In theBook of Daniel, Gabriel appears to the prophetDaniel to explain his visions. The archangel also appears in theBook of Enoch and other ancient Jewish writings not preserved in Hebrew. Alongside the archangelMichael, Gabriel is described as theguardian angel of theIsraelites, defending them against the angels of the other peoples.
Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by God to various prophets, includingMuhammad. The first five verses of theAl-Alaq, the 96th chapter of the Quran, are believed by Muslims to have been the first versesrevealed by Gabriel to Muhammad.
The name Gabriel (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל,Gaḇrīʾēl) is composed of the first person singular possessive form of the Hebrew noungever (גֶּבֶר), meaning "man",[3] andʾĒl, meaning "God" or "mighty one".[4] This would translate the archangel's name as "man of God".Proclus of Constantinople, in his Homily 1, stated that the meaning of Gabriel's name prefigured that Jesus, whose birth wasannounced by Gabriel, would be both man and God.[5]
In his work, thefour homilies on the Missus Est",Saint Bernard (1090–1153 AD) interpreted Gabriel's name as "the strength of God", and his symbolic function in the gospel story as announcement of the strength or virtue of Christ, both as the strength of God incarnate and as the strength given by God to the timorous people who would bring into the world a fearful and troublesome event. "Therefore it was an opportune choice that designated Gabriel for the work he had to accomplish, or rather, because he was to accomplish it therefore he was called Gabriel."[6]
The only book in theHebrew Bible that explicitly mentions Gabriel is theBook of Daniel. Gabriel appears to the prophetDaniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26,9:21–27). Later, inDaniel's final vision, an angel, not named but likely Gabriel again, appears to him and speaks of receiving help fromMichael in battle against the prince of Persia and also Michael's role in times to come. The Book of Daniel contains the first instances of named angels in the Hebrew Bible. Gabriel's main function in the Book of Daniel is that of revealer, responsible for interpreting Daniel's visions, a role he continues to have in later traditions. In Daniel 10–12, while Gabriel is not named directly, many scholars infer his continued presence as the messenger who delivers Daniel’s final apocalyptic revelations.
Though he is not specifically named, the "man clothed with linen" mentioned in chapters9 and10 of theBook of Ezekiel is interpreted as Gabriel inYoma 77a of theBabylonian Talmud.[7]
Gabriel is not referred to as an archangel in the Hebrew Bible or the New Testament. However, a wealth ofJewish literature was written during theSecond Temple period (516 BC–70 AD). Much of the literature produced during thisintertestamental period was of theapocalypticgenre. Thenames and ranks of angels anddemons were greatly expanded in this literature, and each had particular duties and status before God. Gabriel was first referred to as an archangel in these texts.
In particular, there are many references to Gabriel in theBook of Enoch. According to the book, Michael,Uriel,Raphael, and Gabriel complain to God about the many wrongs perpetrated byAzazel andSamyaza (especially the fact that they revealed "eternal secrets" and sins to mankind and defiled themselves with women who later gave birth togiant offspring).[8] As a result, God decides to destroy the Earth (which has been corrupted by thefallen angels, led by Azazel and Samyaza) and all of its inhabitants except forNoah. He sends Gabriel and the other archangels to go after the fallen angels and cast them into the darkness untilthe day of their judgment.[9] In Chapter 20, Gabriel is listed as one of seven holy angels (Uriel, Raphael,Raguel, Michael,Saraqâêl, Gabriel, andRemiel) whowatch.[10] In Chapter 40, Gabriel is listed as one of four presences (Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, andPhanuel) who stand on the four sides of God.[11] These four archangels will be the ones to cast the fallen angels into the abyss of condemnation on Judgment Day.[12] The final reference to Gabriel in the Book of Enoch is found in Chapter 71: "And that Head of Days came with Michael and Gabriel, Raphael and Phanuel, thousands and ten thousands of angels without number."[13]
According toRabbinic Judaism, Gabriel — along with Michael, Uriel, and Raphael — is one of the four angels that stand at the four sides of God’s throne and serve asguardian angels of the four parts of the Earth. Michael stands at the right hand of God, while Gabriel (who ranks beneath Michael) stands at the left. Michael and Gabriel often work together, but Michael is mainly occupied in heaven, while Gabriel (as the messenger of God) typically executes God’s will on earth. Like all the angels, Gabriel has wings, but otherwise takes the form of a man. Gabriel is also associated with the metal gold (the color of fire).[7]
Shimon ben Lakish (anamora of the third century) concluded that the angelic names of Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel came out of the Babylonian exile (Gen. Rab. 48:9). Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending the Israelites against the angels of the other nations.[14]
Gabriel is one of God's archangels in theKabbalah literature. He is portrayed as working in concert with Michael as part of God's court, and he is identified with thesefira ofYesod. Gabriel is not to be prayed to because only God can answer prayers and sends Gabriel as his agent.[7]
According toJewish mythology, in theGarden of Eden there is atree of life or the "tree of souls"[15] that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into theGuf, the treasury of souls. Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand.
