 9-inchLCD touch-screen, while the Business Class features a 9-inch, 11-inch, and 15-inch touch-screen LCD in Garuda's Boeing 737-800, older Airbus A330-200, and all remaining Airbus A330 series and 777 aircraft respectively. In Business Class on board theAirbus A330-300 and newerA330-200 aircraft, the screens are located on the seat backs or in the armrest of bulkhead rows, while in the olderAirbus A330-200 aircraft andBoeing 737-800s, the screens are stowed in the armrest. In Economy Class, they are on the seat back.[171]
Garuda introduced a new IFE system on board four A330-300 aircraft. These come with an 11-inch touchscreen in Economy with a touchpad controller, and a 16-inch touchscreen in Business with a 4.7-inch touchscreen remote. Newspapers and magazines are provided to all passengers on board all flights.[172] Six international television channels are available on board the Boeing 777-300ER.[173]
Immigration on Board (IoB) was a special service created by Garuda Indonesia to provide more convenience for passengers travelling to Indonesia. With this service, in cooperation with theDirectorate General of Immigration, an agency under the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Garuda Indonesia passengers on certain long-haul flights could complete their immigration process on-board before landing and disembarking.
By using this service, Garuda Indonesia passengers did not have to queue at the immigration counter upon arrival atNgurah Rai International Airport inDenpasar orSoekarno–Hatta International Airport inJakarta.[174][175] The service was stopped since 2014.
A Jakarta-based 24-hour call center is available for local customer access where payment can be made by credit cards, internet/mobile banking or transfers via ATM. Recently online booking from their website is also possible with payment being made online with credit cards from select countries.
In April 2011, Garuda Indonesia announced plans to develop online sales. Garuda Indonesia had cooperated withVisa andMasterCard to develop an online credit card payment system, allowing customers to usePayPal. Debit card payments may be processed withBank Mandiri,BCA orBII.[176][177]
Garuda Frequent Flyer, Garuda Indonesia'sfrequent-flyer program was launched in September 1999.[178]In 2005, Garuda Indonesia relaunched itsGaruda Frequent Flyer (GFF) with a new look, benefits and services. The new program allows members to earn miles on domestic and international flights and has four tiers of membership covering GFF Junior, Blue, Silver, Gold, and Platinum status levels. In June 2011, Garuda Indonesia launched a joint frequent flyer program withKorean Air. Members of the Garuda Frequent Flyer (GFF) program and Korean Air's SkyPass program will benefit from the cooperation by accruing mileage for flying both Korean Air and Garuda or any Garuda–Korean Air codeshare flights.[179]
From 27 March 2014, due to joining SkyTeam, Garuda Indonesia announced that Garuda Frequent Flyer renamed as GarudaMiles.[180][181][182] In 2017, Citilink'sfrequent-flyer program, Supergreen, merged with GarudaMiles, dubbed 'Supergreen GarudaMiles',[183] before merging fully with GarudaMiles.[184] Until 21 March 2024, GarudaMiles serves as Garuda Indonesia and Citilink'sfrequent-flyer program, as Citilink reincarnates its own frequent flyer program as LinkMiles in 2021[185] and eventually became independent in 2024.[186]
As of 2025[update], besides Garuda and SkyTeam members (including suspended member Aeroflot), GarudaMiles members can earn and spend their miles with non-alliance members Emirates and Etihad Airways, Oneworld membersQatar Airways andJapan Airlines, and Star Alliance member Singapore Airlines.[187][188] GarudaMiles members previously able to earn and spend miles with India's Jet Airways before Jet's demise in 2019. They also previously able to earn miles from Alitalia flights before the carrier's demise in 2021.
The Garuda Business Lounge is open to passengers travelling in Business Class, as well as those holding a Platinum GarudaMiles card. Lounges are located atSoekarno–Hatta International Airport and throughout Indonesia, offering food and drinks, wireless internet, showers, meeting rooms and business services.[189]
Garuda Indonesia First Class Lounge is located only in Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. The lounge's facilities include reading materials, a small library, cigar room, kitchen, Prayer room (Musholla), nursery room, toilets (including ones for disabled individuals), showers, and a self-playingpiano. The lounge also provides food and beverages.
Garuda Indonesia was the official sponsor of the2011 Southeast Asian Games. Garuda Indonesia also supports the "Wonderful Indonesia" tourism campaign by placing the "Wonderful Indonesia" logo in their promotional materials as well as on the hulls of their aircraft.[190]
In July 2012, Garuda Indonesia signed a three-year sponsorship deal withPremier League clubLiverpool FC. The agreement gives Garuda Indonesia the right to be the Official Partner of Liverpool Football Club and the Official Global Airline Partner of Liverpool Football Club. In addition, a six-minute advertisement video of Garuda Indonesia will be broadcast during matches held at the Liverpool FC home ground,Anfield, for the 2012–2014 season.[191][192]
This collaboration with Liverpool will give Garuda Indonesia media exposure to increase brand awareness in the international market more effectively with more maximal benefits, given the brand Garuda Indonesia will get a higher frequency of delivery with a longer broadcast duration. In 2013, Liverpool toured Asia with one of the countries the goal was Indonesia. Through the tour visit, it is expected that this visit will improve the quality of football matches in Indonesia.[191]
To support the visit target of 20 million tourists in 2019, Garuda Indonesia will increase the number of aircraft fleets that have been installed with the 'Wonderful Indonesia' logo on their aircraft starting this year. Business Director of Garuda Indonesia, Handayani at the Tourism Ministry's End-of-Year Press Conference at Sapta Pesona Building, Ministry of Tourism Office of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta said, in February 2016 there will be at least five additional Garuda Indonesia aircraft that have the Wonderful Indonesia logo as a form of cooperation between Garuda Indonesia and the Ministry of Tourism. "Hopefully it can support Indonesia's tourism," said Handayani. Also, Garuda Indonesia will provide tourism support in the form of developing flight routes by strengthening flight routes that are superior in the tourism sector, such as Labuan Bajo, Lombok, and Wakatobi.[193]
For most of modern Indonesian history, Garuda Indonesia has dominated the Indonesian air travel market share. However, starting in 2000,Lion Air started to grow and become a serious rival in domestic air travel in Indonesia. By the time the COVID-19 pandemic was still underway in mid 2021, Lion Air still held the majority of Indonesia's domestic air travel market share by 29.7%, while Garuda Indonesia came in fourth with a 10.5% share.Citilink came in second with a market share of 22.6%, followed by Lion's full-service subsidiaryBatik (8.9%). Lion Air's regional flight service Wings Air holds a 7.9% share.Indonesia AirAsia, a unit of the Malaysian budget airline, had a 1.9% market share.[194]
Overall, the Indonesian domestic air travel business is overwhelmingly ruled by two groups; Lion Air group and Garuda Indonesia group. In 2021, Lion Air group accounted for 59.4% of the market share, while Garuda Indonesia group had a 33.1% market share.[195]
For international routes, Garuda Indonesia has identified four airlines that became the benchmark to improve their service and to compete to be the world's best airline. The serious rivals for Garuda Indonesia's international routes areSingapore Airlines,Qatar Airways,Emirates andCathay Pacific.[196]
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