 Gardiners Island in 2007 | |
 Interactive map of Gardiners Island | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Gardiners Bay |
| Total islands | 2 |
| Area | 5.184 sq mi (13.43 km2) |
| Administration | |
United States | |
| State | New York |
| County | Suffolk County |
Gardiner's Island is a smallisland in the Town ofEast Hampton,New York, in EasternSuffolk County. It is located inGardiner's Bay between the twopeninsulas at the east end ofLong Island. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) long, 3 miles (4.8 km) wide and has 27 miles (43 km) of coastline.
The island has been owned by the Gardiner family and their descendants since 1639 whenLion Gardiner purchased it from theMontaukett chiefWyandanch.[1] At 5.19 square miles (13.4 km2), it is one of the largest privately owned islands in the United States, though slightly smaller thanNaushon Island in Massachusetts, owned by theForbes family.[2][a]
The island is 5.19 square miles (13.4 km2) in size.[4] Its 3,318 acres include more than 1,000 acres (400 ha) ofold growth forest and another 1,000 acres (405 ha) of meadows. Many of the buildings date back to the 17th century. In 1989, the island was said to be worth $125 million.[5]
The island has the largest stand ofwhite oak in the American Northeast. Other trees includeswamp maple,wild cherry andbirch. The island is home toNew York state's largest colony ofospreys and is one of the few locations in the world where they build their nests on the ground, as the birds have no natural predators on the island.
_(cropped).jpg)
In addition to the family mansion and theGardiners Island Windmill, structures on the island include a private airstrip on the south side and a carpenter's shed said to have been built in 1639.
The shed's claim to being the oldest surviving wood-frame structure in New York state is disputed by some. No primary sources authenticating its construction have been produced, only a description byRobert David Lion Gardiner in a 1976 documentary about the island.[6][7] An earlier source that describes the settlement and early life on the island makes no mention of the shed.[8]
The island was settled byLion Gardiner in 1639, who moved there with his family from theConnecticut Colony. He reportedly purchased the island from the localMontaukett people for "a large black dog, somepowder andshot, and a few Dutch blankets."[8] The Indians called the islandManchonake, while Gardiner initially called itIsle of Wight, because it reminded him of theIsle of Wight in England.[9] The Montauketts gave Gardiner the title, at least in part because of his support for them in thePequot War.
The island was not part of the Connecticut Colony or theColony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations of the British, nor was it a part of the Dutch colony ofNew Netherlands. It evidently fell under the jurisdiction ofEarl of Stirling, William Alexander, who had been givenLong Island by the King of England in 1636 and required Gardiner to gain his approval of the land grant through his agent James Farrett. It has been privately owned by Gardiner's descendants for 387 years.
Theroyal patent of 1639 gave Gardiner the "right to possess the land forever", with the island being declared aproprietary colony[citation needed] Gardiner was given the title ofLord of the Manor and the attenuating privileges of governorship.
On October 5, 1665, after the British had taken over New Netherlands and established theProvince of New York, and it had been established that Long Island would not be part of the Connecticut Colony,Richard Nicolls, the first Governor of the Province, issued a new patent to Lion Gardiner's son David.
In 1688, whenGovernor Thomas Dongan granted a patent formally establishing theEast Hampton municipal government, there was an attempt to annex the island, which the Gardiners successfully resisted.[10] Gardiner's Island would remain independent of outside municipal jurisdiction until after theAmerican Revolution, when it was formally annexed to East Hampton.
Gardiner established aplantation on the island, raising corn, wheat, fruit, tobacco, and livestock.
PrivateerWilliam Kidd stopped at the island in June 1699 while sailing to Boston to answer charges ofpiracy. With the permission of the island's proprietor, he buried a chest, a box of gold, and two boxes of silver in a ravine between Bostwick's Point and the Manor House. Indicating to Mrs. Gardiner that the box of gold was intended for the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony,Lord Bellomont, Kidd gave Mrs. Gardiner a length ofgold cloth,[11] captured from a Moorish ship off the coast of India,[b] and a sack of sugar in thanks for her hospitality.
A legend developed that Kidd warned that if the treasure was not there when he returned he would kill the Gardiners, though trial testimony given by John Gardiner on July 17, 1699, makes no mention of any threats, and Kidd's conduct appears to have been quite civil.[13] Kidd was tried in Boston, and Gardiner was ordered by Governor Bellomont to deliver the treasure as evidence. The booty included gold dust, bars of silver,Spanish dollars, rubies, diamonds, candlesticks, andporringers. Gardiner kept one of the diamonds which he later gave to his daughter. A plaque on the island marks the spot where the treasure was buried.[14][15][16]
The Gardiners sided with the colonists during theAmerican Revolution. A fleet of thirteen British ships sailed into the island's Cherry Harbor and began foraging and pillaging its manor house at will; they were planning to turn it into a private hunting preserve. Among the British interlopers wereHenry Clinton andJohn André. At one point, Major André and Gardiner's son Nathaniel Gardiner exchanged toasts on the island. Nathaniel Gardiner was a surgeon for theNew Hampshire Continental Infantry. He was the American surgeon who later attended to André before he was executed for spying withBenedict Arnold.[17]
Following the revolution, the island was formally brought under East Hampton town jurisdiction.
