 Gaganyaan crew-module mounted on TV-D1 vehicle, in-preparations towards a sub-orbital test flight. | |
| Manufacturer | |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | India |
| Operator | ISRO |
| Applications | Crewed orbital vehicle |
| Website | ISRO |
| Specifications | |
| Spacecraft type | Crewed |
| Launch mass | 8,200 kg (18,100 lb) (includes service module)[1] |
| Dry mass | 3,735 kg (8,234 lb)[2] |
| Crew capacity | 3[3] |
| Dimensions | Diameter: 3.5 m (11 ft)[4] Height: 3.58 m (11.7 ft)[4] |
| Volume | 8 m3 (280 cu ft)[5] |
| Power | Photovoltaic array |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Design life | 7 days |
| Production | |
| Status | In development |
| Maiden launch |
|
 Gaganyaan Mission Patch | |
Gaganyaan (Sanskrit:[ɡəɡənəjɑːnə],pronunciationⓘ, fromSanskrit:gagana, "celestial" andyāna, "craft, vehicle") is an Indiancrewed orbital spacecraft intended to be the formative spacecraft of theIndian Human Spaceflight Programme. Thespacecraft is being designed to carry three people to low Earth orbit, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capabilities.
In its maiden crewed mission,ISRO's largely autonomous 5.3-metric tonne capsule will orbit the Earth at 400 km altitude for up to seven days with a two- or three-person crew on board. The first crewed mission was originally planned to be launched on ISRO's human-ratedLVM3 rocket (HLVM3) in December 2021.[6][7] As of November 2024, it is expected to be launched no earlier than 2027.[8]
TheHindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)-manufactured crew module underwent its first uncrewed experimental flight on 18 December 2014.[9] As of May 2019,[update] design of the crew module has been completed.[10] TheDefence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) provides support for critical human-centric systems and technologies such as space-grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery of the crew module, and the fire suppression system.[11]
The Gaganyaan mission is led byV. R. Lalithambika, the former Director of the Directorate of the Human Spaceflight Programme with ISRO ChairmanS. Somanath andS. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director ofVikram Sarabhai Space Centre.[12][13] Imtiaz Ali Khan superseded V. R. Lalithambika as the Director of the Directorate of Human Spaceflight Programme.[14][15]
Like theChandrayaan and other extraterrestial missions, the Indian space programme began with no intentions of undertaking sophisticated initiatives like human spaceflight. It was only after ISRO developed extensive launch capabilities when humanspaceflight was being considered in the late 2000s. In August 2007, the then Chairman of the ISRO,G. Madhavan Nair, revealed that the agency was "seriously considering" the creation of a human spaceflight programme. He further indicated that, ISRO would report on its development of new space capsule technologies within a year. Later in 2010s, the development ofLVM3 enabled ISRO to pursue theIndian Human Spaceflight Programme withGaganyaan, the first crewed spacecraft of India.[16]
Although theIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) did not pursue an independent human-spaceflight programme during the 20th century, it participated in a joint mission underSoviet Union'sInterkosmos programme, whereIndian Air Force pilotRakesh Sharma was selected and trained for spaceflight in cooperation with theSoviet space program.
On 3 April 1984, Sharma became the first Indian-born citizen to enter space when he flew aboard the SovietSoyuz T-11, launched fromBaikonur Cosmodrome in theKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (nowKazakhstan). The Soyuz T-11 spacecraft carrying cosmonauts including Sharma docked and transferred the three member Soviet-Indian international crew, consisting of the ship's commander,Yury Malyshev, and flight engineer,Gennadi Strekalov, to theSalyut 7 Orbital Station. Sharma spent 7 days, 21 hours, and 40 minutes aboard the Salyut 7, during which he conducted an Earth observation focysed on theIndian subcontinent. He also did life sciences and materials processing experiments, includingsilicium fusing tests.[17]
The mission provided India with early operational and scientific exposure to human spaceflight, contributing foundational experience that would inform ISRO’s later ambitions in crewed space missions. To commemorate the occasion, the governments of India and the Soviet Union released special stamps and first day covers.[18]
Preliminary studies and technological development ofGaganyaan capsule started in 2006 under the generic name "Orbital Vehicle". The plan was to design a simple capsule with an endurance of about a week in space, a capacity of two astronauts, and asplashdown landing after re-entry. The project was commissioned in 2007, with expected completion by 2024 and a budget of around ₹10,000 crore.[19] The spacecraft design was finalized by March 2008 and was submitted to the Government of India for funding under ISRO's human spaceflight programme, which was sanctioned in February 2009,[20] but fell short due to limited developmental funding.[20] Initially, the first uncrewed flight of the orbital vehicle was proposed to be in 2013,[21] then it was revised to 2016.[22] However, in April 2012, it was reported that funding problems placed the future of the project in serious doubt.[23] And in August 2013, it was announced that all crewed spaceflight efforts by India had been designated as being "off ISRO's priority list".[24] By early 2014, the project had been reconsidered and was one of the main beneficiaries of a substantial budget increase announced in February 2014.[25]
ISRO developed the Gaganyaan orbital vehicle based on the tests performed with their scaled 555 kilograms (1,224 lb) experimentalspacecraft fromSpace Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE), which was launched and recovered in January 2007.[26][27] In SRE, an experimental capsule that had been in orbit earlier splashed into theBay of Bengal after descending from a height of 635 km. The purpose of the mission was to test reusablethermal protection system, management ofcommunication blackout,guidance, navigation and control, hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, braking system, deceleration system, flotation devices and recovery procedures.[28][29]
