 Capella storm January 1976 approaching Ireland | |
| Type | European windstorm,extratropical,extratropical storm surge |
|---|---|
| Formed | 1 January 1976 |
| Dissipated | 5 January 1976 |
| Highest gust | 116 kn (215 km/h; 133 mph)Lowther Hills,StrathclydeScotland[1] |
| Lowest pressure | 962 hPa (28.4 inHg)[2] |
| Fatalities | 82[3]-100[4] |
| Areas affected | Ireland, United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Denmark,West Germany,East Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Poland,Czechoslovakia, Hungary andYugoslavia |
| Surgewatch.org UK coastal flooding severity, Medium 3/6[5] | |
TheGale of January 1976, widely known as the "Capella"storm in Germany and theRuisbroek flood in Belgium, was one in a series ofextratropical cyclones andstorm surges, which occurred over January 1976. The gale of 2–5 January 1976 resulted in severe wind damage across western and central Europe andcoastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts. At the time, this was the most severe storm of the century over the British Isles.[6] Total fatalities reached 82 across Europe, although a figure of 100 is given by theWorld Meteorological Organization.[4] Of these 24 were reported in Britain and 4 in Ireland.[7] Overall losses of US$1.3 billion were incurred, with insured losses standing at US$500 million (1976).[3]
December 1975 saw a deep low persisting over the northernBarents Sea with a high north of theAzores and west ofBiscay, which enhanced a strong westerly flow over northern Europe.[8] This anomalously strong westerly flow over the North Atlantic[9] saw a low pressure maintained in the central Atlantic in association with an almost stationary upper trough. During the afternoon of 1 January, a depression broke away from this central Atlantic low[2] from the SW of the Azores in a frontal wave, transporting a mass of warm and moist air[6] and moved quickly northeast, to be centred 150 kilometres (90 mi) north-west ofMalin Head Ireland, by midday on 2 January.[2] On its journey, the systemrapidly deepened,[10] powered by an in-draught of cold air from the north which supplied temperature contrast powering explosive development.[11] The low then passed eastwards, crossing centralScotland out into the North Sea to reach northern Denmark by the morning of 3 January. The central pressure reached a minimum of 962 hPa in the eastern North Sea.[2] After crossing the North Sea, the low elongated over the southernBaltic Sea, with the centre stretching from Denmark to theGulf of Gdańsk, with anoccluded front stretching parallel to the southern Baltic Sea coast.[12] The low then coalesced with a secondary low which had formed in its wake, taking an elongated form over Denmark and the southern Baltic Sea.[13]
The gale's rapid development took theIrish weather service by surprise.[10] Flood warnings were only received by the police from the Met Office half an hour before water overwhelmed the sea defences.[14] The UK national forecast service was in operation at this time with warnings provided up to 12 hours before the storm.[5]
Met Éireann estimated that the storm in Ireland was one third as disruptive than the previous storm of 11–12 January 1974 and was similarly disruptive as a storm on 27–28 January 1974; the numbers of casualties though were double.[10] Overall the storm was not as severe in Ireland as those storms, but in the mid-west of Ireland was particularly severe, especially along the upper reaches of theRiver Shannon from Limerick toPortumna andAthlone. The duration and force of the winds were comparable across Ireland to those experienced duringEx-Hurricane Debbie of 1961.[10]
In Ireland, damage from wind brought down trees and power lines on the evening of 2 January, blocking many roads. TheIrish electricity board estimated some 90,000 homes (10% of all served) had disrupted power supplies for an extended period.[10] Transportation was widely affected by the storm, with many islands cut off by heavy seas. Air transport was grounded for several hours at Irish airports. AtShannon Airport, a large inflatable hangar was blown away.[10]
In the British Isles, the storm was described as the worst since 1953[6] and destruction covered a wider area of the United Kingdom than theGreat Storm of 1987, with 1.5 million incidents of damage reported.[15] The storm saw structural damage occur across nearly all counties of England, Wales and Northern Ireland,[2] with the worst hit areas in a band fromUlster across theIrish Sea toLancashire and down through theMidlands intoEast Anglia.