During theWar of 1812, a British fleet of seven ships of the line and several smaller frigates anchored in Cherry Harbor and conducted raids on American shipping throughLong Island Sound. Crews would come ashore for provisions, which were purchased at market prices. During one of the British excursions, Americans captured some of the crew. The British came to arrest then owner John Lyon Gardiner, who, being a delicate man, adopted the "green room defense", where he stayed in a bed with green curtains surrounded by medicine to make him look feeble.[11] The British, not wanting a sick man on board, let him be.[17]
The British were to bury several personnel on the island during the course of the war. Some of the British fleet thatburned Washington assembled in the harbor in 1814.[18]
Gardiner's supply boats were manned by slaves during the war, and this made it easier for them to pass through British lines.[how?] After the State of New York abolished slavery in 1827, many of the freed Gardiner slaves went to live inFreetown, just north ofEast Hampton village.[17]
Julia Gardiner, who was to become PresidentJohn Tyler's second wife andFirst Lady in 1844, was born on the island in 1820.[11]
Gardiners Point Island is an tiny islet inBlock Island Sound that is the former location of both theGardiners Island Lighthouse andFort Tyler. Once a peninsula of Gardiner's Island, it is the location of a 14 acres (5.7 ha) parcel the federal government purchased from the Gardiners in 1851 for $400. Work on the lighthouse began in 1854, with the lighthouse being first lit in 1855 following a $7,000 construction expenditure. It was a 27-foot (8.2 m) square 1½ story brick building with a sixth orderFresnel Lens producing a fixed white light located 33 feet (10 m) above sea level.
A March 1888nor'easter caused a break in the peninsula, permanently turning the point into an island (but leaving it under the jurisdiction of East Hampton). Between 1890 and 1893 the island was shrinking at the rate of10+3⁄4 feet (3.3 m) per year. On March 7, 1894, the lighthouse was abandoned and shortly afterward fell into the ocean. A lighted buoy was then moored ¼ miles northeast of the lighthouse.
During theSpanish–American War, theWar Department appropriated $500,000 to build theFort Tyler battery on the island. One source states it was named in General Order 194 of 27 December 1904 forDaniel Tyler, a general and Civil War veteran who died in 1882.[19][better source needed] Another claim is that it was named for former PresidentJohn Tyler (1841–1845), who marriedJulia Gardiner Tyler, born on Gardiners Island.[citation needed]
The fort was intended to consist of Battery Edmund Smith, with emplacements for two8-inch M1888disappearing guns and two5-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts.[20][21] Records indicate that it was never armed.[19] The shifting sands caused problems for the fort and it was abandoned in the late 1920s.
In 1938, Gardiners Point Island was declared aNational Wildlife Refuge byFranklin D. Roosevelt and transferred to the Agriculture Department.[citation needed] DuringWorld War II, the former Fort Tyler was used fortarget practice and was reduced to its present state of ruin. The state of New York briefly considered turning it into a park, but it is deemed a navigational hazard because of the possibilities of unexploded ordnance. It is privately owned now.[citation needed]
A manor house built by David Gardiner in 1774 burned to the ground in 1947, it is thought after a guest fell asleep while smoking. Valuable antiques were destroyed, with the caretaker escaping by jumping from a window. Owing to the high cost of upkeep, the island was put up for sale in 1937. It was bought by a multimillionaire relative, Sarah Diodati Gardiner, for $400,000. She erected a new 28-room manor house in the Georgian style. She died in 1953, unmarried, at age 90. Upon her death in 1953, the island passed in trust to her nephewRobert David Lion Gardiner and nieceAlexandra Gardiner Creel (brother and sister).[5]
From 1955 until 1963,Sperry Rand leased the island for top echelon meetings.[22]
Robert David Lion Gardiner and Alexandra Gardiner Creel occupied the island at the expiration of Sperry Rand's lease in 1963. Gardiner inherited three Gardiner fortunes: from his father, his uncle and his Aunt Sarah.[11]
The island was designated as aNational Natural Landmark (NNL) in April 1967 by theNational Park Service, in recognition of its waterfowl and shorebird habitat, and its role as a breeding ground forosprey.[23]
Sarah Diodati Gardiner had also set aside a trust fund for upkeep of the island, but it was exhausted by the 1970s. When Alexandra Gardiner Creel died, her rights passed to her daughter, Alexandra Creel Goelet. Robert David Lion Gardiner and Goelet were to have a highly publicized dispute over ownership and direction of the island.
Robert accused Alexandra of wanting to sell and develop the island. She accused him of not paying his share of the estimated $2 million per year upkeep and taxes of the island. Robert said he would not oppose ownership by the government or a private conservancy group.[5] The case went to court in 1980 and Robert was initially barred from visiting the island, but in 1992, courts ruled that he could visit the island (although the Goelets and Gardiner were not on the island at the same time).
Robert Gardiner, who claimed the notional title "16th Lord of the Manor of Gardiner's Island" and lived inEast Hampton, married in 1961 but had no children, leaving him with no direct heir. In 1989, Gardiner attempted unsuccessfully to adopt a middle-aged Mississippi businessman, George Gardiner Green Jr., as his son.[5] Green was a descendant of Lion Gardiner. Upon Robert's death in 2004, total ownership passed to Goelet. Shortly before his death he said:
We have always married into wealth. We've covered all our bets. We were on both sides of the Revolution, and both sides of the Civil War. The Gardiner family always came out on top.[5]
In 2005, the Goelets offered to place aconservation easement on the island in exchange for a promise from the Town of East Hampton not to rezone the land, change its assessment or attempt to acquire it by condemnation. The Goelets and East Hampton agreed upon the easement through 2025.[24]
Gardiners Island's NNL status was removed in July 2006, following a request from the island's owner, Alexandra Creel Goelet.[25]
Robert David Lion Gardiner, the last heir to bear the name of the family that has owned Gardiner's Island ... Mr. Gardiner called himselfthe 16th Lord of the Manor
41°05′48″N72°06′15″W / 41.09667°N 72.10417°W /41.09667; -72.10417