The push for theIndian Human Spaceflight Program, which included the Gaganyaan spacecraft, took place in 2017.[30] It was accepted and formally announced byPrime MinisterNarendra Modi during his 2018Independence Day address to the nation.[31] The programme was approved by theUnion Cabinet on 28 December 2018.[32] The design in 2022 called for a crew of three.[3] ISRO was set to perform four biological and two physical science experiments related tomicrogravity during the first Gaganyaan mission.[33]Hydrazine was planned to be replaced with green propellant on Gaganyaan missions, for which theLiquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) was already working on amonopropellant blended formulation consisting ofhydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN),ammonium nitrate,methanol andwater as of 2021.[34][35]
Many of the fundamental technologies were realized by ISRO by the time IHSP was approved by the Union Cabinet. After receiving approval, many of them were human-rated to make sure their dependability satisfied the requirements needed for human spaceflight.[36]Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II (SRE-2), an extension of the 2007 SRE mission, was canceled in 2018 as a result of excessive delays.[37][38] In a reply to theRajya Sabha on February 13, 2025,Minister of Science and TechnologyJitendra Singh Rana stated theCOVID-19 pandemic was the main reason of the delay, slowing down the production of avionics components and disrupting the supply chain. Unreliable raw material deliveries caused by supply chain failures, and a worldwide scarcity of space-grade components caused delays in the manufacturing and assembly of mission critical hardware. The project timeframe was extended for extra validation missions and crew safety tests to guarantee the highest standards of safety for astronauts. It necessitated further testing and improvements. To keep the orbital module's total mass within the HLVM3 launcher's lifting capabilities, the design had to be modified, which increased the complexity and engineering time. Delays in the necessary comprehensive study and testing were also caused by the indigenous development of the life support system.[39]
A crewed spacecraft was projected to require about₹12,400 crore (US$1.77 billion) over a period of seven years, including the₹5,000 crore (US$0.7 billion) for the initial work of the crewed spacecraft during theEleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) out of which the Government released₹ 50 crore (US$7 million) in 2007–2008.[40][41] In December 2018, the government approved a further₹10,000 crore (US$1.5 billion) for a 7-day crewed flight of 3 astronauts to take place by 2021.[6]
Expanding the scope of the Gaganyaan initiative, theUnion Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved on September 18, 2024, the development of theBAS-01 Base Module.[42] The launch of the BAS-1 unit is one of the eight missions that are now part of the redesigned Indian Human-spaceflight Programme, which is scheduled for completion by December 2028. Hardware requirements and more unmanned flights are part of this expansion, which is meant to supplement the continuing human spaceflight programs. The Gaganyaan initiative has received an extra₹11,170crore (US$1.3 billion) in financing to support its expanded scope, bringing the total budget to₹20,193crore (US$2.4 billion). With four missions under the ongoing Human-spaceflight programme scheduled by 2026, the development of the BAS-1 module and four additional missions for technology demonstration and validation by 2028, the programme aims to develop and demonstrate critical technologies for long-duration human space missions.[43][44]
Madhavan Chandradathan, director ofSatish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), stated that ISRO would need to set up anastronaut training facility inBengaluru. The newly establishedHuman Space Flight Centre (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF efforts.[45] Existing launch facilities will be upgraded for launches under the Indian Human Spaceflight project.[46][47] With extra facilities needed forlaunch escape systems.[41] Russia is likely to provide astronaut training.[48] In Spring 2009, the full-scale mock-up of the crew capsule of Gaganyaan was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Center for the training of astronauts.[49]
India has already successfully developed and tested several building blocks, includingre-entry space capsule,pad abort test,safe crew ejection mechanism in case of rocket failure, a flight suit developed byDefence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) and the powerful LVM3 launch vehicle.[50] Having met all required technological keystones, the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 August 2018.[51] Gaganyaan will be the first crewed spacecraft under this programme.[52] To begin the training of doctors and engineers for space mission, Brigitte Godard, a flight surgeon affiliated with theEuropean Space Agency, traveled to India in 2018.[53] In 2021, ISRO established a temporary ground station for the Gaganyaan mission in theCocos (Keeling) Islands, following an extended dialogue with theAustralian Space Agency. ISRO has plans to build a permanent ground station for the project there.[34]
In February 2024,IIT Kanpur built and evaluated the Hypervelocity Expansion Tunnel Test Facility, referred to as S2, in the Department of Aerospace Engineering's Hypersonic Experimental Aerodynamics Laboratory (HEAL). Extreme hypersonic conditions ofatmospheric entry can be replicated at the S2 facility. It is anticipated that the facility will support Gaganyaan.[54]
Gaganyaan crew module is a fully autonomous 5.3 t (12,000 lb) spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to theEarth after a mission duration of up to seven days.[1] The crew module is equipped with two parachutes for redundancy, with one parachute enough for a safe splashdown. The parachutes would reduce the speed of the crew module from over 216 m/s (480 mph) to under 11 m/s (25 mph) at splashdown.[55] The space capsule will have life support and environmental control systems. It will be equipped with emergency mission abort capabilities and a Crew Escape System (CES) that can be activated during the first stage or second rocket stage burn.[56] The nose of the original version of the orbital vehicle was free for adocking mechanism, but primary entry will be through a side hatch secured by explosive bolts.[57]
Glavkosmos and Human Space Flight Centre signed a deal in October 2019 forEnergia to equip the Gaganyaan crew with life support system and supply thermal control system for the spacecraft. In addition to supplying food, water, and oxygen and assisting in regulating body temperature, the life support system will also handle waste products of crew members. Throughout the mission, the thermal control system will maintain the spacecraft's component within permissible temperature limits.[58]The Human Space Flight Center and Glavkosmos signed another deal on 11 March 2020, for the manufacture and supply of individual equipment packages.NPP Zvezda will manufacture customized couch liners and individual seats for Indian astronauts as part of the contract.[59]