Wind speeds of over 40 m/s (140 km/h; 89 mph) were recorded at a number of stations in England,[16] withRAF Wittering in Cambridgeshire recording a gust of 47 m/s (169 km/h; 105 mph) at 22:18 GMT on 2 January. Many stations across theNorth East of England, East Anglia and the Midlands experienced gusts in excess of 36 m/s (130 km/h; 81 mph), with mean winds (hourly) of 23 m/s (83 km/h; 52 mph) or more. Strong gale or storm force was often reached with hurricane force 12 reported from some places inSouth Wales, southwest and northern England, withMiddlesbrough experiencing 51 m/s (183 km/h; 114 mph) winds.[10][17]
In mainland Britain, railways were severely affected as overhead power supplies collapsed in the Midlands. A light aircraft was blown onto the railway from the ground atSouthend Airport, causing disruption on the line.[2] Damages were also incurred at Manchester Ringway Airport (nowManchester Airport), where runway approach lighting masts were bent and buckled by the wind.[18] The high winds brought down a crane in centralManchester.[19]
The high winds blew a beech tree onto the elephant house ofLongleat Safari Park causing estimated damage of US$20,000, The elephants Twiggy and Chiki escaped unharmed and were later put to work pulling the remains of the tree from their home.[20]
One of the pinnacles of the main tower ofWorcester Cathedral crashed through the roof into thetransept during the storm.[21] There were prolonged power outages inNorfolk,[2] with power being cut to over 100,000 in the three counties ofKent, Surrey andSussex to the south of London.[22]The Old Vic theatre in London was evacuated as strong winds brought down scaffolding surrounding the venue.[23]
A spokesman for theRAC described the general conditions in the country as being like"A giant bowling alley with trees littered like bowling pins all over the road."[19]
Prolonged power outages occurred in Northern Ireland.[2]
The January storm of 1976 was similar in strength to those ofCyclone Quimburga (13 November 1972) and the storm of 2 April 1973 in the Netherlands,[6] with average winds 120 km/h (75 mph) and gusts reaching 144 km/h (89 mph) inIJmuiden andVlissingen.[24]Rotterdam-Geulhaven weather station reported a maximum gust of 82 kn (152 km/h). Twolightvessels in the North Sea reported hurricane-force winds lasting over several hours, with high windspeeds continuing for the rest of 3 January.[6]
Elsewhere in the Netherlands, damages included the St Boniface church spire inLeeuwarden, which was brought down by the strong winds. Images captured of the event were featured in newspapers around the world.[25] InAmstelveen, the roof of the St Anna church was blown off.[6] Damage to forestry, particularly in the Dutch provinces ofDrenthe,Utrecht,Overijssel andGelderland was widespread, with falling trees damaging buildings in theVeluwe natural area.[6] Two fatalities were recorded in the Netherlands caused by heavy gusts; one resulted from strong winds blowing a car off theAfsluitdijk into theIJsselmeer.[6] Tens of meters of dunes and sand were eroded onAmeland in theFrisian islands, along with the Steinvoorte hotel.[6][26] InDeventer, a number of railway wagons came loose.[6] In theWestland region ofSouth Holland, damage to greenhouses was extensive.
A brief storm was recorded in northern France, especially affectingNord-Pas de Calais, with winds inLille reaching 137 km/h.[27] An inflatable plastic tent was also ripped away in the high winds near toBesançon, France, with the reptile exhibition inside destroyed, releasing 600 reptiles. Police later said they had re-captured the pythons, cobras, rattlesnakes and crocodiles.[20] In Germany the Meteorological institute of theFree University of Berlin saw for the first time hurricane strength (Beaufort 12) winds recorded in Berlin on 3 January.[28] In Berlin, severe storms over Beaufort 10 were recorded for 17 hours.[29] A married couple inWilmersdorf in the city were victims of a tree brought down in the wind.[30] Peak gusts in Germany of 180 km/h occurred atFeldberg in the Black Forest.[31] InBavaria there were six deaths caused by car accidents. InEast Germany the storm caused several power outages and disrupted rail transport betweenMagdeburg andHalberstadt.[32]
In Switzerland, two separate incidents stranded passengers incable cars.[2] Poland andCzechoslovakia also reported transport disruption due to the storm,[2] with winds atPrague Ruzyně Airport reaching 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph) and electricity and telephone service disruptions inPrague.[22] 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) winds in Hungary caused forest losses and damage inBudapest, with high winds spreading into northernYugoslavia.[22] Two deaths were reported in theAustrian Alps from heavy snowstorms, and an avalanche led to the death of a skier in Italy. The heavy winds were also reportedly responsible for spreading a forest fire to a dry cleaning facility inComo, resulting in $1 million (1976 USD) damages. Five deaths were reported acrossScandinavia, with one being of a repairman trying to fix downed power lines.[22]
In theIrish Sea, 400 passengers aboard theLe Havre toRosslare ferry arrived 10 hours late after being tossed in the storm.[10] InMerseyside at theTranmere Oil Terminal, high winds caused theShell oil tankerMyrina to break loose (breaking 14 mooring lines and oil discharge hoses) and strand on a sandbank. Thirteen tugs re-floated the tanker on the next day's high tide.[33] A recently opened landing stage for theMersey Ferry was sunk, having cost 1.25 million pounds.[2] The former Isle of Man steamer TSSKing Orry (IV) broke her mooring and ran aground in theLune estuary, while berthed atGlasson Dock waiting to be dismantled.[34]
Disruption to shipping in theEnglish Channel andNorth Sea was severe.[22] The storm crippled shipping along the French Channel coast sinking boats at their moorings and cross-channel ferries were suspended during the duration of the storm.[35] The Danish coasterNorfos radioed that it was listing off the southwest of England.[23] Heavy seas broke plexiglass windows on the upper decks of a ferry travelling between Norway and Belgium.
