Movatterモバイル変換

Galik alphabet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Extension to the Manchu and traditional Mongolian script

Galik Ali Gali

Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Ayuush Güüsh [mn]
Period	16th century
Languages	Manchu,Mongolian,Tibetan,Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Syriac alphabet Sogdian alphabet Old Uyghur alphabet Mongolian script Manchu script Galik
Sister systems	Clear script Vagindra script
This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Twenty-One Hymns to the Rescuer Mother of Buddhas in four scripts:Tibetan,Manchu, Galik Mongolian, andChinese

TheGalik script (Standard Tibetan:ཨ་ལི་ཀ་ལི།code: bod promoted to code: bo,a li ka li,Manchu:ᠠᠯᠢ ᡬᠠᠯᠢ,Ali Kali,Mongolian:Али-гали үсэг,Ali-gali üseg) is an extension to theManchu script and traditionalMongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholarAyuush Güüsh (Mongolian:Аюуш гүүш), inspired by the thirdDalai Lama,Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters fortranscribing Tibetan andSanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also fromChinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names.^[1]

Some authors (particularly historic ones likeIsaac Taylor in hisThe Alphabet: an account of the origin and development of letters, 1883) don't distinguish between the Galik and standard Mongolian alphabets.

To ensure that most text in the script displays correctly in your browser, the text sample below should resemble its image counterpart. Additional notes on the affected characters and their desired components are provided in the tables further down. For relevant terminology, seeMongolian script § Components.

Reference image	Browser-rendered text	Romanization
	ᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ	hā

Letters

[edit]

The order of the letters corresponds to the alphabetic order of Sanskrit.^[2]^: 28

Vowels^[3]^{: 61–63, 241–243}^[2]^: 26–28^[4]^: 233^[1]^: 37
Mongolian(left) / Manchu(right) script^{[note 1]}	Devanagari script	IAST	Tibetan script	Wylie (EWTS)^{[note 2]}
ᠠ᠋a	अ	a	ཨ	a
ᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ ᢇa‑a ^{[note 3]}	आ /ा	ā	ཨཱ	A
ᠢi	इ /ि	i	ཨི	i
ᠢᠢii	ई /ी	ī	ཨཱི	I
⟨ᠦ᠋ ᡠ⟩	उ /ु	u	ཨུ	u
⟨ᠤᠦ ᡠᡠ⟩	ऊ /ू	ū	ཨཱུ	U
ᠷᠢri	ऋ /ृ	ṛ	རྀ	r-i
ᠷᠢᠢrii	ॠ /ॄ	ṝ	རཱྀ	r-I
ᠯᠢli	ऌ /ॢ	ḷ	ལྀ	l-i
ᠯᠢᠢlii	ॡ /ॣ	ḹ	ལཱྀ	l-I
ᠧ ᡝē/é	ए /े	e	ཨེ	e
ᠧᠧ ᡝᡝēē/éé	ऐ /ै	ai	ཨཻ	ai
⟨ᠣᠸᠠ ᠣ⟩	ओ /ो	o	ཨོ	o
⟨ᠣᠸᠸᠠ ᠣᠣ⟩ ^{[note 4]}	औ /ौ	au	ཨཽ	au
ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋	अं	am / aṃ	ཨ /ཨཾ	aM
ᠠ᠋ᢁ	अः	aẖ / aḥ	ཨ /ཨཿ	aH

Consonants^[3]^{: 64–69, 189–194, 244–255}^[2]^: 26–28^[4]^{: 234–239}^[1]^: 37
Mongolian script^{[note 1]}^{[note 5]}	Devanagari	IAST	Tibetan	Wylie (EWTS)
ᢉ ᡬ	क	ka	ཀ	ka
ᢉka/kha	ख	kha	ཁ	kha
ᠺ ᡤga/ka	ग	ga	ག	ga
ᠺᠾ ᢚ᠋gha/kha	घ	gha	གྷ	g+ha
ᠡᠭ ᢛ᠋	ङ	ṅa	ང	nga
ᡔ ᢣ᠋	—	—	ཅ	ca
ᡓ ᢜ᠋	च	ca	ཙ	tsa
ᠴ᠋ča	—	—	ཆ	cha
ᠼ ᡮ᠋ca	छ	cha	ཚ	tsha
ᡔ᠋	—	—	ཇ	ja
⟨ᢋ ᠵ᠋⟩	ज	ja	ཛ	dza
⟨ᢋᠾ ᢝ᠋⟩^? /ᠽᠾᠠ᠋	झ	jha	ཛྷ	dz+ha
ᡛ ᠨᠢᠶᠢ᠋	ञ	ña	ཉ	nya
ᢌ ᢞ᠋	ट	ṭa	ཊ	Ta
⟨ᡂ ᡱ᠋⟩ /ᢍᠠ᠋	ठ	ṭha	ཋ	Tha
ᢎ ᡲ᠋	ड	ḍa	ཌ	Da
ᢎᠾ ᢟ᠋	ढ	ḍha	ཌྷ	D+ha
ᢏ᠋	ण	ṇa	ཎ	Na
⟨ᠳ ᢠ᠋⟩ Shagdarsürüng p. 237 (<?>; Tib. "ta"). -->	त	ta	ཏ	ta
ᠲ ᡨ᠋ta	थ	tha	ཐ	tha
ᠳ ᡩ᠋da	द	da	ད	da
ᠳᠾ ᢡ᠋dha	ध	dha	དྷ	d+ha
[[Na (Mongolic)\|ᠨ᠋na	न	na	ན	na
ᢒ	प	pa	པ	pa
ᠪ ᡦba	फ	pha	ཕ	pha
ᠪba	ब	ba	བ	ba
ᠪᠾ ᢨ᠋bha	भ	bha	བྷ	b+ha
ᠮᠠ᠋ma	म	ma	མ	ma
ᠶ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠶᠠ᠋ya	य	ya	ཡ	ya
ᠷᠠ᠋ra	र	ra	ར	ra
ᠯᠠ᠋la	ल	la	ལ	la
ᡀᠠ᠋lha	—	—	ལྷ	lha
ᠸᠠ᠋wa/va	व	va	ཝ	wa
ᢕᠠ᠋	—	—	ཞ	zha
⟨ᠰ᠋ᠠ᠋⟩ /ᠱᠠ᠋ša	श	śa	ཤ	sha
ᢔᠠ᠋	ष	ṣa	ཥ	Sha
ᠰᠠ᠋sa	स	sa	ས	sa
ᠾᠠ᠋ha	ह	ha	ཧ	ha
ᢖᠠ᠋^? /⟨ᢋᠠ᠋~ ᢖᠠ᠋⟩^?	—	—	ཟ	za
ᢗᠠ᠋	—	—	འ	'a
ᢉᢔᠠ᠋	क्ष	kṣa	ཀྵ	k+Sha