_Structure_Assembly_for_the_Gaganyaan_project.jpg)
On 7 December 2022,The Hindu reported that the crew module had entered the production stage.[60] ISRO has declared that it will be developing its ownEnvironmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) for Gaganyaan mission. According to ISRO Chairman S. Somanath, ISRO has no experience in producing ECLSS, but following fruitless attempts to obtain it from other countries, it was forced to urge national laboratories and domestic industry to begin developing the technology because there were no foreign partners available to share the technology.[61] The first orbiter module adaptor assembly (OMA) for Gaganyaan was provided by Kineco Kaman Composites on 23 December 2023. The OMA is a conical structure with a diameter of 4 meters, composed ofcarbon-fiber-reinforced polymers. It is combined with the equipment bay shroud and crew escape module.[62]The Emergency Sea Water Purification Kit was developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation. The package provides astronauts with clean water during operations and emergencies by eliminating excessive levels of Total Dissolved Matter,turbidity, color, and microbiological contamination from sea water in 30 minutes. The user testing for the Gaganyaan mission atBombay Dockyard was successfully completed in 2022.[63]
In order to visit theInternational Space Station (ISS) andBharatiya Antariksh Station in the future, ISRO intends to incorporateInternational Docking System Standard (IDSS) compatibility.[64] A Docking Adaptor calledBhartiya Docking System is currently under development.[65]
An all-purpose software called SAKHI (Space-borne Assistant and Knowledge Hub for Crew Interaction) created by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre will assist astronauts on the Gaganyaan space travel mission with a variety of duties, including interacting with one another and locating critical technical information. Among its many duties, SAKHI will closely monitor their health, sending data onvital signs includingblood pressure,heart rate, andoxygen saturation. This information will be extremely helpful in determining the crew's physical state during the Gaganyaan mission. Ensuring a smooth communication link, SAKHI will maintain the crew's connection to the ground-based stations and the onboard computer. The app will also serve as a reminder for them regarding theirsleep patterns,food regimen, and hydration levels. An engineering model of the specially designed, portable smart device with SAKHI has been successfully tested by the space facility. The process is ongoing for creating a flight approved, production ready model. Fastened to their space suits, the digital platform is always readily available. Additionally, the astronauts can report their journey using the app in a variety of formats, such as voice notes, texts, and photos.[66]
The Gaganyaan Spacecraft will have a 2.9 t (6,400 lb)[1] service module is powered byliquid propellant engines. The crew module is mated to the service module, and together they constitute 8.2 t (18,000 lb) orbital module.[1]It will power the spacecraft and run its main engines during orbit circularization, on-orbit control, de-boost manoeuvring and Service Module based abort during the ascent phase. The Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) engines provide the main propulsive force during the orbit circularisation & de-boost phases, while the Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters ensures precise attitude control.[67]
The Service Module Propulsion System (SMPS) will perform anorbit raising manoeuvre allowing Gaganyaan to reach 400 km inlow Earth orbit (LEO), then remain docked during a deorbit burn untilatmospheric reentry. It will use an unifiedbipropellant system consisting ofMON-3 andMonomethylhydrazine as oxidizer and fuel, having five main engines derived from ISRO'sliquid apogee motor with 440 N (99 lbf) thrust and sixteen 100 Nreaction control system (RCS)thrusters.As of July 2025, ISRO has completed all development programmes and qualification tests related to the SMPS system.[67]
_on_20_July_2023%2c_at_the_Naval_Dockyard%2c_Visakhapatnam._03.webp)
The Gaganyaan module is intended to land in theArabian Sea, where Indian agencies are expected to be stationed in order to rescue both the crew and the module. Nonetheless, the space agency has selected 48 backup locations in international waters in case the primary plan is altered. Two landing sites in Indian waters, one in the Arabian Sea and the other in the Bay of Bengal, were initially chosen by ISRO. But the landing spot in the Arabian Sea was decided upon taking into account the choppy seas and unpredictability of the Bay of Bengal.[68][69]
The Water Survival Training Facility of the Indian Navy inKochi served as the site for the first phase of the Gaganyaan recovery trial operations.Tata Elxsi and ISRO are working together on the second phase of crew recuperation training. The company has built recovery models for the crew module that replicate the mass,center of gravity, exterior dimensions, interfaces, and externals of the real crew module. In Kochi andVisakhapatnam, two recovery models have been delivered to the Indian Navy's training personnel.[70][71][72]
On November 20, 2024, ISRO and theAustralian Space Agency (ASA) signed an Implementing Arrangement outlining their collaboration on crew and crew module recovery for the Gaganyaan.[73] International partners will receivestandard operating procedures (SOPs) from ISRO regarding the prevention of propellant contamination, the prevention of explosions, how to access crew in the event that doors cannot be opened, and other related matters.[74] Jarrod Powell, General Manager, Space Capability Branch, representing ASA inCanberra, and D.K. Singh, Director, Human Space Flight Centre, representing ISRO in Bengaluru, signed the Implementing Arrangement.[75] Based on its experience in Antarctic operations and remote medicine, Australia is expected to share its knowledge of applied space medicine and life sciences.[76] As part of a backup plan for the ascent phase that ends close to Australian waters, Australia will collaborate with India to guarantee assistance for crew search and rescue as well as crew module recovery.[77]
