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Gallia Narbonensis

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Coordinates:44°00′00″N4°00′00″E / 44.0000°N 4.0000°E /44.0000; 4.0000

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Roman Empire province from 121 BC to the 5th century AD

Province of Gallia Narbonensis

Provincia Gallia Narbonensis

Province of theRoman Empire

121 BC^[1] – 462

The province of Gallia Narbonensis within the Roman Empire in 125 AD

Capital

Narbo Martius

Area

• Coordinates

44°00′00″N4°00′00″E / 44.0000°N 4.0000°E /44.0000; 4.0000

Historical era

Antiquity

• Conquest of theAverni &Allobroges

121 BC^[1]

• Conquered by the Visigoths & Burgundians after the murder of EmperorMajorian.

462

Succeeded by

Visigothic Kingdom

Today part of

The Roman Provinces in Gaul around 58 BC; the coastline shown here is the modern one, different from the ancient coastline in some parts of the English Channel.

Gallia Narbonensis can be seen in the south of modern-day France as a Roman province.

Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul ofNarbonne", from its chief settlement)^{[n 1]} was aRoman province located in Occitania andProvence, inSouthern France. It was also known asProvincia Nostra ("Our Province"), because it was the firstRoman province north of theAlps, and asGallia Transalpina ("Transalpine Gaul"), distinguishing it fromCisalpine Gaul inNorthern Italy. It became a Roman province in the late 2nd century BC. Gallia Narbonensis was bordered by thePyrenees Mountains on the west, theCévennes to the north, theAlps on the east, and theGulf of Lion on the south; the province included the majority of theRhone catchment. The western region of Gallia Narbonensis was known asSeptimania. The province was a valuable part of theRoman Empire, owing to theGreek colony and later Roman Civitas ofMassalia, its location between the Spanish provinces and Rome, and its financial output.^[2]

Names

[edit]

The province ofGallia Transalpina ("Transalpine Gaul") was later renamedGallia Narbonensis,^[2] after its newly established capital ofColonia Narbo Martius (colloquially known as Narbo, at the location of the modernNarbonne), aRoman colony founded on the coast in 118 BC. The name Gallia Narbonensis most likely originates in the Augustan era. Its first recorded use was in acensus conducted byGnaeus Pullius Pollio.^[3] The Romans had called itProvincia Nostra ("our province") or simplyProvincia ("the province").^[4] The term has survived in the modern name ofProvence for the eastern part of the area (FrenchProvence, OccitanProvença), now aregion of France.

Founding

[edit]

The Greek colony ofMassalia was founded in approximately 600 BC, by which the Hellenisation of Celtic Gaul began.^[5] The Roman involvement in the so-called transalpine Gaul occurred in 218 BC; according toLivy, the Romans tried to establish the alliance againstCarthage in Gaul and Spain, but gained no success.^[6]Hannibal led the Carthaginian forces and routed the local Gallic tribes, crossing theRhône. Massalia had already formed an alliance with Rome,^[7] which agreed to protect the town in exchange for supplying vital information and providing the fleet as Rome needed.^[8] Rome also demanded Massalia a small strip of land in order to build a road to Hispania, to assist in troop transport.^[9] The Romans therefore landed their troops on Massalia to protect the city. After Rome held territories in Hispania, the Romans left control of the route to the city, causing praetor Lucius Baebius to be killed by theLigures while en route to Hispania in 189 BC.^[8]

During this period, the Mediterranean settlements on the coast were threatened by the powerfulGallic tribes to the north, especially the tribes known as theArverni and theAllobroges. In the First Transalpine War (125–121 BCE),^[10] the Roman generalQuintus Fabius Maximus (later additionally named Allobrogicus) campaigned in the area and defeated the Allobroges and the Arverni under kingBituitus in theBattle of the Isère River. This defeat substantially weakened the Arverni and ensured the further security of Gallia Narbonensis. The area became aRoman province in 121 BCE.^[1]

