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TheSistine Chapel ceiling, painted byMichelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is one of the most renowned artworks of theHigh Renaissance. Central to the ceiling decoration are nine scenes from theBook of Genesis the most famous of which isThe Creation of Adam, the hands ofGod andAdam being reproduced in countless imitations. The complex design includes multiple groups of individual figures, both clothed and nude, allowing Michelangelo to fully demonstrate his skill in depicting a wide variety of human poses, and has since served as an enormously influential reference for other artists.

The ceiling. Not shown are the lunettes around the windows, also painted by Michelangelo; see plan below.

Plan of the pictorial elements of the ceiling showing the division of the narrative scenes into three themes

The ceiling is an elaborate visual theology, focused on nine scenes from the Book of Genesis, such as the Creation of the World, the Fall of Man, and Noah's story. These are surrounded by a sequence of ignudi (nude youths), both decorative and symbolic, and perhaps symbolizing idealized man or angelic beings.

Flanking the center panels are alternating sibyls and prophets—individuals of both the Jewish and the Greco-Roman traditions—who were thought to have prophesied the arrival of the Messiah. The use of both religious and classical figures is a manifestation of Renaissance humanist concern for balancing Christian theology with classical philosophy. Over the windows are lunettes and spandrels illustrating the ancestors of Christ, bridging the Old Testament histories with the New Testament genealogy as recorded in the Gospel of Matthew.^[1][2]

Michelangelo painted the ceiling frescoes in the buon fresco technique, placing pigments on newly applied wet plaster, so that the color became a part of the wall surface while it dried. He created an advanced scaffold system, hung from the walls and not from the floor, so that he could paint high above the interior of the chapel. The figures, characterized by powerful muscles and dynamic movement, are a result of Michelangelo's extensive study of human anatomy, presumably due to classical sculpture and cadaver dissections he performed during his youth.^[3]

Michelangelo encountered a number of technical issues in painting the gallery images of the ceiling, specifically with the fresco medium and the shape of the chapel vault. Pigments had to be applied on freshly spread wet plaster according to the buon fresco method, which hardened quickly, requiring accurate timing and speedy execution to finish sections designated as giornate. This restriction made it necessary for Michelangelo to plan every panel's composition carefully, frequently working in small sections in order to preserve color continuity and prevent visible joints.^[4]

Moreover, the curvature of the ceiling created challenges in perspective and foreshortening. In order to make figures look proportional and natural from the chapel floor, Michelangelo used sophisticated methods of optical correction, bending forms slightly to offset visual distortion from the viewer's position below. Parts also show the artist testing scale and stance for greatest dramatic effect within the limited space.

These technical aspects are seen in the gallery photographs, in which infirmities of detail and the overlapping of painted plaster illustrate the intricate process of fresco application on an architectural vault.

In recent times, the Sistine Chapel ceiling gallery photographs have been well-documented with sophisticated photographic and digital methods. High-resolution photography, as well as ultraviolet and infrared photography, has been utilized to uncover the hidden details invisible to the human eye, including preparatory drawings under the paint as well as restoration layers from previous work.

Virtual digital mosaics and 3D modeling have enabled researchers and the public to view virtually the artwork on the ceiling, overcoming physical constraints of seeing the frescoes from the chapel floor. Such technologies enable close observation of Michelangelo's brush strokes, coloration, and composition methods while helping with conservation through tracking the condition of the frescoes with time.^[5]

Experiences such as the Vatican's Sistine Chapel Virtual Reality venture deliver immersed access to the gallery photos, allowing users across the globe to enjoy the scale and complexity of Michelangelo's work in unprecedented resolution.^[6]

Along the centre of the ceiling are nine scenes depicting the Story of Creation, the Downfall of Humanity and the Story of Noah as told in theBook of Genesis.

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  The First Day of Creation, God divides light from Darkness. This was the final narrative to be painted.
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  Detail of the figure of God, which was painted by Michelangelo in a single day and may represent Michelangelo himself, painting the ceiling
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  To the left, God creates the Earth and, to the right, God creates the Sun to light the day and the Moon to light the night.
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  God separating the waters from the heavens. (Context)
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  Separating the waters (detail)
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  The Creation of Adam shows God giving life to the first man, whileEve, the first woman, watches from beneath his cloak.
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  Detail of God fromThe Creation of Adam
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  The Creation of Eve is based on a sculpture inBologna.
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  The Downfall of Adam and Eve and their Expulsion from theGarden of Eden. Two episodes are combined in a single frame.
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  Drunkenness of Noah
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  Noah's Ark floats in the background while people struggle to escape the rising water of theGreat Flood.
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  Detail from the scene of the Great Flood
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  The sacrifice ofNoah after the Flood (in context, before restoration). This picture is thought by some to represent The sacrifices ofCain and Abel.
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  Sacrifice of Noah (post-restoration. Detail)

The Prophets of Israel and the Sibyls of the pagan world foretold the coming of theMessiah. Both have been included by Michelangelo as a sign that the Messiah (Jesus Christ) was to come not just for the Jews but also for theGentiles (non-Jewish people).