Using a mass and shape simulated crew module mock-up, ISRO and the Indian Navy'sEastern Naval Command successfully completed thewell deck trials on 6 December 2024.[78][79] A ship's well deck was filled with water so that recovered spacecraft, boats, and landing vehicles could be brought inside for docking. The entire sequence of operations, which included attaching the recovery buoy,towing, entering the well deck, placing the crew module on ground fittings, and draining the well deck, was validated. In order to improve the SOPs for recovery operations under both nominal and off-nominal conditions, a number of recovery trials are being conducted.[80][81]
ISRO testedspace docking capabilities duringSpaDeX mission in early 2025. The technology will also be employed on theChandrayaan-4 and future missions to Gaganyaan and Bharatiya Antariksh Station. A project report that includes all the information, a study and internal evaluation, and a cost estimate has been prepared and is about to be approved by the government.[82]
By early 2026, over 8000 ground tests and all structural qualification, engineering and vehicle propulsion tests were completed with flight software simulations and environmental tests being reported to be in progress at ISRO facilities for the Gaganyaan mission.[83] Some notable and crucial tests conducted by ISRO in this timeframe include:
On 11 August 2022, ISRO successfully completed the test firing of Low Altitude Escape Motor (LEM) for Crew Escape System. LEM consists of a solid rocket motor with four reverse flow nozzles that generates maximum sea level thrust of 842 kN (nominal) with burn time of 5.98 second (nominal). The nozzle end of LEM is mounted at the fore end of the launch vehicle to avoid exhaust plume impingement on crew module. This is why there are reverse flow multiple nozzle in the solid rocket motor. The reverse flow nozzle makes exhaust gas flow in opposite direction in the nozzle region.[84][85]
The objective of this test was to check ballistic parameters, validate motor subsystem performance (and confirm the design margins), evaluate the thermal performance of nozzle liners especially to confirm the ablative characteristics, validate integrity of all interfaces, evaluate the head-end mounted safe arm (HMSA) based ignition system performance, and evaluate side thrust due to misalignment and variation in flow and other functional parameters including flow reversal.[86]
A system demonstration model (SDM) of the Service Module Propulsion System (SMPS), which will be incorporated into the Gaganyaan spacecraft, was successfully tested by ISRO on 28 August 2021.[87] The service module is designed and developed byLiquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC).[88]
_System_Demonstration_Model_(SDM)_hot_test_conducted_on_19_July_2023_at_IPRC%2c_Mahendragiri.webp)
At theISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), the system demonstration model was fired for 450 seconds. The performance met the pre-test prediction model. The propulsion system for the service module is a single bi-propellant system consists of sixteen 100Newtonthrusters forreaction control system (RCS) and five primary 440 Newton thrust engines, usingmonomethylhydrazine (MMH) andmixed oxides of nitrogen (MON-3) as the fuel and oxidizer, respectively. Additionally, IPRC is constructing a new facility to test the Service Module Propulsion System. To validate the propulsion system on the ground, the test model for the system demonstration employed only eight 100 Newton thrusters and five 440 Newton engines.[89][90]
On 19 July 2023, ISRO successfully completed the test of Gaganyaan Service Module Propulsion System.[91] Five hot tests totaling 2,750 seconds were conducted by ISRO as part of the Phase-1 test series. Eight 100 Newton RCS thrusters and five 440 Newton liquid apogee motor (LAM) engines were used in Phase 1. The system's hot testing replicated the operation of the flight-qualified thruster, helium pressurization system, propellant tank feed system, and control components. During the test, which lasted 250 seconds, RCS thrusters and LAM engines were used continuously. During the Gaganyaan mission's ascending phase, the RCS thrusters will ensure precise attitude correction, while the LAM engines will supply the primary propulsive force.[92]
The SMPS carries out orbit injection, circularization burn, on-orbit control, de-boost maneuvering, and service module based abort if necessary during the ascent phase for the Orbital Module.[93]On 20 July 2023, hot test was conducted in final configuration of SMPS in which sixteen RCS thrusters with 100 Newton thrust and five LAM engines with 440 Newton thrust were used. The propellant tank feed system, helium pressurization system, flight-qualified thrusters, and control components were all included in the hot test which simulated the fluid circuit of the SMPS. The combined performance of SMPS was showcased in the first hot test of the Phase-2 test series.[94] Each 440 Newton thrust engine will also be tested individually for longer duration involving various parameters to gainhuman-rating certification. ISRO has scheduled five additional tests to demonstrate both nominal and off-nominal mission scenarios.[95][96]
On 26 July 2023, ISRO conducted two more hot tests on the SMPS with success. The thrusters were run in tandem with the mission profile, both in continuous and pulsed mode. The first hot test, which lasted 723.60 seconds, was intended to show how to pump fuel into the orbital module and burn 100 Newton thrusters and LAM engines for calibration. The calibration burn was essential to identify and isolate any non-operational engines. The RCS thrusters and LAM engines operated as anticipated. The goal of the second hot test, which lasted 350 seconds, was to show how the Orbital Module circularizes to reach the final orbit. The RCS thrusters functioned in pulse mode throughout this test, while the LAM engines ran continuously.[97][98]
To verify Service Module Propulsion System, two brief hot tests lasting 30 and 100 seconds were carried out at IPRC-Mahendragiri on 3 July 2025. The overall performance throughout these hot tests was normal. All LAM engines and all RCS thrusters was able operate simultaneously in both steady state and pulsed modes during 100 seconds test.[99][100]