Gabriel's first appearance in theNew Testament is found inthe first part ofChapter 1 of theGospel of Luke, in which he relates the annunciation of the birth ofJohn the Baptist. John's fatherZechariah was childless because his wifeElizabeth was barren. An angel appears to Zechariah to announce the birth of his son. When Zechariah questions the angel, the angel identifies himself as Gabriel.(Luke 1:5–25)
Gabriel appears again inthe second part of Chapter 1 of the Gospel of Luke, this time toannounce the birth of Jesus toMary.(Luke 1:26–38) While in the first passage the angel identifies himself as Gabriel, in the second passage it is the author of Luke who identifies the angel as Gabriel.
In the theology ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophetNoah. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.[24][25]
The feast day of Saint Gabriel the Archangel was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856[26] has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). WriterElizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated on 18 March 1588 in her 2013 book "The Lead Books of Granada".[27]
One of the oldest out-of-print sources placing the feast on 18 March, first published in 1608, isFlos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ... by the Spanish writerAlonso de Villegas; a newer edition of this book was published in 1794.[28] Another source published in Ireland in 1886 theIrish Ecclesiastical Record also mentions 18 March.[29]
TheEastern Orthodox Church and thoseEastern Catholic Churches that follow theByzantine Rite celebrate theFeast of the Archangels (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers) on 8 November. For those churches that follow the traditionalJulian Calendar, 8 November currently falls on 21 November of the modernGregorian Calendar, a difference of 13 days. Eastern Orthodox commemorate Gabriel not only at the Feast of the Archangels, but also on two other days:
26 March, the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates his role in theAnnunciation
13 July, also known as the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel", which celebrates all the appearances and miracles attributed to Gabriel throughout history. The feast was first established onMount Athos when, in the 9th century, during the reign of EmperorBasil II and Empress Constantina Porphyrogenitus and whileNicholas Chrysoverges wasPatriarch of Constantinople, Gabriel appeared in a cell[32] nearKaryes, where he wrote with his finger on a stone tablet the hymn to theTheotokos, "It is truly meet ...".[33]
TheEthiopian Church celebrates Gabriel's feast on 18 December (in the Ethiopian calendar), with a sizeable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to "Saint Gabriel" inKulubi and Wonkshet on that day.[39]
A familiarliterary trope of Gabriel has him blowing atrumpet blast to announce the resurrection of the dead at the end of time. However, though the Bible mentions a trumpet blast preceding the resurrection of the dead, it never specifies Gabriel as the trumpeter. Different passages state different things: the angels of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:31); the voice of the Son of God (John 5:25–29); God's trumpet (I Thessalonians 4:16); seven angels sounding a series of blasts (Revelation 8–11); or simply "a trumpet will sound" (I Corinthians 15:52).[40] Likewise the early ChristianChurch Fathers do not mention Gabriel as a trumpeter; and in Jewish and Muslim traditions, Gabriel is again not identified as a trumpeter.[41]
The earliest known identification of Gabriel as a trumpeter comes from the "Hymn for Protection in the Night", attributed to the Armenian SaintNerses IV the Gracious (1102 – 1173):[42]
The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.
A 1455 Armenian manuscript shows Gabriel sounding his trumpet as the dead climb out of their graves.[43]
Betwixt these rockie pillars Gabriel sat Chief of the Angelic guards (IV.545f) ... He ended, and the Son gave signal high To the bright minister that watch'd, he blew His trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhaps When God descended, and perhaps once more To sound at general doom. (XI.72ff).