Symbols and diacritics

[edit]

Symbols and diacritics^[3]^{: 63, 131, 133, 135}
Forms	Name	Examples
Forms	Name	Mongolian	Tibetan equivalent
ᢀ	Anusvara One	ᢀᠠ᠋	ཨྃ
ᢀ᠋	Anusvara One	ᢀᠠ᠋	ཨྃ
ᢁ	Visarga One	ᠠ᠋ᢁ	ཨཿ
ᢁ᠋	Visarga One	ᠠ᠋ᢁ	ཨཿ
ᢂ	Damaru	ᢂᠻᠠ	ྈྑ
ᢃ	Ubadama	ᢃᠹᠠ	ྌྥ
ᢄ	Ubadama	ᢄᠹᠠ	ྉྥ
ᢅ	Baluda	ᢉᢅᠣᠸᠸᠠ^{[note 6]}	ཀཽ྅
ᢆ	Three Baluda	ᢉᢆᠣᠸᠸᠠ^{[note 7]}	ཀཽ྅྅྅

Notes

[edit]

^^a ^bScholarly/Scientific transliteration.^[5]
^The Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme – the Tibetan and Himalayan Library
^Forcorrect rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + one connected, and one separated left-pointing tail (both).
^Forcorrect rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + loop (‍ᠤ‍) + two long teeth with downturns (‍ᠧ‍) + a final with right-pointing tail (‍ᠡ).
^Forcorrect rendering, all these finala's should appear as connected and left-pointing tails ().A's directly preceded by any of the bow-shaped lettersk,kh,g,p,ph, andb should also include atooth in between.
^Forcorrect rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.
^Forcorrect rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^cChuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar (2008).Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske.ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.
^^a ^b ^cPoppe, Nicholas (1974).Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
^^a ^b ^c"BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources".BabelStone (in Chinese). Retrieved2024-07-10.
^^a ^bShagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl".Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.
^"Mongolian transliterations"(PDF).Institute of the Estonian Language.

Types ofwriting systems

Overview	History of writing Grapheme
Lists	Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system /by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

Numerals

Abugidas

Brahmic

Northern

Southern

Others

Alphabets

Linear

Non-linear

Ideograms
Adinkra Aztec Blissymbols Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji Isotype Kaidā Miꞌkmaw Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Anishinaabewibii'iganan Olmec Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec

Logograms

Chinese family of scripts

Chinese characters	Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze scripts Seal script large small bird-worm Hanja Kanji Chữ Nôm Sawndip Bowen
Chinese-influenced	Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut

Cuneiform

Other logosyllabic

Logoconsonantal

Numerals

Other

Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

Full	Linear Elamite Celtiberian Iberian Northeastern Southeastern Khom Dunging
Redundant	Espanca script Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Bopomofo Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages
ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe notation

Syllabaries
Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Canadian Aboriginal Cherokee Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian Iban Idu Kana Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi Yugtun

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell

Braille scripts

French-ordered

Albanian
Azerbaijani
Cantonese
Catalan
Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
Czech
Dutch
- 6-dot
- 8-dot
English (Unified English)
Esperanto
French
German
Ghanaian
Guarani
Hawaiian
Hungarian
Iñupiaq
IPA
Irish
Italian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
Maltese
Māori
Navajo
Nigerian
Philippine
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Samoan
Slovak
South African
Spanish
Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
Turkish
Vietnamese
Welsh
Yugoslav
Zambian

Nordic family	Estonian Faroese Icelandic Scandinavian Danish Finnish Greenlandic Northern Sámi Norwegian Swedish
Russian lineage family i.e.Cyrillic-mediated scripts	Belarusian Bulgarian Kazakh Kyrgyz Mongolian Russian Tatar Ukrainian
Egyptian lineage family i.e.Arabic-mediated scripts	Arabic Persian Urdu (Pakistan)
Indian lineage family i.e.Bharati Braille	Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Odia Punjabi Sinhala Tamil Telugu Urdu (India)
Other scripts	Amharic Armenian Burmese Dzongkha (Bhutanese) Georgian Greek Hebrew Inuktitut (reassigned vowels) Khmer Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels) Tibetan