On 18 November 2022, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) conducted an Integrated Main Parachute Airdrop Test (IMAT) of the Parachute Deceleration System (PDS), in which 5-ton dummy mass equivalent of the actual crew module mass was taken to an altitude of 2.5 km and dropped fromIlyushin Il-76 byIndian Air Force. Two small pyro-based mortar-deployed pilot parachutes then pulled the main parachutes free. The size of the main parachutes was initially restricted to a smaller area to reduce opening shock. After 7 seconds, the pyro-based reefing line cutters cut the area restricting line, allowing the parachutes to inflate fully. The fully inflated main parachutes reduced the payload speed to a safe landing speed. The entire sequence lasted about 2–3 minutes.[101][102]
The Parachute Deceleration System is jointly developed by ISRO and DRDO. System design, analytical simulations for parachute deployment, development of ordnance devices for parachute ejection, mechanical assembly, instrumentation and avionics were done by VSSC. In total, five air dropped tests (of 10 parachutes) are planned as part of qualification process.[103][104]
On 3 November 2025, ISRO successfully evaluated the primary parachutes for the Gaganyaan crew module at the Babina Field Firing Range. The crew module-equivalent simulated mass was dropped from a height of 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The test object performed a stable descent and soft landing, confirming the parachute's resilience, and is deployed as intended. This test validated the main parachutes for the maximum design by successfully demonstrating one of the potential scenarios of delay in the disreefing between the two main parachutes. The test assessed the load distribution and structural stability of the system under asymmetric disreefing circumstances. Redundancy is built into the system's design.[105][106]
| Test | Date | Altitude | Carrier aircraft | Dummy mass | Location | Outcome | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMAT-01 | 18 November 2022 | 2.5 km (1.6 mi) | Indian Air ForceIL-76 | 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) | Babina Field Fire Range,Jhansi | Success | First IMAT test. Disreefing of the main parachutes was tested.[107] |
| IMAT-03 | 3 November 2025 | 2.5 km (1.6 mi) | 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) | Success | Possible extreme scenario of delay in the disreefing between the two main parachutes was tested.[108] |
On 8 August 2023, ISRO informed the media that Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in collaboration withAerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment successfully conducted a series ofDrogue Parachute Deployment Tests at Rail Track Rocket Sled Facility ofTerminal Ballistics Research Laboratory, from 8 to 10 August 2023. Pyrotechnic mortars were developed to launch parachutes into the air upon command. With a diameter of 5.8 meters, the conical ribbon-type parachutes use a single-stage reefing system that reduces canopy area and lessens opening stress to provide a controlled and smooth descent.[109]
A variety of real-world conditions were recreated during the three comprehensive tests in order to thoroughly assess the functionality and dependability of the drogue parachutes. The first test, which replicated the maximum reefed weight, introduced reefing in a mortar-deployed parachute for the first time in India. The second test replicated the maximum disreefed load, while the third test demonstrated the drogue parachute's deployment in a scenario that mirrored the Crew Module's maximum angle of attack it might experience during its mission. All these tests served as a critical qualification milestone for the drogue parachutes, confirming their readiness for integration intoTest Vehicle Abort Mission-1.[110]
Rail Track Rocket Sled Facility already completed the test of pilot and apex cover separation parachutes. Ten parachutes will be used in the complex parachute sequence for the deceleration system of the Gaganyaan crew module. The two apex cover separation parachutes are deployed first in the process, and two drogue parachutes are deployed when stability is accomplished. The mission enters the extraction phase once the drogue parachutes are released. Three pilot parachutes separately remove the three main parachutes, which is a crucial step in lowering the Crew Module's speed to acceptable levels for a safe landing.[111] This allowed the crew module with the parachute system to pass a series of tests for shock-survivability and vibration later that year.[112]
ISRO Conducted another series of tests on 18th and 19th December 2025 at the Rail Track Rocket Sled facilities of DRDO's Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory inChandigarh to validate modifications in the Disreefment systems. Launched from rocket powered sledge at over 600 kmph, both tests have flight qualified parachutes for the Gaganyaan-G1 flight.[113][114]
On 4 December 2024, ISRO and ESA signed a technical implementing plan to provide ground station support for Gaganyaan missions, which establishes uninterrupted data flow and communication with the mission's Orbital Module for monitoring and orbital operations.[115][116] The radio equipment for the Gaganyaan spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at theEuropean Space Operations Centre in December for compatibility testing. To make sure the spacecraft's radio transmitter and receiver can successfully communicate with the European Space Agency's antenna inKourou, French Guiana, the test will be carried out at the Ground Segment Reference Facility. To assist ISRO in tracking and controlling the Gaganyaan crew module,ESOC will coordinate a number of radio antennas in theEuropean Space Tracking network.[117]
To confirm the network operation of the Gaganyaan orbital module communication system with the ESA ground stations, ISRO and theESOC jointly finished a series of radio frequency compatibility tests on 12 February 2025. The successful test ensured that the entire communications architecture was ready and that the systems were compatible withESTRACK. As part of the testing, the Gaganyaan's onboard telemetry, tracking and command, data management, and audio/video systems were integrated with ESTRACK.[118]
Integrated Air Drop Tests (IADT) are aimed to demonstrate the end-to-end parachute based deceleration system for Gaganyaan missions with sea-based recovery. It consisted of four types of parachutes viz. Apex Cover Separation (ACS) (Ø 2.5 m - 2 nos), Drogue (Ø5.8 m - 2nos), Pilot (Ø3.4 m - 3 nos.) and Main parachutes (Ø 25 m - 3nos.). These tests would be conducted with joint efforts of ISRO, Indian Air Force, DRDO,Indian Navy andIndian Coast Guard. The IADT is a specialised trial to ensure the parachute system designed for the Gaganyaan crew module performs reliably in real-world conditions. A total of eight IADT tests are planned.
