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Ganden Phodrang དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང 甘丹頗章 | |
|---|---|
| 1642–1959 | |
| Status | Protectorate of theKhoshut Khanate (1642–1717) Protectorate of theDzungar Khanate (1717–1720) Protectorate of theQing dynasty (1720–1912) Protectorate of thePeople's Republic of China (1951–1959) |
| Capital | Lhasa |
| Common languages | Tibetan |
| Religion | Tibetan Buddhism |
| Government | Lugs gnyis |
| Dalai Lama | |
• 1642–1682 | 5th Dalai Lama (first) |
• 1950–1959 | 14th Dalai Lama (last) |
| History | |
• Established | 1642 |
• Disestablished | 1959 |
| Currency | Tibetan currency |
Part ofa series on the |
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| History ofTibet |
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| See also |
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TheGanden Phodrang orGanden Podrang (Tibetan:དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང,Wylie:dGa' ldan pho brang,Lhasa dialect:[ˈkɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ˈpʰóʈɑ̀ŋ];Chinese:甘丹頗章;pinyin:Gāndān Pōzhāng) was theTibetan system of government established by the5th Dalai Lama in 1642, when theOirat lordGüshi Khan who founded theKhoshut Khanate conferred all spiritual and political power in Tibet to him in a ceremony inShigatse.[1] During the ceremony, the Dalai Lama "made a proclamation declaring that Lhasa would be the capital of Tibet and the government of would be known as Gaden Phodrang" which eventually became the seat of the Gelug school's leadership authority.[2][failed verification] The Dalai Lama chose the name of his monastic residence atDrepung Monastery for the new Tibetan government's name:Ganden (དགའ་ལྡན), the Tibetan name forTushita heaven, which, according to Buddhist cosmology, is where the future BuddhaMaitreya resides; andPhodrang (ཕོ་བྲང), a palace, hall, or dwelling.Lhasa's Red Fort again became the capitol building of Tibet, and the Ganden Phodrang operated there and adjacent to thePotala Palace until 1959.
During the 17th century, the Dalai Lama established thepriest and patron relationship with China'sQing emperors, a few decades before theChinese expedition to Tibet (1720).[3][4][5] Meanwhile, the Qing became increasingly active ingoverning Tibet with the establishment of imperial resident (Amban) and Chinese garrison stationed in Lhasa since the early 18th century and took advantage of crisis situations in Tibet to intervene in Tibetan affairs each time,[6] although this also caused some dissatisfaction and uprisings within Tibet,[7] such as theBatang uprising in 1905. A governing council known as theKashag also operated in the Ganden Phodrang administration. During theBritish expedition to Tibet (1904) and theChinese expedition to Tibet (1910) before the1911 Revolution which led to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the Ganden Phodrang continued to govern Tibet under the Qing protectorate.[8] After theChinese Civil War which led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the subsequent signing of the Sino-TibetanSeventeen Point Agreement in 1951, theannexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China began, although the Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet and declared the revocation of the agreement following the1959 Tibetan uprising.
"Ganden Phodrang" originally referred to the residential quarters of theDalai Lama lineage atDrepung Monastery since the2nd Dalai Lama. When the 5th Dalai Lama came to power and the expansion of thePotala Palace began, the Dalai Lama moved away from the actual quarters Ganden Phodrang and stayed at the Potala in the winter andNorbulingka in the summer. According to some, the Ganden Phodrang is represented by theCentral Tibetan Administration or Dalai Lama's government-in-exile inDharamshala,India after 1959. However, this is "Ganden Phodrang" in a different sense, the personal service orlabrang of the Dalai Lama.
Altan Khan of theTümed Mongols chose theGelug order ofTibetan Buddhism as hisBuddhist faith. In 1577 he invited the leader of this order,Sonam Gyatso, to come to Mongolia and teach his people. He designated Sonam Gyatso as "Dalai" (a translation into Mongolian of the name Gyatso, meaning "ocean"). As a result, Sonam Gyatso became known as theDalai Lama. Since this title was also posthumously given toGendun Drup andGendun Gyatso, who were considered Sonam Gyatso's previous incarnations, Sonam Gyatso was recognized as being already the 3rd Dalai Lama.
The5th Dalai Lama (r. 1642–1682) is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rivalKagyu andJonang sects and the secular ruler, theTsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan, theOirat leader who established theKhoshut Khanate. With Güshi Khan as a completely uninvolved patron, who had conferred supreme authority on the Dalai Lama for the whole of Tibet at a ceremony atTashilhunpo Monastery inShigatse,[9] the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as theLhasa state. All power and authority lay in the hands of the Dalai Lama right up to his death and Güshi Khan did not interfere in the administration nor tried to control its policies.[10] The core leadership of this government is also referred to as the "Ganden Phodrang" or "Ganden Podrang", derived from the name of the estate of the Dalai Lamas atDrepung Monastery.
The 5th Dalai Lama initiated the construction of thePotala Palace inLhasa on the site of the Red Fort, and moved the centre of government there fromDrepung. It remained the chief residence of theDalai Lama until the14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the1959 Tibetan uprising.