It is unclear whether Milton was inspired by the Armenian works, though they presumably have a common source.[40]
A 16th-century Siyer-i Nebi image of the archangel Jibril (Gabriel) visiting Muhammad
Gabriel (HejazisArabic:جِبْرِيل,romanized: Jibrīl;[46] alsoArabic:جبرائيل,romanized: Jibrāʾīl; other canonical writings include:Jabrāʾīl, ''Jabrīl,Jabrāyīl, andJibrāʾīn[47]) derived from theHebrew:גַּבְרִיאֵל,romanized: Gaḇrīʾēl)[48][49][50][51] in many places in the Qur'an, is revered as one of the primary archangels and as the Angel of Revelation in Islam.[48][49][50] He is primarily mentioned in the verses2:97,2:98 and66:4 of the Quran. However, the Quranic text doesn't refer to him as an angel.[49] In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in2:97 and66:4, as well as in2:98, where he is mentioned along with the archangel Michael.[48]
Tafsir (Exegetical Quranic literature) narrates that Muhammad saw the archangel Gabriel in his full angelic splendor only twice, the first time being when he received his first revelation.[50] Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel was sent to numerous pre-Islamic Biblical prophets with revelation and divine injunctions, includingAdam, whom Muslims believe was consoled by Gabriel sometime afterthe Fall, too.[52] He is known by many names in Islam, such as "keeper of holiness".[53] In Hadith traditions, Jibril is said to have six hundred wings.[54]
Muslims believe that Gabriel was tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to theprophets and messengers, asAsbab al-Nuzul or revelation.[55] When Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures, he told the Jews they are revealed by Gabriel.[56]
Muslims also revere Gabriel for several events that predate what they regard as the first revelation narrated in the Quran. Muslims believe that Gabriel was the angel who informedZechariah of theNativity of John the Baptist, as well asMary about the futurenativity of Jesus;[57][58] and that Gabriel was one of three angels who had earlier informedAbraham of the birth ofIsaac (51:24–30).[59] Gabriel also makes a famous appearance in theHadith of Gabriel, in which he questions Muhammad on the core tenets of Islam.[48]
Gabriel is also believed to have delivered punishmentfrom God to the Sodomites by leveling the entire city ofSodom with the tip of his wing.[60] According to a Hadith narrated byAbu Dharr al-Ghifari, which is compiled byal-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Gabriel has the ability to regulate feeling or perception in humans, particularly happiness or sadness.[61]
Gabriel is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries significantly against anifrit during theNight Journey.[62][63] Gabriel is also believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during theBattle of Badr, where according to scholars and clerics of Islam, the various hadiths, both authentics and inauthentics, has mentioned that Gabriel,[64] Michael,Raphael,[65][N 3][N 4] and thousands ofbest angels from third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance ofZubayr ibn al-Awwam, aCompanion of the Prophet and bodyguard of the prophet.[N 5][70] This is deemed as Zubayr's honor according to Islamic belief.[71][72][N 6] Meanwhile,Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri has recorded in hishistoriography works of Quran and Hadith revelation inProphetic biography, thatSa'd ibn Abi Waqqas testified he saw two unidentified warriors clad in white had protected Muhammad during theBattle of Uhud, that later being confirmed by Muhammad those two unidentified warriors were Jibril and Michael in disguise.[74]
Moreover, he is believed to have further encouraged Muhammad to wage war and attack theJewish tribe ofBanu Qurayza.[49][75] Another appearance of Gabriel in Islamic religious texts were found in numerous Hadiths during theBattle of Hunayn, where the Gabriel stood next to Muhammad.[76] Gabriel is also said to have foughtIblis, when the latter temptedʿĪsā (Jesus).[77]Ibn Barrajan regards Gabriel to be an angel created from fire, like Iblis, thus settling Gabriel symbolically into the head of opposition to the leader of the devils.[78]
OtherIslamic texts and someapocryphal literature also supported Gabriel's role as a celestial warrior.[49][79] Though alternate theories exist, whether the occurrence of theHoly Spirit in the Quran refers to Gabriel or not, remains an issue of scholarly debate.[citation needed] However, a clear distinction between apocryphal and Quranic references to Gabriel is that the former doesn't designate him as the Holy Spirit in theFirst Book of Enoch, which narrates the story of Gabriel defeating theNephilim.[49]
Yazdânism andYarsanism share many elements with Yazidism, including seven secondary divine manifestations, emanationism and theincarnation of the archangel Gabriel (Pir Benjamin in Yarsanism).
