 | This article includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Gandaki River Narayani | |
|---|---|
 .jpg)  From top: Narayani River inChitwan, Gandak River inHajipur, Gandak River inNepal, Anoma River inBuddhist Era | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | Nepal,India |
| Cities | Lo Manthang,Jomsom,Beni,Baglung,Kusma,Pokhara,Gorkha,Ridi,Devghat,Narayangarh,Valmikinagar,Triveni, Nepal,Hajipur,Sonpur,Muzaffarpur,Bagaha |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Nhubine Himal Glacier |
| • location | Mustang District, Nepal |
| • coordinates | 25°39′9″N85°11′4″E / 25.65250°N 85.18444°E /25.65250; 85.18444 |
| • elevation | 6,268 m (20,564 ft) |
| Mouth | Ganges |
• location | Sonpur, India |
• coordinates | 25°39′9″N85°11′4″E / 25.65250°N 85.18444°E /25.65250; 85.18444 |
• elevation | 44 m (144 ft) |
| Length | 814 km (506 mi) |
| Basin size | 46,300 km2 (17,900 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 2,025 m3/s (71,500 cu ft/s) |
| • minimum | 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 30,000 m3/s (1,100,000 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Trishuli |
| • right | Kali Gandaki |
TheGandaki River, also known as theNarayani andGandak, is one of the major rivers inNepal and a left-bank tributary of theGanges inIndia. Its total catchment area is 46,300 km2 (17,900 sq mi), most of it in Nepal. In the NepalHimalayas, the Gandaki is notable for its deepcanyon. The basin also contains three mountains over 8,000 m (26,000 ft), namelyDhaulagiri,Manaslu andAnnapurna Massif. Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin. In its upper reaches, the river is known asKali Gandaki (or Gandaki) as it flows through theMustang District and the famousKali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal. When the river reaches the Terai plains of Nepal, it is referred to as theNarayani River. This name change typically occurs near the confluence with theTrishuli River atDevghat inChitwan. Upon entering India, the river is known as theGandak River.
The Kali Gandakiriver source is at the border withTibet at an elevation of 6,268 m (20,564 ft) at the Nhubine Himal Glacier in theMustang region of Nepal.[1][2]
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The headwaters stream on some maps is named the Chhuama Khola and then, nearingLo Manthang, the Nhichung Khola or Choro Khola. The Kali Gandaki then flows southwest (with the name ofMustang Khola on old, outdated maps) through a sheer-sided, deep canyon before widening at the steel footbridge at Chele, where part of its flow funnels through a rock tunnel, and from this point the now wide river is called the Kali Gandaki on all maps. InKagbeni a major tributary named Johng Khola, Kak Khola or Krishnaa descends fromMuktinath.
The river then flows southward through a steep gorge known as theKali Gandaki Gorge, orAndha Galchi, between the mountainsDhaulagiri, elevation 8,167 m (26,795 ft) to the west andAnnapurna, elevation 8,091 m (26,545 ft) to the east. If one measures the depth of a canyon by the difference between the river height and the heights of the highest peaks on either side, this gorge is the world's second deepest after theYarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (ca. 6000 m). The portion of the river directly between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna I, 7 km (4.3 mi) downstream fromTukuche), is at an elevation of 2,520 m (8,270 ft), which is 5,571 m (18,278 ft) lower than Annapurna I. The river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forces the mountains higher, the river has cut through the uplift.South of the gorge, the river is joined byRahughat Khola at Galeshwor, Myagdi Khola atBeni, Modi Khola nearKushma and Badigaad at Rudrabeni above Ridi Bazaar. The river then turns east to run along the northern edge of theMahabharat Range. One of the largesthydroelectricity project in Nepal is located along this stretch of the river. Turning south again and breaking through the Mahabharats, Kali Gandaki is then joined by a major tributary, theTrishuli, atDevghat, which is larger than the Kali Gandaki. Gandaki is then joined by theEast Rapti River draining theInner Terai valley known asChitwan. The Gandaki then crosses theSivalik Hills into the Terai plains of Nepal. From Devghat, the river flows southwest ofGaindakot town. The river later curves back towards the southeast as it enters India where it is called the Gandak.
Below Gaindakot the river is known as theNarayani orSapt Gandaki (Seven Gandakis), for seven tributaries rising in the Himalaya or further north along the mainGanges-Brahmaputra divide. These are the Kali Gandaki, the Trishuli River, and the five main tributaries of the Trishuli known as the Daraudi,Seti, Madi,Marsyandi andBudhi Gandaki.
