Gainesville, Georgia | |
|---|---|
 Downtown Gainesville | |
 Logo | |
| Nicknames: "Queen City of the Mountains", "Poultry Capital of the World"[1] | |
 Location inHall County and the state ofGeorgia | |
| Coordinates:34°17′25″N83°49′46″W / 34.29028°N 83.82944°W /34.29028; -83.82944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Hall |
| Gainesville | 1818; 207 years ago (1818) |
| Named after | Edmund P. Gaines |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Sam Couvillon |
| Area | |
• City | 35.37 sq mi (91.61 km2) |
| • Land | 33.42 sq mi (86.57 km2) |
| • Water | 1.95 sq mi (5.04 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,214 ft (370 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• City | 42,296 |
| • Density | 1,265.4/sq mi (488.57/km2) |
| • Urban | 164,365 (US: 219th)[3] |
| • Urban density | 1,102.1/sq mi (425.5/km2) |
| • Metro | 203,136 (US: 217th) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Code | 30501, 30503-30504, 30506-30507 |
| Area code | 770 |
| FIPS code | 13-31908[5] |
| GNIS feature ID | 2403675[4] |
| Website | gainesville.org |
Gainesville is a city in and thecounty seat ofHall County, Georgia, United States.[6] As of the2020 census, the city had a population of 42,296. Because of its large number of poultry processing plants, it has been called the "Poultry Capital of the World."[7] Gainesville is the principal city of theGainesville, Georgia metropolitan area, which is included inMetro Atlanta.
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Gainesville was established as "Mule Camp Springs" by European-American settlers in the early 1800s. Less than three years after the organization of Hall County on December 15, 1818, Mule Camp Springs was renamed "Gainesville" on April 21, 1821. It was named in honor of GeneralEdmund P. Gaines,[8] a hero of theWar of 1812 and a noted military surveyor and road-builder. Gainesville was selected to be thecounty seat and chartered by theGeorgia General Assembly on November 30, 1821.
Agold rush that began in nearbyLumpkin County in the 1830s resulted in an increase in the number of settlers and the beginning of a business community. In the middle of the 19th century, Gainesville had two important events. In 1849, it became established as a resort center, with people attracted to the springs. In 1851, much of the small city was destroyed by fire.
Around 1870, after theCivil War, Gainesville began to grow. In 1871 TheAtlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway, later re-organized into TheAtlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railroad, began to stop in Gainesville, increasing its ties to other markets and stimulating business and population. It grew from 1,000 in 1870, to over 5,000 by 1900.
By 1898,textile mills had become the primary driver of the economy, with the railroad integral to delivering raw cotton and carrying away the mills' products. With the revenues generated by the mills, in 1902, Gainesville became the first city south ofBaltimore to installstreet lamps.[9] On March 1, 1905, free mail delivery began in Gainesville, and on August 10, 1910, the Gainesville post office was opened. On December 22, 1915, the city's first high-rise, the Jackson Building, had its formal opening. In 1919Southern Bell made improvements to the phone system.
City services began in Gainesville on February 22, 1873, with the election of a City Marshal, followed by solid waste collection in 1874. In 1890, abond issue to fund the waterworks was passed, and the original water distribution system was developed.
In 1943, at the height ofWorld War II, Gainesville contributed to the war effort by leasing the airport to the US government for $1.00. The military used it as anaval air station for training purposes. In 1947, the airport was returned to the city of Gainesville, improved by the addition of two 4,000-foot (1,200 m) landing strips (one of which was later lengthened to 5,500 feet (1,700 m)).
After World War II, a businessman named Jesse Jewell started the poultry industry in north Georgia. Chickens have since become the state's largest agricultural crop. This $1 billion a year industry has given Gainesville the title "Poultry Capital of the World".
In 1956, theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructedLake Sidney Lanier, by buildingBuford Dam on theChattahoochee River. During the1996 Summer Olympics, Gainesville served as the venue for the rowing and kayaking medal competitions, which were staged on Lake Lanier.
Gainesville gained accreditation of its Parks and Recreation Department in 2001. This was the third department in the state to be accredited. The Lakeside water treatment plant opened in 2002. The city has sponsored new social activities, including the Spring Chicken Festival in 2003, the Art in the Square gathering in 2004, and "Dredgefest" in 2008.
2008 saw the reopening of the Fair Street Neighborhood Center, the reopening of the Linwood Water Reclamation Facility Grand, and the completion of the Longwood Park Fishing Pier.