Mandaeans veneratePtahil as the "Fourth Life" (the third of three emanations from the First Life). Ptahil is anuthra, identified with Gabriel, who creates the poorly made material world with the help ofRuha, a sinful and fallen female ruler who inhabits theWorld of Darkness. Ruha and Ptahil's roles in creation vary, with each gaining control when the other's power subsides.[82] According toBrikha Nasoraia, the creation ofthe material world occurs byGod's command, but is delegated to Ptahil (a subservient emanation oruthra) with the assistance of Gabriel and others.[83]
Angels are described as pure spirits.[84][85] The lack of a defined form allows artists wide latitude in depicting them.[86] Amelia R. Brown draws comparisons in Byzantine iconography between portrayals of angels and the conventions used to depict court eunuchs. Mainly from the Caucasus, they tended to have light eyes, hair, and skin; and those "castrated in childhood developed a distinctive skeletal structure, lacked full masculine musculature, body hair and beards ..." As officials, they would wear a white tunic decorated with gold. Brown suggests that "Byzantine artists drew, consciously or not, on this iconography of the court eunuch".[87] Some recent popular works on angels consider Gabriel to be female orandrogynous.[88][89]
Gabriel is most often portrayed in the context of theAnnunciation. In 2008, a 16th-century drawing by Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands was discovered. George R. Goldner, chairman of the department of prints and drawings at New York'sMetropolitan Museum of Art, suggested that the sketch was for a stained glass window. "The fact that the archangel is an ordinary-looking person and not an idealized boy is typical of the artist", said Goldner.[90]
The Military Order of Saint Gabriel was established to recognize "individuals who have made significant contributions to the U.S. Army Public Affairs community and practice". The medallion depicts St. Gabriel sounding a trumpet, while the obverse displays the Army Public Affairs emblem.[91]
Baltimore's (Maryland) "Little Italy" neighborhood has for over 80 years hosted an annual "end of summer" St. Gabriel Festival that features a procession with a statue of the saint carried through the streets.[92][93]
In the apocalyptic supernatural action filmLegion (2010),Kevin Durand plays the role of archangel Gabriel, the leader of the angel army, and the main antagonist. The story was continued in the TV seriesDominion.
In the analog horror seriesThe Mandela Catalogue, Gabriel is portrayed as the main antagonist, seemingly being the Antichrist or Satan disguised as Gabriel, who manipulates the shepherds to be their saviour instead of Jesus in the first episode, Overthrone. This leads to the events of the series having hostile organisms called Alternates.
In the analog seriesAngel Hare, Angel Gabriel is referred to as “Angel Gabby”. She is a white rabbit with yellow wings. Her role in the show is to provide guidance on issues of morality or personal conflict, which she often resolves with Biblically based solutions. She was the guardian Angel of the protagonist named “Jonah” who is implied to have an abusive male figure during his childhood, and confided in her for comfort and security. He digs through these tapes and the history behind it to figure out what happened to his guardian angel.
In the 2005 Spanishrole-playing gameAnima: Beyond Fantasy, Gabriel is one of the seven "Beryls" (godlike beings of light), and is identified with the archangel of the same name. He is associated with love, friendship, the arts, and peace.
In the 2011 video gameEl Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron, based on the Book of Enoch, Gabriel is featured alongside Michael, Raphael, and Uriel as a guide for Enoch on his quest. All four archangels take the form of swans while on Earth. Gabriel is depicted as female in this interpretation and is implied to be an angel of wisdom. She is associated with the Veil weapon Enoch uses.
Gabriel appears in the retro first-person shooterUltrakill, and is voiced by Gianni Matragrano. He is featured as the final boss of the first two acts and a primary story character.
InThe Binding of Isaac (2011), a roguelike dungeon crawler, the player is able to fight Gabriel and Uriel to obtain their key pieces to fight Mega Satan.
InIn Death: Unchained, a virtual reality roguelike archery game, God has abandoned Heaven, and Gabriel has lost his sanity. He is the boss of the Paradise Lost area.