In Rotterdam the freighterNopalsel 19,000GRT broke free from its moorings, to prevent it from crashing into the port's main bridge twelve trucks were employed to pull the ship with steel cables.[22][35] The shipStardust was blown aground at's-Gravenzande, later to be demolishedin situ after refloatation did not succeed.[36]The Italian ore carrierBrasilia 72,350 GRT collided with Forteiland (Fort Island) IJmuiden, on the way toKoninklijke Hoogovens steelworks, the tugStentor ran aground in the salvage attempt.[37] Five tugs eventually pulled theBrasilia to safety, after blocking the exit to thePort of Amsterdam for eight hours.[35] In West Germany, naval helicopters rescued 22 people from ships in the lowerElbe River.[19] On theKiel Canal a gust of wind drove the 1,000 ton freighterElbe to collide with the 1,400 ton freighterGabbro which was left grounded.[38]
After radioing for help on the afternoon of Saturday, 3 January, some 30 miles north of the Dutch island ofTerschelling, radio reports indicated all searches had been in vain, and the 500-ton MVCarnoustie had capsized after its cargo of grain shifted during storms in the North Sea.[39][40] The ship was carrying its load fromBrunsbüttel, Germany toLeith, Scotland, and all 8 crew were lost.[40][41]
To the northwest of theEast Frisian Islands the 840-series coaster MSCapella registered inRostock, East Germany began taking on water near toBorkum. The crew of 11 were lost before the Dutch coastguard could reach the ship.[22][42] The name of the ship is used to name this storm in Germany, where it is known as the "Capella" storm.
TheRiver Shannon flooded inLimerick with the tide level only 76 millimetres (3 in) short of being a record height.[10] AtKinvara the sea crashed over the quay walls, and the town looked at times likely to be cut off as the tide rose over the road in two places, but the tide abated.[10] InLiverpool the largest surge in the city's history was recorded, with a total high water at 1.98 m in January 1976, resulting in a high water level 5.56 m above the mean tidal level (MTL).[43]
The village ofRuisbroek was flooded after a dike gave way over 100 metres. The event is remembered in a museum in the former town hall.
