Gaofen Weixing

高分 Gāo Fēn
Program overview
Country	China
Status	Active
Program history
First flight	26 April 2013
Last flight	15 October 2024
Successes	34
Failures	1
Launch sites	TSLC JSLC XSLC
Vehicle information
Launch vehicles	Long March 2D Long March 3B Long March 4B Long March 4C Kuaizhou-1A Long March 11H

Gaofen (Chinese:高分;pinyin:Gāofēn;lit. 'high resolution') is a series of Chinesehigh-resolutionEarth imaging satellites launched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program.^[1][2] CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilianEarth-observation program used foragricultural,disaster,resource, andenvironmental monitoring. Proposed in 2006 and approved in 2010, the CHEOS program consists of the Gaofen series of space-basedsatellites,near-space and airborne systems such asairships andUAVs, ground systems that conduct data receipt, processing, calibration, and taskings, and a system of applications that fuse observation data with other sources to produce usable information and knowledge.^[2][3]

Although the first seven Gaofen satellites and their payloads have been heavily detailed, little to no details on Gaofen 8 and later satellites have been revealed prompting suggestions that Gaofen satellites may be dual purpose supporting both civilian and military missions.^{[2][4][5][6][7]}

In 2003, theChina National Space Administration (CNSA) agreed withRoscosmos to share Gaofen data for data from Russia's Earth observation satellites of similar capability. This agreement was expanded in August 2021 when leaders fromBRICSspace agencies agreed to share space-basedremote sensing data.^[8]

Gaofen-5 has been lauded as the "flagship of the environment and atmosphere observation satellite in the CHEOS program". Launched on 8 May 2018 fromTaiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC) intoSun-synchronous orbit, Gaofen-5 carries sixpayloads: an AdvancedHyperspectral Imagery sensor (AHSI), AtmosphericInfraredUltraspectral Sensor (AIUS), DirectionalPolarization Camera (DPC), Environment Monitoring Instrument (EMI),Greenhouse-gases Monitoring Instrument (GMI), andVisual and InfraredMultispectral Sensor (VIMS).^[2][9]

The Advanced Hyperspectral Imagery (AHSI) sensor payload aboard Gaofen-5 claims to be the first space-based hyperspectral imaging sensor utilizing both convex grating spectrophotometry and a three concentric-mirror (Offner) configuration.^[10] The AHSI uses spectrophotometry to measure the lightspectra reflected, transmitted, or emitted by an imaged object to detect or identify objects on the ground.^[10] In civilian applications, the AHSI allows analysts to conductenvironmental monitoring andresource discovery while in a military application would allow analysts to detect and identify an adversary's equipment or spot non-multi-spectral camouflage.^[10][11][12] AHSI has a 30 meterspatial resolution and 5 nanometerspectral resolution in the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR)wavelength ranges.^[12]

The Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sensor (AIUS) payload aboard Gaofen-5 is China's firsthyperspectraloccultationspectrometer meaning it measures the spectra of imagedatmospheric particles between the sensor and the Sun.^[13][14] AIUS allows scientists to monitoratmospheric circulation by tracingH
₂O (water vapor), temperature, pressure, and various carbon and halogen-containing gas pollutants such aschlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),dinitrogen pentoxide, andchlorine nitrate.^[14][15] AMichelson interferometer, AIUS images wavelengths between 2.4 and 13.3micrometers (near to mid-waveinfrared) at a 0.3centimeter resolution and a ±10°field of view.^[14]

Gaofen-5's Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) is China's first space-based multi-angle polarimetric camera.^[9] Prior to GF-5's launch, in September 2016, China had experimented with polarimetric imaging in 2016 aboard theTiangong-2 space laboratory and launched its Cloud and Aerosol Polarimetric Imager (CAPI) aboardTanSat in December of that year.^[9][16] CAPI imaged clouds within 670 and 1640nanometer channels but was restricted to fixed-angle imaging. The DPC aboard Gaofen-5 enablesatmosphericspectroscopy in three polarized bands (90, 670, and 865 nm; polarized at 0°, 60°, and 120°) and five non-polarized bands (443, 565, 763, 765, and 910 nm), all wavelengths fromgreen tonear-infrared (NIR). A step motor rotates the 512 × 512 pixelcharge-coupled device (CCD) imager ±50° providing a 1,850 km swath ofimagery at 3.3 km resolution.^[9][17]

Since the program's start in 2013, the People's Republic of China has launched 32 Gaofen-series satellites with only one launch failure.Jilin-1 satellites described as 'Gaofen' are not part of the government's Gaofen series, rather are described as having high resolution (Chinese:高分;pinyin:Gāofēn).^[18]

• Yaogan
• Jilin-1
• Shijian
• China Siwei
• Fengyun

• Earth observation satellites of China
• Satellite series
• Spacecraft launched by Long March rockets

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