Galician has seven vowel phonemes, which are represented by five letters in writing. Similar vowels are found under stress instandard Catalan andItalian. It is likely that this 7-vowel system was even more widespread inthe early stages of Romance languages.
In Galician the vocalic system is reduced to five vowels in post-tonic syllables, and to just three in final unstressed position:[ɪ,ʊ,ɐ] (which can instead be transcribed as[e̝,o̝,a̝]).[1] In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the wordtermonuclear[ˌtɛɾmʊnukleˈaɾ], because the prefixtermo- is pronounced[ˈtɛɾmʊ].[2][3]
Unstressed close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels (/e~ɛ/ and/o~ɔ/) can occur in complementary distribution (e.g.ovella[oˈβeɟɐ] 'sheep' /omitir[ɔmiˈtiɾ] 'to omit' andpequeno[peˈkenʊ] 'little, small' /emitir[ɛmiˈtiɾ] 'to emit'), with a few minimal pairs likebotar[boˈtaɾ] 'to throw' vs.botar (bòtar)[bɔˈtaɾ] 'to jump'.[4] In pretonic syllables, close-/open-mid vowels are kept in derived words and compounds (e.g.c[ɔ]rd- >corda[ˈkɔɾðɐ] 'string' →cordeiro (còrdeiro)[kɔɾˈðejɾʊ] 'string-maker'—which contrasts withcordeiro[koɾˈðejɾʊ] 'lamb').[4]
The distribution of stressed close-mid vowels (/e/, /o/) and open-mid vowels (/ɛ/, /ɔ/) are as follows:[5]
Vowels with graphic accents are usually open-mid, such asvén [bɛŋ],só [s̺ɔ],póla [ˈpɔlɐ],óso [ˈɔs̺ʊ],présa [ˈpɾɛs̺ɐ].
Nouns ending in-el or-ol and their plural forms have open-mid vowels, such aspapel [paˈpɛl] 'paper' orcaracol [kaɾaˈkɔl] 'snail'.
Second-person singular and third-person present indicative forms of second conjugation verbs(-er) with the thematic vowel /e/ or /u/ have open-mid vowels, while all remaining verb forms maintain close-mid vowels:
como (cômo) [ˈkomʊ],comes [ˈkɔmɪs̺],come [ˈkɔmɪ],comen [ˈkɔmɪŋ]
Second-person singular and third-person present indicative forms of third conjugation verbs(-ir) with the thematic vowel /e/ or /u/ have open-mid vowels, while all remaining verb forms maintain close vowels:
The letter namese [ˈɛ],efe [ˈɛfɪ],ele [ˈɛlɪ],eme [ˈɛmɪ],ene [ˈɛnɪ],eñe [ˈɛɲɪ],erre [ˈɛrɪ],ese [ˈɛs̺ɪ],o [ˈɔ] have open-mid vowels, while the remaining letter names have close-mid vowels.
Close-mid vowels:
verb forms of first conjugation verbs with a thematic mid vowel followed by-i- or palatalx, ch, ll, ñ (deitar, axexar, pechar, tellar, empeñar, coxear (côxeár))
verb forms of first conjugation verbs ending in-ear or-oar(voar)
verbs forms derived from the irregular preterite form ofser andir(fomos, fora, fose, for (fômos, fôra, fôse, fôr))
verbs forms derived from regular preterite forms(collemos, collera, collese, coller)
infinitives of second conjugation verbs(coller, pór (pôr))
the majority of words ending in-és(coruñés, vigués, montañés (coruñês, viguês, montañês))
Of the seven vocalic phonemes of the tonic and pretonic syllables, only/a/ has a set of different renderings (allophones), forced by its context:[6]
[ä] (short central): normal realization of the phoneme.
[äː] (long central): due to contraction, as inra[ˈraː] 'frog' <rãa < Latinrāna.[7]
[ɑ̟] (short advanced back): when next to/ŋ,k,ɡ,l,w/.
[a̠] (short retracted front): before a palatal consonant.
All dialectal forms of Galician but Ancarese, spoken in theAncares valley inLeón, have lost the phonemic quality of mediaevalnasal vowels. Nevertheless, any vowel is nasalized in contact with a nasal consonant.[8]
The vocalic system of Galician language is heavily influenced bymetaphony. Regressive metaphony is produced either by a final/a/, which tend to open medium vowels, or by a final/o/, which can have the reverse effect. As a result, metaphony affects most notably words with gender opposition:sogro (sôgro)[ˈsoɣɾʊ] ('father-in-law') vs.sogra[ˈsɔɣɾɐ] ('mother-in-law').[9] On the other hand,vowel harmony, triggered by/i/ or/u/, has had a large part in the evolution and dialectal diversification of the language.
Diphthongs
Galician language possesses a large set of fallingdiphthongs:
Galician diphthongs
falling
[aj]
caixa
'box'
[aw]
autor
'author'
[ɛj]
papeis (papéis)
'papers'
[ɛw]
deu (déu)
'he/she gave'
[ej]
queixo
'cheese'
[ew]
bateu
'he/she hit'
[ɔj]
bocoi (bocói)
'barrel'
[oj]
loita
'fight'
[ow]
pouco
'little'
There are also a certain number of rising diphthongs, but they are not characteristic of the language and tend to be pronounced as hiatus.[10]
During the modern period, Galician consonants have undergone significant sound changes that closely parallel theevolution of Spanish consonants, including the following changes that neutralized the opposition ofvoiced fricatives / voiceless fricatives:
/z/ >/s/;
/dz/ >/ts/ >[s] in western dialects, or[θ] in eastern and central dialects;
/ʒ/ >/ʃ/;
For a comparison, seeDifferences between Spanish and Portuguese: Sibilants. Additionally, during the 17th and 18th centuries the western and central dialects of Galician developed a voiceless fricative pronunciation of/ɡ/ (a phenomenon calledgheada). This may be glottal[h], pharyngeal[ħ], uvular[χ], or velar[x].[16]
The distribution of the two rhotics/r/ and/ɾ/ closely parallelsthat of Spanish. Between vowels, the two contrast (e.g.mirra[ˈmirɐ] 'myrrh' vs.mira[ˈmiɾɐ] 'look'), but they are otherwise in complementary distribution.[ɾ] appears in the onset, except in word-initial position (rato), after/l/,/n/, and/s/ (honra,Israel), where[r] is used.
As in Spanish,/ɟ/ derives from historical/ʎ/ (yeísmo) and from syllable-initial/j/. In some dialects, it lenites to approximant[ʝ˕] in the same environments where/b,d,ɡ/ lenite. It may also be realized as[ɟʝ] where it derives from/j/. The realization[ʎ] remains in select older speakers in isolated regions.[12]
^abcdThe phonemes/m/,/n/,/ɲ/ and/ŋ/ coalesce in implosive position as the archiphoneme/N/, which, phonetically, is usually[ŋ]. Cf.Freixeiro Mato (2006:175–176)
Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006),Gramática da lingua galega (I). Fonética e fonoloxía (in Galician), Vigo: A Nosa Terra,ISBN978-84-8341-060-8
Martínez-Gil, Fernando (2022), "Galician", in Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel (eds.),Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, Berlin: De Gruyter,ISBN978-3-11-054835-8
Regueira, Xosé Luís (1996), "Galician",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,26 (2):119–122,doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162