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  Daniel
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  Joel
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  Zechariah
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  Jeremiah lamenting the fall of Jerusalem
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  Ezekiel hears the word of the Lord.
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  TheprophetIsaiah
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  The prophetJonah
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  TheCumaean Sibyl
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  TheErythraean Sibyl
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  ThePersian Sibyl
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  TheDelphic Sibyl
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  TheLibyan Sibyl
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  Detail of the Delphic Sibyl

The four corner pendentives show violent episodes in which the People of Israel were rescued from enemies, or from their own sinful ways.

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  The Brazen serpent
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  Haman's punishment
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  David and Goliath
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  Judith and Holofernes

The ancestors of Jesus are listed in the Biblical books of Matthew and Luke. This is the first known large painted series, although they were often shown in stained glass. SeeTree of Jesse. Although each picture has a title, the characters cannot be positively identified.

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  Achim / Eliud
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  Aminadab
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  Asa / Jehosaphat / Joram
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  Azor / Sadoch
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  Eleazar / Mathan
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  Hezekiah / Manasseh / Amon
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  Jacob / Joseph
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  Jesse / David / Solomon
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  Josiah / Jechoniah / Sheatiel
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  Naason
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  Rehoboam / Abijah
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  Salmon / Boaz / Obed
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  Uzziah / Jotham / Ahaz
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  Zerubbabel / Abiud / Eliakim
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  Detail of the Achim lunette
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  Detail of the Asa, Jehosaphat and Joram lunette
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  Detail from the Eleazar lunette
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  Detail of the Ezechias lunette
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  Detail of the Salmon lunette

Above the windows are a series of families with young children. The children may represent particular children who are mentioned in the Bible, such asIsaac andSamuel. The composition of many of the pictures is similar to that found in depictions of theHoly Family resting on theFlight into Egypt.

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  In the Salmon spandrel a woman is making a garment while her child looks on.
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  In the Ozias spandrel a young child is attempting to breast feed from his exhausted-looking mother, who clasps a round loaf in her hand.
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  Jesse spandrel, before restoration
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  Jesse spandrel, after restoration. In this spandrel, a young woman who may represent theVirgin Mary gazes out with a prophetic expression. The details of her eyes were removed in the recent restoration.
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  The Ezechias spandrel shows a small child gazing out of the picture.

TheIgnudi that surround the narrative scenes may show the perfection of Humanity, or may representangels. They were often imitated by other artists.

• TheDrunkenness of Noah group
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• TheSacrifice of Noah group
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  Above the Erithraean Sibyl
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  To the right of "Isaiah"

• TheCreation of Eve group
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  Above the Cumean Sibyl
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• TheSeparating the Waters group
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  The great muscularity of the lower back of this figure suggests that he was a stonemason.
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• TheFirst Day of Creation group
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  Above Jeremiah. This figure is one of the most reproduced on the ceiling.
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  Above Libyan Sibyl

There are 10 shields (medallions) representing violent episodes in the history of Israel.

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  'The Death of Uriah'
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  Detail of 'The Idol of Baal'
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  'Joab sneaking up on Abner to murder him'^[7] or 'Death of Razis'^[8] or 'Suicide of Razis'^[9]

• List of works by Michelangelo
• Index of Vatican City-related articles

• Massimo Giacometti,The Sistine Chapel, a collection of essays on aspects of the chapel, its decoration and the restoration of Michelangelo's frescoes, by Carlo Pietrangeli, André Chastel, John Shearman, John O'Malley S.J., Pierluigi de Vecchi, Michael Hirst, Fabrizio Mancinelli, Gianluigi Colallucci, and Franco Bernabei. 1984, Harmony BooksISBN 0-517-56274-X
• Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König,Michelangelo, 1998, Könemann,ISBN 3-8290-0253-X
• Hirst, Michael (1994).The Sistine Chapel: A Glorious Restoration.ISBN 978-0810938403.
• Panyard, Christine M. (2013).The Sistine Chapel: a Biblical tour. Paulist Press.ISBN 978-0-8091-0593-9.
• Zöllner, Frank; Thoenes, Christof (2022).Michelangelo. Taschen.ISBN 978-3-8365-3716-2.

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