The province had come into Roman control originally under the nameGallia Transalpina (Transalpine Gaul), which distinguished it fromCisalpine Gaul on the near side of the Alps to Rome.^{[citation needed]} In this strip of land, the Romans founded the town of Narbonne in 118 BC. At the same time, they built theVia Domitia, the first Roman road in Gaul, connecting Gaul to Hispania, and theVia Aquitania, which led toward the Atlantic through Tolosa (Toulouse) and Burdigala (Bordeaux). Thus, the Romans built a crossroads that made Narbonne an optimal trading center, and Narbonne became a major trading competitor to Massalia. From Narbonne, the Romans established the province of Transalpine Gaul, later called Gallia Narbonensis.^{[citation needed]}

During theSertorian War (80–72 BCE) against the breakaway state of former Roman senator and generalSertorius, Gallia Narbonensis was an important base for military activities. This was an important event in the Romanization of Narbonese Gaul, as it resulted in the Romans organizing the province.^{[citation needed]}

Later history

[edit]

Control of the province, which bordered directly onItalia, gave the Roman state several advantages: control of the land route between Italy and theIberian Peninsula; a territorial buffer againstGallic attacks on Italy; and control of the lucrative trade routes of theRhône valley between Gaul and the markets of Massalia. It was from the capital of Narbonne thatJulius Caesar began hisGallic Wars. Caesar rebuiltNarbo and built the cities ofForum Julium andArles. Julius Caesar also granted many communities in Gallia Narbonensis citizenship.^[4] In 49 BC, the city of Massalia sided with the Pompeians during thecivil war. After the war ended, the city of Massalia lost all of its independence and was fully subject to Roman rule.^[11]

In 40 BC, during theSecond Triumvirate,Lepidus was given responsibility for Narbonese Gaul (along with Hispania and Africa), whileMark Antony was given the balance of Gaul.^[12]

After becomingEmperor,Augustus made Gallia Narbonensis asenatorial province governed by aproconsul.^[2] By the late first century BCE, the traditional hilltop village pattern in Gallia Narbonensis had largely disappeared. In its place emerged a new settlement framework, probably shaped by the relative peace and security during the early imperial period: the countryside was dotted with small farms, as defensible elevated sites were no longer essential.^[13]

EmperorDiocletian's administrative reorganization of the Empire inc. AD 314 merged the provinces Gallia Narbonensis andGallia Aquitania into a new administrative unit calledDioecesis Viennensis (Diocese of Vienne) with the capital more to the north inVienne. The new diocese's name was later changed toDioecesis Septem Provinciarum (Diocese of the Seven Provinces), indicating that Diocletian had demoted the word "province" to mean a smaller subdivision than in traditional usage.

Galla Narbonensis and surrounding areas were incorporated into theVisigothic Kingdom between AD 462 and 477, permanently ending Roman political control. After the Gothic takeover, the Visigothic dominions were to be generally known asSeptimania, while to the east of the lower Rhone the termProvence came into use.

List of proconsular governors of Gallia Narbonensis

[edit]

(This list is based on A.L.F. Rivet,Gallia Narbonensis (London: Batsford, 1988), pp. 79, 86f.)

Gnaeus Pullius Pollio—between 18 and 16 BC^[3]
Marcus Cincius Saturninus—under Augustus
Titedius Labeo—under Tiberius
Manius Vibius Balbinus—15–17 AD
Torquatus Novellus Atticus—30–34
Titus Mussidius Pollianus—34–37
Titus Vinius—under Nero
L. V[...]dius Bassus—c. 77
Gaius Iulius Cornutus Tertullus—before 78
Aulus Larcius Priscus—103–109
Marcus Acilius Priscus Egrilius Plarianus—118–120
Lucius Aninius Sextius Florentinus—c. 124
Lucius Aurelius Gallus—124–127
Lucius Novius Crispinus Martialis Saturninus—144–145
Gaius Seius Calpurnius Quadratus Sittianus—before 150
Lucius Cestius Gallus—between 165 and 183
Gnaeus Cornelius Aquilius Niger—between 138 and 192
Lucius Fabius Cilo Septiminus Catinius Acilianus Lepidus Fulcinianus—between 180 and 192
...]dius T.f.—2nd century
Lucius Ranius Optatus Novatus—between 197 and 214
Ignotus, allegedly killed for supportingGeta—c. 210
...]us—between 210 and 230
Tiberius Claudius Paulinus—216–217
Gaius Aemilius Berenicianus Maximus—between 222 and 235
Iulianus—between 222 and 235
C. Seius Calpurnius Quadratus Sittianus—middle 3rd century^[14]