On January 28, 2021, a poultry plant in Gainesville leakedliquid nitrogen killing 6 and hospitalizing 12.[10]
Gainesville is located in central Hall County at34°18′16″N83°50′2″W / 34.30444°N 83.83389°W /34.30444; -83.83389 (34.304490, -83.833897).[11] It is bordered to the southwest by the city ofOakwood.Interstate 985/U.S. Route 23 passes through the southern part of the city, leading southwest 54 miles (87 km) toAtlanta and northeast 23 miles (37 km) toBaldwin andCornelia.U.S. Route 129 runs through the east side of the city, leading north 24 miles (39 km) toCleveland and southeast 21 miles (34 km) toJefferson.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.9 square miles (87.7 km2), of which 31.9 square miles (82.7 km2) are land and 1.9 square miles (5.0 km2), or 5.75%, are water.[12]
Nestled in the foothills of theBlue Ridge Mountains, parts of Gainesville lie along the shore of one of the nation's most popular inland water destinations,Lake Lanier. Named after Confederate veteran, Georgia author and musicianSidney Lanier, the lake was created in 1956 when the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers dammed theChattahoochee River nearBuford and flooded the river's valley. Although created primarily for hydroelectricity and flood control, it also serves as a reservoir providing water to the city ofAtlanta and is a very popular recreational attraction for all of north Georgia.
Much of Gainesville is heavily wooded, with bothdeciduous andconiferous trees.
Much like the rest of northern Georgia, Gainesville has ahumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa), with cool to mild winters and hot, humid summers.
| Climate data for Gainesville, Georgia (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1891–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) | 79 (26) | 88 (31) | 93 (34) | 98 (37) | 107 (42) | 107 (42) | 104 (40) | 105 (41) | 96 (36) | 86 (30) | 78 (26) | 107 (42) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 51.1 (10.6) | 54.9 (12.7) | 63.0 (17.2) | 71.3 (21.8) | 78.0 (25.6) | 84.6 (29.2) | 87.8 (31.0) | 86.4 (30.2) | 81.1 (27.3) | 71.9 (22.2) | 62.0 (16.7) | 53.8 (12.1) | 70.5 (21.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 31.1 (−0.5) | 33.5 (0.8) | 39.7 (4.3) | 47.1 (8.4) | 56.0 (13.3) | 64.0 (17.8) | 67.8 (19.9) | 66.9 (19.4) | 60.9 (16.1) | 49.9 (9.9) | 39.6 (4.2) | 34.3 (1.3) | 49.2 (9.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −8 (−22) | −6 (−21) | 7 (−14) | 22 (−6) | 33 (1) | 41 (5) | 49 (9) | 49 (9) | 34 (1) | 20 (−7) | 4 (−16) | −1 (−18) | −8 (−22) |
| Average rainfall inches (mm) | 5.28 (134) | 5.15 (131) | 5.31 (135) | 4.19 (106) | 4.23 (107) | 4.51 (115) | 3.90 (99) | 5.11 (130) | 4.13 (105) | 4.20 (107) | 4.39 (112) | 5.16 (131) | 55.56 (1,412) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.7 (1.8) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.3 (0.76) | 1.6 (4.11) |
| Source:NOAA[13] | |||||||||||||
While Gainesville does not sit inTornado Alley, a region of the United States where severe weather is common,supercell thunderstorms can sweep through any time between March and November, being primarily concentrated in the spring. Tornado watches are frequent in the spring and summer, with a warning appearing at least biannually, occasionally with more than one per year.
Tornado activity in the Gainesville area is above Georgia state average and is 108% greater than the overall U.S. average. Gainesville was the site ofa deadly F4 on June 1, 1903, which killed 98 people. Gainesville was the site of thefifth deadliest tornado in U.S. history in 1936,[14] in which Gainesville was devastated and 203 people were killed.[15] InApril 1974, an F4 tornado 22.6 miles away from the Gainesville city center killed six people and injured thirty. In December 1973, an F3 tornado 2.1 miles away from the city center injured twenty-one people. Both storms caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in property damages. OnMarch 20, 1998, an F3 tornado impacted the Gainesville metro area early in the morning, killing 12 people and injuring 171 others. Another F3 tornado later that day killed 2 other people and injured a further 27 people in theStoneville area.
The poultry farming industry in Gainesville began to develop after World War II, when Jesse Jewell, a Gainesville feed salesman, began his business. The format he developed was to sell North Georgia farmers baby chicks and feed oncredit. When the chicks were grown, Jewell would buy back the adult chickens (broilers) at a price that would cover his costs and guarantee farmers a profit. Once Jewell signed on enough farmers to produce broilers for him, he invested in his own processing plant and hatchery.[18]
As of 2013, poultry farming remains a significant economic driver in Gainesville, representing six of its top ten employers (7,600 employees), nearly one-quarter of the total population in the city in 2010 (and a higher proportion of the working-age population).[19] It is the most well-known business in the area, with statewide revenue exceeding $3 billion. These jobs have attracted numerous Hispanic workers, adding to the diversity of families in the city and county. The proportion of Hispanic and Latino residents is more than 40 percent of the city's population, where the jobs are.
