TheGardner–Salinasbraille codes are a proposed method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly usingbraille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly calledGS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form calledGS6.^[1]

The codes were developed as a replacement forNemeth Braille byJohn A. Gardner, a physicist atOregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. However, 15 years later Nemeth code was still the standard, with no further change as of 2024^[update].^[2]

The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readablemarkup language. The syntax is based on theLaTeX system for scientific typesetting.^{[citation needed]}

The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2English Braille.^[1]

Symbol	0?	0?	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Braille

Apart from 0, this is the same as theAntoine notation used inFrench andLuxembourgish Braille.Sources disagree on 0. Both claimed forms are presented above. The second is the ISO form. Note however that ISO is concerned only with a one-to-one assignment between 8-dot braille andASCII, and so has no particular connection to Gardner–Salinas braille.

GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added.

Symbol	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M
Braille
Symbol	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Braille

CompareLuxembourgish Braille.

Dot 8 is added to the letter forms ofInternational Greek Braille to derive Greek letters:

Symbol	α	β	γ	δ	ε	ζ	η	θ	ι	κ	λ	μ
Braille
Symbol	ν	ξ	ο	π	ρ	σ	τ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω
Braille
Symbol	Γ	Δ	Θ	Λ	Ξ	Π	Σ	Υ	Φ	Ψ	Ω
Braille

Symbol	Parentheses		Brackets		single quote
	open	close	open	close	open	close	?
Braille

The single quotation marks are the ASCII back tick` and apostrophe'.

Symbol	"	$	&	@	\	^	_	`	{	}	~
Braille
Symbol	#	%	*	+	/	<	=	>	×	·	÷
Braille

Symbol	•	©	†	‡	£
Braille

Symbol	≈	≅	≡	∝	|x| (abs. value)	∞	∫	line ∫	closed ∫
Braille					...

Symbol	〈	〉	∇	∂	...	→	←	○	ℵ	∈	⇌
Braille

Symbol	Superscript	Subscript	Left-superscript	Left-subscript	Begin fraction	Denominator	End fraction	Over *
Braille

* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator.

Symbol	√	complex radicand *		displayed equation **		math expressions **		hyperlink **
		Open	Close	Open	Close	Open	Close	Open	Close
Braille

* Used for any > 1 digit radicand.

** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.

Symbol	Array
	Begin	End	End element	End line	vert. stack	horiz. combo	superposition
Braille

Symbol	Misc. Symbol *				Modifiers
	Begin	End	Quantity	Markup indicator	Inverted	Stroke/Not	Variant	Large
Braille

Symbol	Script	Bold	Italic	Underline	Definable font 1	Fractur	Roman	Underline
Braille

The difference between the two underline markers is not explained.

Symbol	⊥	∥	∠	Open Square	⊿
Braille

Symbol	∪	∩	⊂	⊃
Braille

• Blind physicist creates better Braille — aCNN news item, November 9, 1995
• The world of blind mathematicians — article inNotices of theAMS, November 2002

• Braille symbols
• 8-dot braille scripts
• Mathematical notation

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024
• All articles containing potentially dated statements
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014