Explanatory notes

[edit]

^The name is also variously expressed asNarbonese orNarbonnese Gaul,Narbonian Gaul, andNarbonensian Gaul.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]

^^a ^bMaddison, Angus (2007),Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 41,ISBN 9780191647581.
^^a ^b ^cBunson, Matthew (2014-05-14).Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Infobase Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4381-1027-1.
^^a ^bBowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996-02-08).The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-26430-3.
^^a ^bRiggsby, Andrew M. (2006-07-01).Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words. University of Texas Press.ISBN 978-0-292-71303-1.
^Rivet 1988, p. 9.
^Rivet 1988, p. 27.
^Rivet 1988, p. 17.
^^a ^bRivet 1988, p. 32.
^Rivet 1988, p. 43.
^Webster, Jane (1996). "Ethnographic barbarity: colonial discourse and 'Celtic warrior societies'.". In Cooper, Nick (ed.).Roman Imperialism: Post-Colonial Perspectives(PDF). School of Archaeological Studies, University of Leicester. pp. 117–118. Retrieved5 April 2023.
^Ebel, Charles (1976).Transalpine Gaul: The Emergence of a Roman Province. Brill Archive.ISBN 978-90-04-04384-8.
^Boatwright et al.,The Romans, From Village to Empire, p.272ISBN 978-0-19-511876-6
^Morley, Neville (2011), Bradley, Keith; Cartledge, Paul (eds.),"Slavery Under the Principate",The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World, The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 270,ISBN 978-0-521-84066-8, retrieved2025-08-26
^CIL XIV, 2831

Sources

[edit]

Bunson, Matthew (2014-05-14).Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Infobase Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4381-1027-1.
Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004).The Romans, from Village to Empire. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-511875-9.
Cleere, Henry (2001).Southern France: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Ancient society and history.Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-288006-2.
Burns, Thomas S. (2003).Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.-A.D. 400. Ancient society and history.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.ISBN 978-0-8018-7306-5.
Maddison, Angus (2007),Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History, Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-164758-1
Rivet, Albert Lionel Frederick (1988).Gallia Narbonensis: Southern France in Roman times. London: B.T. Batsford.ISBN 978-0-7134-5860-2.

v t e Provinces of the early Roman Empire(117 AD)
Achaia Aegyptus Africa proconsularis Alpes Cottiae Alpes Maritimae Alpes Graiae et Poeninae Arabia Petraea Armenia Asia Assyria Bithynia and Pontus Britannia Cappadocia Cilicia Corsica and Sardinia Crete and Cyrenaica Cyprus Dacia Dalmatia Epirus Galatia Gallia Aquitania Gallia Belgica Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Narbonensis Germania Inferior Germania Superior Hispania Baetica Hispania Lusitania Hispania Tarraconensis Italia^† Iudaea Lycia et Pamphylia Macedonia Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Tingitana Mesopotamia Moesia Inferior Moesia Superior Noricum Pannonia Inferior Pannonia Superior Raetia Sicilia Syria Thracia
^† Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status untilDiocletian's reforms.

Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces (4th–7th centuries AD)

History

As found in theNotitia Dignitatum. Provincial administration reformed anddioceses established byDiocletian,c. 293. Permanent praetorian prefectures established after the death ofConstantine I. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates ofRavenna andAfrica established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by thetheme system in c. 640–660, although inAsia Minor and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.