According to Gainesville's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[20] the top employers in the city are:
| # | Employer | # of Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Northeast Georgia Health System | 5,030 |
| 2 | Fieldale Farms | 2,400 |
| 3 | Pilgrim's | 1,600 |
| 4 | Mar-Jac | 1,250 |
| 5 | Kubota | 960 |
| 6 | Coleman Natural | 900 |
| 7 | The Longstreet Clinic | 580 |
| 8 | Koch Foods | 521 |
| 9 | ZF | 440 |
| 10 | MP Equipment | 110 |
Gainesville is the home of the Gainesville Theater Alliance (GTA), which is a partnership betweenBrenau University, theUniversity of North Georgia, Theatre Wings, and the Professional Company. This coalition provides theatrical entertainment for the entire Gainesville area. GTA utilizes both professional and student actors in its productions and their performances have been nationally acclaimed.[21]
Brenau University Galleries, established in 1985 by Brenau University President, Dr. John S. Burd, is located at the historic Gainesville, Georgia campus and consists of five art galleries created to house its permanent art collection of over 5,000 works. The Galleries hold local, regional, student, and national rotating exhibitions. The Galleries serve as an educational and cultural resource for Northeast Georgia by way of free public programming and exhibitions.
The Northeast Georgia History Center is a museum established by Brenau University in Downtown Gainesville that focuses on the heritage of the Northeast Georgia region. Some notable exhibits include the Land of Promise and Northeast Georgia Sports Hall of Fame.[22]
The Arts Council is a non-profit organization focused on providing Gainesville residents with a broad variety of visual, performing, and literary arts.. The Arts Council is located in the Smithgall Arts Center, which is a former two-story train depot that the Arts Council purchased fromCSX Transportation in 1992.[23] In early 2020, they broke ground on an expansion to include a new 6,300 sr. ft. pavilion that features an outdoor stage and other multi-functional facilities.[24] The ribbon was officially cut on this expansion on April 16, 2021, and named the “Gladys Wyant Performing Arts Pavilion” in honor of Gladys Wyant, who has been the executive director of The Arts Council for the previous 37+ years.[25] This venue, known by many as "The Gladys", has quickly become one of the most popular event venues in Gainesville and North Georgia, as a whole.
The Quinlan Visual Arts Center is a non-profit arts association initially founded as the Gainesville Arts Association in 1942. The Quinlan Visual Arts Center acts as an exhibit, with multiple galleries on display throughout the year, as well as an event center. It is also an affiliate of the Arts Council and provides art classes for both children and adults.[26]
The Gainesville Symphony Orchestra (GSO) was a volunteer orchestra founded in 1982 as the Lanier Symphony Orchestra. However, due to a lack in funding during theGreat Recession, the GSO shut down in 2013 after almost 30 years of operation.[27]
Gainesville is also home to the Gainesville Ballet Company which is a partnership with Brenau University and the Gainesville School of Dance. One of their more popular performances throughout the year isTchaikovsky'sThe Nutcracker.[28]
Alta Vista Cemetery is a graveyard located just outside Downtown Gainesville. The famous Confederate generalJames Longstreet is buried here. Other notable gravesites include: several Georgia governors, an astronaut, a rocket scientist, a circus performer, and that of poultry pioneer Jesse Jewell (whom Jesse Jewell Parkway, Gainesville's main thoroughfare, is named after).[29]
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1860 | 344 | — | |
| 1870 | 472 | 37.2% | |
| 1880 | 1,919 | 306.6% | |
| 1890 | 3,202 | 66.9% | |
| 1900 | 4,382 | 36.9% | |
| 1910 | 5,925 | 35.2% | |
| 1920 | 6,272 | 5.9% | |
| 1930 | 8,624 | 37.5% | |
| 1940 | 10,243 | 18.8% | |
| 1950 | 11,936 | 16.5% | |
| 1960 | 16,523 | 38.4% | |
| 1970 | 15,459 | −6.4% | |
| 1980 | 15,280 | −1.2% | |
| 1990 | 17,885 | 17.0% | |
| 2000 | 25,578 | 43.0% | |
| 2010 | 33,804 | 32.2% | |
| 2020 | 42,296 | 25.1% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[30] | |||
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 17,852 | 42.21% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 6,033 | 14.26% |
| Native American | 60 | 0.14% |
| Asian | 1,450 | 3.43% |
| Pacific Islander | 29 | 0.07% |
| Other/Mixed | 1,222 | 2.89% |
| Hispanic orLatino | 15,650 | 37.0% |
As of the2020 United States census, there were 42,296 people, 13,314 households, and 8,796 families residing in the city.
