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Galela language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Papuan language
Galela
Native toIndonesia
RegionNorthHalmahera
Native speakers
(79,000 cited 1990)[1]
West Papuan?
Language codes
ISO 639-3gbi
Glottologgale1259

Galela is the second most populousPapuan language spoken west ofNew Guinea, with some 80,000 speakers. Its dialects are Kadai (41,000), Morotai (24,000), Kadina (10,000), and Sopi (4,000). Its closest relative is theLoloda language.

Galela is spoken on the eastern side of the northern tip ofHalmahera island (inGalela district and in neighbouring villages in Tobelo and Loloda districts), onMorotai Island to the north, on theBacan andObi islands to the south of Halmahera, and in scattered settlements along the southwest coast. All are inNorth Maluku province ofIndonesia.

Phonology

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The following sound inventory is based on Shelden (1998).[2]

Vowels

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Galela has a simple five vowel system:/a/,/i/,/u/,/e/,/o/.

Consonants

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Galela orthography largely follows Indonesian spelling conventions. If orthography differs from IPA, the orthography is in⟨brackets⟩.

LabialAlveolarPalato-alveolar/
Palatal
VelarGlottal
LaminalApical
Nasalmnɲ⟨ny⟩ŋ⟨ng⟩
Plosive/
Affricate
voicelessptt͡ʃ⟨c⟩k
voicedb⟨ḋ⟩⟨d⟩d͡ʒ⟨j⟩g
Fricativeɸ⟨f⟩sh
Flapɾ
Laterall
Semivowelwj⟨y⟩

Grammar

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Pronouns

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Galela has two free pronoun sets, and two sets of bound pronominal prefixes.[2][3][4] The use of the pronominal prefixes is governed bysemantic alignment: actor prefixes are used to index the S-argument of active intransitive verbs and the A-argument of transitive verbs, while undergoer prefixes index the S-argument of stative intransitive verbs and the P-argument of transitive verbs.

independentpossessiveactorundergoer
1st
person
singularngohiaito-i-
pluralexclusivengomimiami-mi-
inclusivengonenangapo-na-
2nd
person
singularngonaanino-ni-
pluralngininiani-ni-
3rd
person
singularmascunaawiwo-wi-
femmunaamimo-mi-
pluralhumanonamangayo-ya-
non-humanimai-ḋa-

External links

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References

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  1. ^Galela atEthnologue (25th ed., 2022)Closed access icon
  2. ^abShelden, Howard (1998). "Transitivity and Galela pronominal reference".SIL Electronic Working Papers.1998–005.
  3. ^van Baarda, M. J. (1904)."Het Lòda'sch, in vergelijking met het Galela'sch dialect op Halmaheira" [Lòda'sch, compared to the Galela'sch dialect on Halmaheira].Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch).56 (3/4):317–496.doi:10.1163/22134379-90002009.
  4. ^Holton, Gary (2008). "The rise and fall of semantic alignment in North Halmahera, Indonesia". In Donohue, Mark; Wichmann, Søren (eds.).The Typology of Semantic Alignment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–276.
Official language
Malayo-Sumbawan
Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
Chamic
Ibanic
Madurese
Malayic
Sundanese
Javanese
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Northwest Sumatra–
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West Bird's Head
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West Bomberai
Dani
Paniai Lakes
Digul River
Foja Range
Lakes Plain
East Cenderawasih Bay
Yawa
Demta–Sentani
Ok
Momuna–Mek
Skou
South Pauwasi
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Kaure–Kosare
Marind–Yaqai
Bulaka River
Kayagar
Border
Senagi
Mairasi
Kolopom
Yam
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Unclassfied of language isolates
Other languages
Creoles andPidgins
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Other creoles and pidgins
Immigrant languages
Chinese
European
Indian
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Sign languages
† indicateextinct languages
West Papuan
West Bird's Head
Central Bird's Head
North Halmahera
Sahu
Galela–Tobelo
Ternate-Tidore
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Extended
West Papuan
East Bird's Head
–Sentani
East Bird's Head
Demta–Sentani
Others
Yawa

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