Western Roman Empire (395–476)

Praetorian prefecture
of Gaul

Diocese of Gaul	Alpes Poeninae et Graiae Belgica I Belgica II Germania I Germania II Lugdunensis I Lugdunensis II Lugdunensis III Lugdunensis IV Maxima Sequanorum
Diocese of Vienne¹	Alpes Maritimae Aquitanica I Aquitanica II Narbonensis I Narbonensis II Novempopulania Viennensis
Diocese of Spain	Baetica Balearica Carthaginensis Gallaecia Lusitania Mauretania Tingitana Tarraconensis
Diocese of the Britains	Britannia I Britannia II Flavia Caesariensis Maxima Caesariensis Valentia (?)

Praetorian prefecture
of Italy

Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy	Apulia et Calabria Campania Corsica Lucania et Bruttium Picenum Suburbicarium Samnium Sardinia Sicilia Tuscia et Umbria Valeria
Diocese of Annonarian Italy	Alpes Cottiae Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium Liguria etAemilia Raetia I Raetia II Venetia et Histria
Diocese of Africa²	Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana) Byzacena Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Sitifensis Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy) Tripolitania (Roman province)

Eastern Roman Empire (395–c. 640)

Praetorian prefecture
of Illyricum

Diocese of Pannonia³	Dalmatia Noricum mediterraneum Noricum ripense Pannonia I Pannonia II Savia Valeria ripensis
Diocese of Dacia	Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Dardania Moesia I Praevalitana
Diocese of Macedonia	Achaea Creta Epirus Nova Epirus Vetus Macedonia Prima Macedonia II Salutaris Thessalia

Praetorian prefecture
of the East

Diocese of Thrace⁵	Europa Haemimontus Moesia II⁴ Rhodope Scythia⁴ Thracia
Diocese of Asia⁵	Asia Caria⁴ Hellespontus Islands⁴ Lycaonia (370) Lycia Lydia Pamphylia Pisidia Phrygia Pacatiana Phrygia Salutaris
Diocese of Pontus⁵	Armenia I⁵ Armenia II⁵ Armenia Maior⁵ Armenian Satrapies⁵ Armenia III (536) Armenia IV (536) Bithynia Cappadocia I⁵ Cappadocia II⁵ Galatia I⁵ Galatia II Salutaris⁵ Helenopontus⁵ Honorias⁵ Paphlagonia⁵ Pontus Polemoniacus⁵
Diocese of the East⁵	Arabia Cilicia I Cilicia II Cyprus⁴ Euphratensis Isauria Mesopotamia Osroene Palaestina I Palaestina II Palaestina III Salutaris Phoenice I Phoenice II Libanensis Syria I Syria II Salutaris Theodorias (528)
Diocese of Egypt⁵	Aegyptus I Aegyptus II Arcadia Augustamnica I Augustamnica II Libya Superior Libya Inferior Thebais Superior Thebais Inferior

Other territories
Taurica Quaestura exercitus (536) Spania (552)

¹ Later theSeptem Provinciae
² Re-established afterreconquest by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separatePrefecture of Africa
³ Later theDiocese of Illyricum
⁴ Placed under theQuaestura exercitus in 536
⁵ Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) byJustinian I's administrative reorganization in 534–536

v t e Roman governors
Achaia Aegyptus Africa proconsularis Alpes (Alpes Cottiae,Alpes Maritimae andAlpes Poeninae) Arabia Petraea Armenia Asia Assyria Bithynia and Pontus Britannia Cappadocia Cilicia Corsica and Sardinia Crete and Cyrenaica Cyprus Dacia Dalmatia Epirus Galatia Gaul (Gallia Aquitania,Gallia Belgica,Gallia Lugdunensis andGallia Narbonensis) Germania (Germania Inferior andGermania Superior) Hispania (Hispania Baetica andHispania Tarraconensis) Judaea Lusitania Lycia et Pamphylia Macedonia Mauretania (Mauretania Caesariensis andMauretania Tingitana) Mesopotamia Moesia (Moesia Inferior andMoesia Superior) Noricum Pannonia (Pannonia Inferior andPannonia Superior) Raetia Sicilia Syria Thracia