On 24 August 2025, ISRO announced the first successful Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-01). During the test, a dummy crew capsule weighing around 4.8 tonnes was lifted up through the air before being dropped at an altitude of about 3 km by an IAF Chinook helicopter. As it descended through a few kilometres, its main parachutes opened in a specific sequence to decelerate the capsule to a safe splashdown speed. Post splashdown, the simulated Crew Module was successfully recovered and ferried back onINS Anvesh toChennai port. Similar tests at different deployment conditions are planned by ISRO for february 2026.[119][120]
| Test | Date | Altitude | Carrier aircraft | Capsule mass | Outcome | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IADT-01 | 24 August 2025 | 3 km (1.9 mi) | Indian Air ForceChinook | 4,800 kg (10,600 lb) | Success | First end-to-end parachute test. Crew Module was successfully recovered and ferried back onINS Anvesha toChennai port.[121] |
| Seven more tests planned | ||||||
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On 13 February 2014,Hindustan Aeronautics Limited handed over the firstboilerplate prototype of Crew Module structural assembly to ISRO for Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE).[9][122] ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre would equip the Crew Module with systems necessary for life support, navigation, guidance and control systems.[123] The mission's objectives were to comprehend the reentry aerodynamics and test the effectiveness of the deceleration system by demonstrating the separation of the apex cover and the deployment of the parachute in a cluster configuration.[124]
ISRO undertook an uncrewed test launch of the vehicle aboard the LVM3-X, for an experimental sub-orbital flight on 18 December 2014. The crew module separated from the rocket at an altitude of 126 km. On-board motors controlled and reduced the speed of the module until an altitude of 80 km (50 mi). Thrusters were shut off at that altitude and atmospheric drag further reduced speed of the capsule.
The module's heat shield was expected to experience temperature in excess of 1,600 °C (2,910 °F). Parachutes were deployed at an altitude of 15 km (9.3 mi) to slow down the module, which performed asplashdown in theBay of Bengal nearAndaman and Nicobar Islands.[125][126]
This flight was used to test orbital injection, separation and re-entry procedures and systems of the Crew Capsule. Also tested were the capsule separation, heat shields andaerobraking systems, parachute deployment, retro-firing, splashdown, flotation systems, and procedures to recover the Crew Capsule from the Bay of Bengal.[127][128] Inflight launch abort and parachute tests were expected to be conducted by the end of 2019.[129]
The Indian Space Research Organisation's Pad Abort Test was conducted successfully on 5 July 2018.[130] A Pad Abort Test is a trial run for the spacecraft's launch abort system (sometimes called a launch escape system). This system is designed to quickly get the crew and spacecraft away from the rocket in the event of a potential failure. The technology developed is expected to be applied to the first Indian crewed spacecraft Gaganyaan, scheduled to be launched no earlier than 2024.[131]
The countdown for the test started at 2:00 am (IST) on 5 July 2018. At 7:00 am (IST) The Crew Escape System with crew module successfully lifted-off from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The crew module was accelerated to 10g[132] and reached a highest altitude of 2.75 km (1.71 mi), it later safely parachuted down and floated in the Bay of Bengal 2.9 km (1.80 mi) away from its launch site. It was carried skyward using seven solid-fueled rocket motors keeping within the safe g-force limits. Later recovery boats were sent to recover the crew module. The total duration of the test mission was 259 seconds. The test launch process was recorded by around 300 sensors.[133][134] Main objectives of test were nominal 20 second ascent and 200 seconds of descent, not including the splashdown.[135] Chute detachment was a scheduled event occurring around 259.4 seconds after launch as intended.[136][137]
Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1[138] (TV-D1[138][139]) was a high altitude abort test held on 21 October 2023 at around 10:00 a.mIST.[140] The rocket launch was the second attempt of the day, with the initial try halted just five seconds before the scheduled time. The primary purpose of the test was to ensure the crew's ability to safely exit the rocket in the event of a malfunction. Originally slated for 8:00 local time, the launch was postponed for 45 minutes due to weather-related concerns. The mission aimed to test the CES's separation from the rocket, ability to maintain a trajectory leading to a safe distance, and eventual parachute deployment.[141]
During TV-D1 mission, the crew module experience an unexpected upended orientation while being recovered by Indian Navy fromBay of Bengal. In order to mitigate the problem and improve safety, ISRO is going to test an "uprighting system" that resembles gaseous balloons and works similarly to airbags in cars to keep the crew module from toppling over in the event of lateral wind and sea wave disturbances following splashdown. Redundancy is built into the system to guard against failure.