As of thecensus[5] of 2010, there were 33,804 people, 11,273 households, and 7,165 families residing in the city. Thepopulation density was 1,161.6 people per square mile (448.5 people/km2). There were 12,967 housing units at an average density of 445.6 units per square mile (172.0 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 54.2%White, 15.2%African American, 0.6%Native American, 3.2%Asian, 0.2%Pacific Islander, 23.4% fromother races, and 3.2% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino residents of any race were 41.6% of the population.
There were 11,273 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.3% weremarried couples living together, 18.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.64% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.55.
Age distribution was 33.9% under the age of 20, 9.5% from 20 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were 84.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,119, and the median income for a family was $43,734. Males had a median income of $26,377 versus $20,531 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $19,439. About 24.9% of families and 29.1% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 40.7% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.[32] In May 2013, the unemployment rate was 6.9%, less than the overall rate in Georgia of 8.3%, the US of 7.6%[33]
Of the population aged 15 years and over, 31.0% have never been married; 50.0% are now married; 2.4% are separated; 7.7% are widowed; and 9.9% are divorced.
Gainesville is home to theNortheast Georgia Medical Center Gainesville, which houses aLevel I Trauma Center and the Georgia Heart Center.[34]
Arrendale State Prison of theGeorgia Department of Corrections is a women's prison located inunincorporatedHabersham County, nearAlto,[35] and in the Gainesville area.[36]
Three African Americans, Beulah Rucker, E. E. Butler, and Ulysses Byas were educational pioneers in Gainesville and Hall County. Rucker founded Timber Ridge Elementary School, the first school for Black children in Gainesville, in 1911. In 1951 she established a night high school for African-American veterans, which was the only High School for veterans in Georgia. E. E. Butler served as an educator for just one year before earning his Physician's license. In 1954, he became one of two who became the first Black men on the Gainesville City Schools Board of Education, a very unusual situation in the United States. When the schools were integrated in 1969, Byas, like most Black school principals was offered a demotion. Rather than take a job as an assistant principal at Gainesville High School, he moved toTuskegee, Alabama, where he became the nation's first Black school superintendent.[37][38]
E. E. Butler High School was a segregated school created in 1962 in response to court demands for equalization of resources for Black students. After the integration of public schools, it was closed in 1969.[39]
TheGainesville City School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of five elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school.[40][41] The district has 282 full-time teachers and over 4,438 students.[42] Its lone high school,Gainesville High School boasts several notable alumni, includingDeshaun Watson,Cleveland Browns quarterback,Cris Carpenter, former professional baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals,Florida Marlins,Texas Rangers,Milwaukee Brewers),Tasha Humphrey, professional basketball player, andMicah Owings, current professional baseball player (Arizona Diamondbacks,Cincinnati Reds,San Diego Padres). The mascot for Gainesville High School is the Red Elephant.
TheHall County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of twenty-one elementary schools, six middle schools, and seven high schools.[43] The district has 1,337 full-time teachers and over 21,730 students.[44] The high schools in this district have produced a number of notable alumni including,Connor Shaw, starting quarterback for theUniversity of South Carolina Gamecocks football team;Casey Cagle, Lt. Governor, State of Georgia; James Mills, Georgia State Representative;A.J. Styles, professional wrestler;Deshaun Watson, starting quarterback for the Houston Texans,Mike "MoonPie" Wilson, former NFL football player;Chester Willis, formerNFL football player;Jody Davis, former catcher forChicago Cubs andAtlanta Braves baseball teams;Billy Greer, bass guitarist for progressive rock bandKansas;Corey Hulsey, formerNFLOakland Raiders football player;Robin Spriggs, author and actor; andMartrez Milner,American footballtight end.
Notable private schools in Gainesville include:Riverside Military Academy, a private, college preparatory, boarding and day school for boys in grades 6 through 12; andLakeview Academy, a private, nondenominational, coeducational day school for students in preschool through 12th grade. From 1928 to 2011, Gainesville was also home toBrenau Academy, a female, college preparatory, residential school for grades 9–12, and a part of theBrenau University system. However, in 2011 Brenau Academy was revamped into a program allowing qualified young women to earn college credits during the time in their lives in which they would normally complete high school studies.
Gainesville has several institutions of higher education:University of North Georgia (formerlyGainesville State College), which was established January 8, 2013, as a result of the consolidation of North Georgia College and State University and Gainesville State College;Brenau University, a private, not-for-profit, undergraduate- and graduate-level higher education institution; the Interactive College of Technology; and Lanier Technical College.
Established in 2005, the Public Defender's Office at Gainesville provides representation for persons accused of felony offenses in Hall County.[45] Attorneys from the office have been recognized for their community involvement, as well as for their acumen in the courtroom.[citation needed] In 2008, a first-year attorney successfully challenged the Sex Offender Registration Law in the Georgia Supreme Court.[46]
Municipalities and communities ofHall County, Georgia,United States | ||
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| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
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