The entry point of the river at the Indo–Nepal border is also the confluence called Triveni with the riversPachnad andSonha descending fromNepal.Pandai river flows intoBihar fromNepal in the eastern end of theValmiki Sanctuary and meets Masan. TheGandak entersIndia at first inMaharajganj District ofUttar Pradesh for around 25 km (16 mi); it also passes throughKushinagar District before enteringBihar. TheGandak flows southeast 300 km (190 mi) across theGangetic plain ofBihar state throughWest Champaran,Gopalganj,East Champaran,Saran,Muzaffarpur andVaishali districts.[3]
From its exit from the outermostSiwaliks foothills to theGanga, theGandak has built an immensemegafan comprising EasternUttar Pradesh and North WesternBihar in the MiddleGangetic Plains.[4]
Glacier lakes, among the most hazardous features of high mountains, are usually formed behind dams of moraine debris left behind by retreating glaciers, a trend that is observed all over the world. Even thoughglacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events have been occurring in Nepal for many decades, the Dig Tsho glacier outburst, which took place in 1985, has triggered detailed study of this phenomenon. In 1996, the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) of Nepal reported that five lakes were potentially dangerous, namely, Dig Tsho,Imja, Lower Barun,Tsho Rolpa, and Thulagi, all lying above 4,100 m (13,500 ft). A recent study done by ICIMOD and UNEP (UNEP, 2001) reported 27 potentially dangerous lakes in Nepal. In ten of them GLOF events have occurred in the past few years and some have been regenerating after the event.[citation needed]
TheThulagi glacier, located in the Upper Marsyangdi River basin, is one out of the two moraine-dammed lakes that was identified as a potentially dangerous lake as it may outburst.[5]
The important towns in the Indian part of the Gandak river are Valmikinagar (Bhainsalotan) - location of Gandak Barrage,Bagaha,Bettiah (district headquarters & field directorate of Valmiki Tiger Project), Harinagar (Ramnagar),Hajipur (across the Ganges 10 km from Patna) and Sonepur (also Known as Harihar Kshetra), near Patna.[citation needed]
Chitwan National Park of Nepal andValmiki National Park of India are adjacent to each other in the vicinity of Valmikinagar around the Gandak Barrage.
| Chitwan National Park | |
|---|---|
 Tourists on elephants observingIndian rhinoceros | |
 Interactive map of Chitwan National Park |
Chitwan National Park covers an area of 932 square kilometres (360 sq mi). Established in 1973, it is the oldest national park of Nepal. It was granted the status of aWorld Heritage Site in 1984. It is located in Chitwan, one of theInner Terai Valleys of Nepal. The park is rich in flora and fauna, including Bengal Tigers and one of the last populations of single-hornedIndian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). The area used to be known as the Chitwan Valley. It was a place for big game hunting and until 1951 it was a hunting reserve. At the park there is canoeing, elephant rides, and guided jungle walks.
Valmiki Sanctuary covers about 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) of forest and was the 18th tiger reserve established in India.[6] It is ranked fourth in terms density of tiger population. Valmikinagar is located nearly 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Bettiah in the northernmost part of theWest Champaran district, Bihar, bordering Nepal. Valmikinagar is a small town with scattered habitation, mostly within the forest area and has a railroad station in the district of West Champaran, close to the railhead ofBagaha. It has diverse landscapes, sheltering rich wildlife habitats and floral and faunal composition with the prime protected carnivores and was included in the National Conservation Programme of the Project Tiger in the year 1994. According to a 1998 report by theZoological Survey of India, the sanctuary has 53 mammals, 145 birds, 26 reptile and 13 amphibians[7] and a Tiger Reserve.[8]
The notable species of wild fauna include: tiger, leopard, wild dog, wild boar, bison, bear, peacock, partridge, hornbill,hill mynah, woolly-necked stork, python, crocodile, deer,sambar, blue bull, barking deer, hog deer.
As per theBotanical Survey of India report of 1998 there are seven types of vegetation consisting of seven classes of forests; home to 84 species of trees (subtropical trees such assal, sagwan, bamboo, and cane), 32 shrubs and climbers and 81 herbs and grasses.
Between theDhaulagiri andAnnapurna mountain ranges, the Gandaki River flows through the village ofMuktinath and by the Ashram of Pulaha. In ancient times, the mountain range surrounding Pulaha was called Salagiris due to the vast forests ofsal trees. The stones found in this region are therefore called Saligrama – Silas. It has great significance to Hindus, particularly to Brahmins. Smarthas uses this as the replica of lord Narayana. Srivaisnavas, andMadhvacharya sects who consider the place where one can find saligrama silas in the river bed of the Gandaki River, and the Mukthinath temple as one of the 108 Divyakshetrams.[9]
Archaeologically important places around Valmikinagar areLauriya-Nandangarh and Someshwar Fort.[citation needed]In Lauria block,[10] about 1 km east of Nandan Garh, a lion pillar of Ashoka, made out of a single block of polished sandstone, measuring 35 feet (11 m) in height with a diameter of 35" at the base and 22" at the top, which is believed to be over 2,300 years old, is in an excellent condition. Its massiveness and exquisite finish furnish striking proof of the skill and resources of the masons of Ashokan age. Two more such pillars with their capitals removed have been discovered in Rampurwa village, close to Gandhi's Bhitiharawa Ashram in Gaunaha block. One of their capitals, the bull is now in the National Museum at New Delhi and the other, the lion, is at Calcutta Museum.[citation needed]