TV-D2 is scheduled to launch in Q1 2024. The crew escape mechanism will use low and high altitude escape motors, while the crew module control systems will mimic the crew seat, suspension, and uprighting systems.[142]
Following three uncrewed orbital flight demonstrations of the spacecraft, a crewed Gaganyaan is slated to be launched on the HLVM3 (Human-rated version ofLVM3) launcher.[143]
While the LVM3 is being human rated for Gaganyaan project, the rocket was designed with potential human spaceflight applications in consideration. The maximum acceleration during ascent phase of flight was limited to4 Gs for crew comfort and a 5-metre (16 ft) diameter payload fairing was used to be able to accommodate large modules like space station segments.[144] The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at theNational Aerospace Laboratories' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.[145]
Furthermore, a number of changes to make safety-critical subsystems reliable are planned for lower operating margins, redundancy, stringent qualification requirements, revaluation and strengthening of components.[146] Avionics improvements includes an Integrated Health Monitoring System (LVHM), Dual chain Telemetry & Telecommand Processor (TTCP) and Quad-redundantNavigation and Guidance Computer (NGC). TheHigh Thrust Vikas engines (HTVE) of L110 core stage will operate at a chamber pressure of 58.5 bar instead of 62 bar and the Human rated S200 boosters (HS200) will operate at chamber pressure of 55.5 bar instead of 58.8 bar. Segment joints will have threeO-rings each. Electro mechanical actuators and digital stage controllers will be employed in all stages of launch vehicle.[147][148]
Gaganyaan's green propellant development was confirmed byK. Sivan, and it will be used in all stages of HLVM3. In order to stop rocket engines from emitting chlorinated exhaust products, ISRO has started the development of an environmentally benign solid propellant based on Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) as fuel andAmmonium dinitramide (ADN) as oxidizer. Green propellant combinations includinghydrogen peroxide,kerosene,liquid oxygen,liquid methane, ADN-methanol-water, ADN-glycerol-water are all part of the technology demonstration projects that ISRO is conducting. With the use of electric propulsion for spacecraft and the acceptance of liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen andLOX/kerosene based propulsion systems for launch vehicles, ISRO has already started the transition towards environmentally benign and green propellants. Currently in use in the cryogenic upper stages of the GSLV and LVM3 is the LOX/LH2 mix. In place of traditionalhydrazine, ISRO developed ISROSENE, a rocket grade version of kerosene. In theSouth Asia satellite, ISRO has effectively proven an electric propulsion technology for station keeping operations.[149][150]
On 17 November 2020,Larsen & Toubro (L&T) delivered the first piece of hardware—a booster segment—for the Gaganyaan launch vehicle LVM3. ThePowai Aerospace Manufacturing Facility in Mumbai, owned by L&T, is where the booster segment was manufactured. The crucial booster segment is 3.2 meters in diameter, 8.5 meters long, and 5.5 tons in weight.[151]
The human-rated variant of the S200 solid strap-on booster, or 'HS200', was developed for the Gaganyaan programme in collaboration with Larsen & Toubro.[152] The first static fire test of HS200 was conducted on 13 May 2022 at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) for a duration of 135 seconds, carrying 203 tons of solid propellant. During the test, about 700 parameters were monitored and the performance of all the systems were normal. The second-largest functioning solid propellant booster in the world is 20 meters in length and 3.2 meters in diameter.[153][154]
Like all systems for Gaganyaan mission, the HS200 booster was designed with a number of enhancements intended to increase the safety and dependability of different systems. The enhancements include stronger ignition and insulation systems, improved digital control electronics as well as extra safety features for motor case joints. This booster's control system makes use of one of the strongest electro-mechanical actuators available, complete with many redundancies and safety measures. The enhancement of S200 solid strap-on booster resulted in a decrease in chamber pressure, increased robustness, proof-leakability, and higher margins.[155]
Vikas engine variants are used to power the second stage of thePolar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), boosters and second stage of theGeosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark I and II, and also the core stage of LVM3.
On 14 July 2021, ISRO conducted third long duration hot test of Vikas engine for core L110 liquid stage of GSLV Mark III at ISRO Propulsion Complex as part of the engine qualification requirements of the Gaganyaan mission. The engine was successfully test fired for a duration of 240 seconds validating all the required performance parameters.[156][157]
On 20 January 2022, High Thrust Vikas Engine successfully underwent a hot qualification test for duration of 25 seconds at ISRO Propulsion Complex to validate engine robustness under non-nominal operating conditions for fuel-oxidiser mixture ratio and chamber pressure.[158]
The first human-rated L110 Vikas engine for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission was delivered byGodrej Enterprises Group to Liquid Propulsion Systems Center on 13 November 2025.[159]
_undergoing_720_second_qualification_test_for_Gaganyaan_programme_at_IPRC_Mahendragiri_001.jpg)
On 12 January 2022, ISRO conducted a hot qualification test on CE-20 cryogenic engine for a duration of 720 seconds at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC).[160][161] On October 28, 2022, CE-20 E11 successfully completed a Pressure Chamber Test for 30 seconds at IPRC. It was done to check the efficacy of the engine for Gaganyaan missions. On November 9, 2022, the duration was increased to 70 seconds. The test results were on expected lines as per ISRO sources.[162]