As the strong wind passed over the North Sea, a storm surge was recorded all along the east coast of the United Kingdom on 3 January, advancing from the northern North Sea, water levels in the north of England rose higher than those of theNorth Sea flood of 1953, although they were lower in the south. The storm surge was far more severe on the north German coast reaching levels never previously recorded, reaching 6.45 m above mean sea level at Hamburg (4.5 m above mean high water levels). Fortunately dykes had been raised after the devastatingNorth Sea flood of 1962 which was 0.85m lower.[44]
| Location | 1953 evening tide | 1976 evening tide | 1978 evening tide |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wick | – | – | 3.92 |
| North Shields | 3.32 | 3.43 | 3.52 |
| Barton on Humber | – | – | 5.15 |
| South Ferriby | 4.79 | 5.30 | 5.30 |
| Immingham | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.67 |
| Grimsby | – | 4.35 | 4.50 |
| Boygrift | – | 4.30 | 4.50 |
| Boston Dock | 5.25 | 5.24 | 5.50 |
| Boston Grand Sluice | 5.40 | 5.22 | 5.63 |
| Fosdyke | ca. 5.40 | 5.18 | 5.90 |
| Wisbech | ca. 5.10 | 4.99 | 5.60 |
| King's Lynn | 5.65 | 4.99 | 5.92 |
| Wells | 5.13 | 4.46 | 4.91 |
| Great Yarmouth | 3.28 | 2.69 | 2.19 |
| Southwold | 3.50 | 2.50 | 2.00 |
| Aldeburgh | 3.78 | 2.83 | 2.45 |
Three storms in the last quarter of the 20th century are estimated to have caused European losses in excess of €5bn at 2002 exposed property values, the Gale of 2–3 January 1976 (Capella),Daria andLothar.[46] Capella produced event losses estimated to be more than $27.7 billion[47] (adjusted for inflation) across Europe.[48]
Across the United Kingdom 1 million cubic metres of timber were destroyed,[16] theRoyal Netherlands Meteorological Institute estimated that half of England's forests were flattened.[6] 100 000 m2 of glass (about 0.5% of the national total) were demolished, mainly in the West Midlands, East Anglia and theLea Valley. There was, additionally, less severe damage to glass in these and other areas. Most of the glass demolished was old, but the cost of replacing 100 000 m2 with new glass was estimated at being up to £1 million. Some 400 000 m2 of plastic structures, about one-third of the national area were also damaged.[49]
In Cleethorpes a new nine hundred metre long sea wall was built along the railway (costing 1 million pounds). Construction began in the summer of 1977. During the construction period the area was hit by the higher locally1978 North Sea storm surge which flooded 1000 properties,[14][50] leading to the acceleration of the building for completion in October 1978.[50] A scheme costing £215,000 was enacted to strengthen the sea defences at Mablethorpe which included installing timber doors across the pullovers which could be closed in winter. The promenade atSutton-on-Sea was regraded, with an additional spraywall built, works were also carried out to increase the height of sea wall where it was overtopped.[50] Further along the coast in Skegness, dune defences were devastated just north of Skegness Pier, here a new concrete wall was constructed, withmarram grass planted to encourage dune reformation at a cost of £200,000, which withstood the 1978 surge.[50] In Norfolk this storm and the 1978 surge led to the construction of a £1.5 million sea wall built betweenHappisburgh andWinterton Ness.[50]
Peak wind speeds of over 90 mph (140 km/h) were recorded atJodrell Bank Observatory, which severely tested the structure of theLovell Telescope. Following the storm two diagonal bracing struts were added to give the telescope greater rigidity when parked in thezenith to ride out storms.[51]
Major insurance companies estimated in the direct aftermath of the storm that damages in the United Kingdom might exceed $100 million and possibly reach $200 million ($1.11 billion inflation adjusted to 2014).[21] The average insurance payout from the storm was £150 (£964 inflation adjusted to 2014) and totalled over 1.5 million claims. The average insurance claim for this storm was 6 times lower than storm of 1987, primarily as it affected areas of lower property values and density than that storm.[15]Insurance shares fell sharply on the London Stock exchange immediately in the wake of the storm.[2]
Residents of affected areas were left angry and stunned, having expected better protection from the flood waters. On 6 January, residents ofRuisbroek, Antwerp confronted the Belgian monarchBaudouin with chants of "We want bread" and "Repair the dykes".[52][53] One angry resident famously confronted the king, asking him why "that there is 30 billionBelgian francs available for airplanes that thunder over our heads, but not enough money for reinforcing dikes?"[52] Angry residents ofMoerzeke and Kastel even pelted politicians with stones.[54] This disaster created a high (but short-lived) public awareness of the risk of inundation along the tidal reach of the Scheldt.[55]
Before the storm surge, there had been discussion in Denmark of whether to reinforce the dike atTønder, or whether a new dike should be built forward of the existing one to withstand a 1 in 200-year storm event. This surge ended the debate and Denmark and Germany reached agreement in opening a new cross-border dike forward of the previous (Google Earth view of the area), which was completed by October 1981, with the dike at Ribe being reinforced by 1980.[56] Following the 1976 storm surge, dykes were also raised along the western coast of Jutland sufficient to contain much of the storm surge of 24 November 1981, when water-levels atEsbjerg andRibe reached up to 5 m higher than predicted.[44]
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