From 1679 to 1684, the Ganden Phodrang fought in theTibet–Ladakh–Mughal War against theNamgyal dynasty of neighboringLadakh, with the 5th Dalai Lama overruling the advice of his Prime Minister.[11]: 349 The 5th Dalai Lama died in 1682 and the subsequent Prime Minister,Desi Sangye Gyatso,[11]: 342 : 351 agreed on the 1684Treaty of Tingmosgang with the KingDelek Namgyal of Ladakh to end the war.[11]: 351–353 [12]: 171–172 The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang no longer survives, but its contents are summarized in theLadakh Chronicles.[13]: 37 : 38 : 40
TheDzungar–Qing Wars (1687–1757) between theDzungar Khanate and Qing China had a major impact for Tibet. While the military landscape ofInner Asia in the late 17th century was dominated by the conflict between the Dzungars and the Qing, the Ganden Phodrang regime was also involved in the war because of its religious role, which was sometimes disingenuous.[14] In 1705, the Qing conspired with a Dzungar faction to kidnap the6th Dalai Lama, after the murder of his regent and government official. Due to these actions, Tibet's relationship with the Mongols declined in popularity.[14]
In 1717, the last khan of the Khoshut Khanate,Lha-bzang Khan, was killed by the MongolDzungar Khanate forces invading Lhasa. The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by theexpedition forces of theQing dynasty from Tibet in 1720, thus beginning the period ofQing rule of Tibet. Tibet was a protectorate of the Qing while remaining apriest and patron relationship. The Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control over Tibet while granting it a degree of political autonomy.[15]
TheKashag, the governing council of Tibet that lasted in Lhasa until the 1950s, was created in 1721 by the Qing. The council was to govern Tibet under the close supervision of the Chinese garrison commander stationed in Lhasa, who quite often interfered with the decisions of the Kashag, especially when Chinese interests were involved.[16]
Soon after 1727 the skilful and politically astute TibetanleaderPholhane reorganized the administration and army with Qing's support.[14] After the death of Pholhane in 1747, his sonGyurme Namgyal moved to end the cooperation with Qing China by trying to expel the last of their troops from Lhasa, whose numbers varied over the decades. He was murdered by two Qing China ambassadors (ambans) in 1750, both of whom were killed by Gyurme Namgyal's army during thesubsequent riot in Lhasa.[14] After the riot,Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty sent an army to Tibet and reorganized the Tibetan government in 1751, including the Kashag which was further set by the Qing.
In 1788, problematic relations with Nepal led to wars with Nepal. Tibetans requested Qing intervention, which resulted in theSino-Nepalese War. After the war, Nepal also agreed to accept thesuzerainty of the Chinese emperor. Qing also issued the "Twenty-Nine Article Imperial Ordinance of 1793", which was designed to enhance the ambans' status, and ordered them to control border inspections, and serve as conduits through which the Dalai Lama and his cabinet were to communicate with the Qing emperors. TheGolden Urn system was also instituted in this degree, although the system was not always used (in such cases theamban was consulted).
By the mid-19th century, Chinese hegemony over Tibet became weaker. In 1841-1842, the Tibetan army defeated the Sikh Empire'sDogra forces in theDogra–Tibetan War, leading to a treaty agreeing onstatus quo ante. In thethird Nepalese war (1855–1856) Tibet was defeated by the Nepal, but the resultingTreaty of Thapathali included provisions for mutual aid against aggressors.[17]
The first Europeans to arrive in Tibet were the Portuguese missionariesAntónio de Andrade and Manuel Marques in 1624. They were welcomed by the King and Queen ofGuge, and were allowed to build a church and to introduce the Christian faith. The king of Guge eagerly acceptedChristianity as an offsetting religious influence to dilute the thrivingGelugpa and to counterbalance his potential rivals and consolidate his position. All missionaries were expelled in 1745.[18][19][20][full citation needed]
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, which endedQing rule over Tibet, the13th Dalai Lama declared himself ruler of anindependent Tibet. It was considered by theRepublic of China as a part of the new republic, which gave Tibet the status of an "Area".[clarification needed] With its proclamation of independence and conduct of its own internal and external affairs in this era, Tibet is regarded as a "de facto independent state" during this period.
This would last until 1951, when Tibet wasannexed by the People's Republic of China. TheKashag state structure remained in place for a few years but was formally dissolved in 1959 after the1959 Tibetan uprising. TheTibet Autonomous Region was established by China in 1965 out of a part of theTibetan ethno-cultural area. TheCentral Tibetan Administration was established by the14th Dalai Lama and based inMcLeod GanjIndia since 1959.
The Manchu, or Qing, Empire became Tibet's overlord in 1720 when it installed the Seventh Dalai Lama, but this relationship was not rigorously defined and the Manchu made no move to absorb Tibet as a province.
[...] assistance by Nepal to Tibet, whether under the Nepalese-Tibetan treaty of 1856 or not [...].
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