On 21 February 2024, ISRO announced that the performance of the primary cryogenic engine that will be installed on the LVM3 launch vehicles for Gaganyaan has been verified and approved for use in human spaceflight missions. Vacuum testing of theCE-20 cryogenic engine, the seventh in the series, took place at the High Altitude Test Facility in Mahendragiri on 14 February 2024. In contrast to the minimal standard period for human rating of 6,350 seconds (1 hour 45 minutes), the CE-20 was previously put through 39 hot fire tests under various operating conditions, lasting 8,810 seconds (2 hours 26 minutes). Even the flight engine, which was designated for the inaugural Gaganyaan mission, has finished the acceptance testing, according to ISRO. The flight engine, which powers the upper stages of the LVM3, has an impulse of 442.5 seconds and a thrust capacity of 19–22 tons.[163]
According to ISRO, life demonstration tests, endurance tests, and performance evaluations under nominal operating settings as well as off-nominal conditions with regard to thrust, mixture ratio, and propellant tank pressure were all part of the ground qualification testing for the human rating of the CE-20 engine. The CE-20 engine's ground certification tests for the Gaganyaan program have all been successfully finished.[164]
| No. | Mission | Date | Regime | Launcher | Payload | Outcome | Photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SRE-1 | 10 January 2007 | Low Earth orbit (637 km) | PSLV C7 | SRE-1 | Success |  |
| Capability demonstration for the safe return of an orbiting capsule to Earth.[165] | |||||||
| 2 | CARE | 18 December 2014 | Sub-orbit (125.2 km) | LVM3-X | Crew Moduleboilerplate | Success |  |
| Sub-orbital test of scaled down boilerplate Gaganyaan capsule launched aboard the sub-orbital first test flight of ISRO's LVM3.[166] | |||||||
| 3 | ISRO PAT | 5 July 2018 | Atmospheric (2.75 km) | LES | Crew Module's boilerplate | Success | _lifting_off_from_the_launch_pad%2c_during_a_test_conducted_by_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_(ISRO)%2c_at_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre%2c_Sriharikota%2c_Andhra_Pradesh_on_July_05%2c_2018.JPG) |
| 4-minute test of Gaganyaan's Launch abort system from launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre. | |||||||
| 4 | TV-D1 | 21 October 2023 | Atmospheric (15 km) | Gaganyaan Abort Test Booster | Crew Module / Abort system | Success |  |
| High-altitude abort test usingGSLV's L40 stage as booster.[147] Crew Escape System (CES) in-flight abort demonstration at Mach 1.2.[167][168] | |||||||
| 5 | TV-D2 | NET 2026 | Atmospheric | Gaganyaan Abort Test Booster | Crew Module / Abort system | Planned | |
| Uncrewed mission to test flight parameters.[147] Crew Escape System (CES) in-flight abort demonstration at Mach 1.4.[167] Use of modifiedL40 stage fromGSLV.[167][169] | |||||||
| 6 | TV-A1 | NET 2026 | Atmospheric | Gaganyaan Abort Test Booster | Crew Module / Abort system | Planned | |
| Mission configurations are being finalised.[170] | |||||||
| 7 | TV-A2 | NET 2026 | Atmospheric | Gaganyaan Abort Test Booster | Crew Module / Abort system | Planned | |
| Mission configurations are being finalised.[170] | |||||||
| 8 | Gaganyaan-1 | NET Q1 2026 | Low Earth orbit | HLVM3 | Gaganyaan withVyommitra | Planned | |
| First end-to-end orbital test flight of Gaganyaan capsule carryingVyommitra, the humanoid robot, in a depressurized crew chamber.[169][171] Test flight of upratedC32 cryogenic upper-stage.[167][172][173] | |||||||
| 9 | Gaganyaan-2 | NET Q3 2026 | Low Earth orbit | HLVM3 | Gaganyaan with Vyommitra | Planned | |
| Second end-to-end orbital test flight of Gaganyaan capsule.[169] Planned to last 8 to 24 hours with rigorous testing ofenvironment and life support systems.[174] | |||||||
| 10 | Gaganyaan-3 | NET 2027 | Low Earth orbit | HLVM3 | Gaganyaan with Vyommitra | Planned | |
| Third end-to-end orbital test flight of Gaganyaan capsule.[175] | |||||||
| No. | Mission | Launch | Landing | Regime | Launcher | Crew / Cargo | Duration | Orbits | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gaganyaan-4 (H1) | NET 2027 | Low Earth orbit | HLVM3 |  Shubhanshu Shukla | 7 days | TBA | Planned | ||
| 2 | Gaganyaan-5 (H2) | NET 2028 | Low Earth orbit | TBD | TBA | Planned | ||||
| 3 | Gaganyaan-6 | TBA | Low Earth orbit (~420 km) | ISS resupply | Planned |
| ||||
| 4 | Gaganyaan-7 | Low Earth orbit (~450 km) | BAS resupply | Planned |
| |||||
The objectives of Space Capsule Recovery Experiment has been achieved with the successful launch and recovery of Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) during December 2014 with this, the project has been formally closed. Hence, no projections were made.
Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.
It is proposed to utilise the existing launch pad with augmentation for carrying out the initial flights under the Gaganyaan manned space flight programme.
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)Taking into account the LEO payload capability of up to 10 tonnes feasible with this vehicle, the payload fairing diameter was fixed as 5 metres to accommodate large modules like a space station segment or manned capsule. Incidentally, considering the possibility of future human space flight missions by India, the boost phase acceleration was capped at 4g, the standard human tolerance level accepted by spacefaring agencies.
In addition, ATF also successfully completed the acoustic qualification of the Strap on Electro Mechanical Actuator Structure for the GSLV MKIII launcher. This would help in improving reliability and also provide advantages in payload capability in comparison with the Electro Hydraulic actuators used earlier.
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