At Nandan Garh there are also Baudh (Buddha)stupas made out of bricks and about 80 feet (24 m) high which according to the authoritative source are Ashoka Stupas, in which ashes of Lord Buddha's funeral pyre are enshrined.[citation needed]
Someshwar Fort is situated in Narkatiaganj sub-division, near Nepal border, on top of Someshwar Hill at 2,884 ft (879 m) elevation. It is in a ruined state but its remains are well defined.[citation needed]
The Bhitiharawa Ashram[10] ofMahatma Gandhi near Gaunaha in the eastern end of the Valmiki reserve. It is a village in Gaunaha block in Bihar from where Gandhiji started his freedom movement that came to be known as 'Champaran Satyagraha' in India history. The village houses the hut which is called Ashram and has become a place of Gandhian pilgrimage.[citation needed]
Mustang caves are a collection of some 10,000 human-made caves dug into the sides of valleys in theMustang District ofNepal. The caves lie on the steep valley walls near the Kali Gandaki River inUpper Mustang. Several groups of archaeologists and researchers have explored these stacked caves and found partially mummified human bodies and skeletons that are at least 2,000-3,000 years old. Explorations of these caves by conservators and archaeologists have also led to the discovery of valuable religious paintings, sculptures, manuscripts and numerous artifacts belonging to the 12th to 14th century.[11]
In Nepal, Sapta Gandaki alone has a hugehydropower potential of 20,650 MW (economic exploitable potential is 5,270 MW) out of a total estimated potential of 83,290 MW (economically exploitable potential is 42,140 MW). The country has so far been able to generate only around 600 MW of hydropower[12] out of which the Gandak basin projects contribute more than 266 MW, about 44%. The hydropower projects built are the Trisuli at Nuwakot (21 MW), Devighat at Nuwakot (14 MW), Pokhra (1 MW) and Western Gandak HEP, at Nawalparasi (15 MW), Marsyangdi at Tanahu (69 MW), Kali Gandaki at Syanja (144 MW), and Syange (2 MW). Middle Marsyangdi HE Project (70 MW) at Lamjung is under final stage of construction. Several major projects are on the anvil for implementation in the near future. With Government of Nepal now according priority to private-sector participation in a multi-pronged approach, the pace of hydropower development will get accelerated.[citation needed]
A major Indian firm has entered into a share purchase and joint venture agreement with a Nepalese firm to acquire 80 per cent stake of Nepalese Company for development of the Upper Marsyangdi HEP (250MW). Achieving the economically exploitable potential need would no more be a mirage.[13]
Reportedly there are several other major projects being pursued by the Government of Nepal for private sector participation on IPP basis.[citation needed]
The Gandak Project at Valmikinagar (Bhainsaloton) intercepts water of a catchment area of 37,410 km (23,250 mi), which is mostly in Nepal and partly in India. An agreement was signed on 4 December 1959 between the governments of Nepal and of India on the Gandak Irrigation and Power Project. It encompassed the construction of a barrage, canal head regulators and other appurtenant works about 33 m (108 ft) below the existing Triveni Canal Head Regulator.[14] The agreement was modified in 1964 for the protection of Nepal's riparian rights. Basically there is an agreed share of water for ‘western canal system including a power station in Nepal and eastern canal system. As a part of this bilateral agreement, the Gandak Barrage, a part of Gandak Project, was built in 1968–69 over the Gandak river for providing irrigation to Nepal, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.[15] The irrigation potential of this project is 11,510 km2 (4,440 sq mi), spread in the district of West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj. The Eastern Gandak Canal Project was taken up in 1960 and Main Canal system was completed in 1975 for flow irrigation in Nepal for the gross commanded area estimated to be 103,500 acres (419 km2).[16]
AGandak Hydropower Station with an installed capacity of 15 MW has also been constructed and commissioned on the bypass to Eastern Gandak Canal.[17]
Flood management does not aim at total elimination or control of floods or providing total immunity from the effects of all magnitudes of floods, which is neither practicable from economic considerations nor even necessary, keeping in view other realities that are faced in the Indian context. Thus, a multi-pronged strategy ranging from modifying the floods by means of structural measures to learning to live with the floods by means of other non-structural measures is the goal of flood management. Measures for protection against extreme floods of low frequency are seldom economically feasible. The term "flood management" refers to the provision of a reasonable degree of protection against floods by measures to mitigate the recurring havoc caused by floods. This is what is being done in flood plains of Gandak River in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh which are affected by floods.[18]
Nepal has carried out studies on the feasibility of having navigational use of the Gandaki river. Studies indicate that (a) it is feasible only in the lower reaches, (b) link it with India's number 1 highway from Allahabad to Haldia, and (c) cognizance has to be taken of the adverse situation which could arise due to increased irrigation use in dry seasons which could restrict the river level for maintaining possible navigation.[citation needed]
The Gandaki river is mentioned in the ancientSanskrit epicMahabharata. Its evolution is described in Shiva Purana, Kumarakhand, in the chapter of the killing of Shankhachuda.[citation needed]A part of episode 1 of the documentary series "The Living Planet" was filmed in theKali Gandaki Gorge.[19]
| Rivers |
| |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lakes | ||||||||||||
| Glaciers | ||||||||||||
| Icefalls | ||||||||||||
| Dams, barrages | ||||||||||||
| Related topics | ||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