Baal-e-Jibril (Published in 1935) is a Urdu philosophical poetry book written by Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Jibril-wa-Iblis (Gabriel and Lucifer) is one of its poem, a conversation between Gabriel and Lucifer.
The Hebrew poem "Elifelet [he]" byNathan Alterman, put to music and often heard on theIsraeli Radio, tells of a heroic, self-sacrificing Israeli soldier being killed in battle. Upon the protagonist's death, the angel Gabriel descends to Earth, in order to comfort the spirit of the fallen hero and take him to Heaven.[94][95]
InAugust Wilson'sFences (1985), the mentally handicapped character Gabriel believes with every fiber of his soul that he is the archangel Gabriel. He carries a trumpet and strives to chase away the "hellhounds". In the last scene of the play, he calls forSaint Peter to open the gates.
In the Japaneselight novel seriesNo Game No Life (2012), Jibril is a member of the Flügel race and was a member of the Council of 18 Wings, a prominent section in the government. She is depicted as loving knowledge and books.
In the Japanese light novelHigh School DxD, Gabriel is featured as one of the Four Great Seraphim who are the highest rankingseraphim alongside Michael, Uriel, and Raphael. In the novel, Gabriel is depicted as a female angel with immense angelic beauty, and is given the titles of "The Strongest Woman in Heaven" and "The Most Beautiful Woman in Heaven".
In the Japanese light novel seriesDate A Live, Gabriel is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as angels within the series), belonging to Miku Izayoi. Gabriel takes the form of an organ that can control sound. It can play various songs including "March", which enhances the targets physical abilities, and "Solo", which can brainwash those who listen to it, among others.
The eccentric Englishhagiographer andantiquarian,Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924) wrote "Gabriel's Message", the English translation of theBasque Christmas carolBirjina gaztetto bat zegoen. The original carol is likely related to the 13th or 14th-century Latin chantAngelus Ad Virginem, which itself is based on the biblical account of the Annunciation in the Gospel of Luke.
In the 1997 song "My Own Prison" byCreed, Gabriel is mentioned as deciphering the visions to the song's main character.
"Blow Your Trumpets Gabriel" was performed by Polishblack metal bandBehemoth.
The 1996 garage/house song "Gabriel" byRoy Davis Jr. (featuring vocals from Peven Everett) is about the archangel Gabriel. In the chorus, Everett can be heard singing "Gabriel play" in reference to Gabriel's trumpet. A trumpet is also heard in the song right after this line is sung.
Supernatural (2005) – Gabriel, portrayed byRichard Speight Jr., is a runaway archangel who kills people he deems evil, also interacting withother angels, including his siblings Michael, Raphael, and Lucifer.
Dominion (2014) – Gabriel, portrayed byCarl Beukes, is the series antagonist, who plans to kill the archangel Michael and annihilate humanity.
Now Apocalypse (2019) – Gabriel, portrayed byTyler Posey, is an enigmatic trumpet player who has a passionate tryst with series protagonist Ulysses Zane before warning him about an impending apocalypse.
^Found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.[66] The complete narration fromAl-Hakim al-Nishapuri were: "Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty …"Ibn al Mulqin [id], Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith that he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.[67] However, recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi has noted there is another hadith which supported the participation of Raphael in Badr[65]
^According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Raphael were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower ofArmageddon trumpet, and one of archangels who bear theThrone of God on their back.[68]
^According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel in Hadith narrated by Muhammad.[69]
^According to one narration, during the battle, Muhammad found an angel whom he thought was Zubayr standing next to him, which then prompted Muhammad to command him to attack, which the angel, in Zubayr's appearance, simply replied, "I am not Zubayr". Thus, this is another indication that the angels truly came down with the appearance of Zubayr during Badr.[73]
^"Proclus of Constantinople and His Homily on the Theotokos Delivered in the Presence of Nestorius".The Pappas Patristic Institute. Brookline, Massachusetts: Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology. 6 December 2021. Retrieved21 June 2025.You should also pay attention to the name of the archangel. He who brought the glad tidings to Mary was called Gabriel (Lk. 1.26). What is the meaning of "Gabriel"? God and man. Now he of whom Gabriel was bringing these tidings was God and man, and thus his name was an anticipation of the miracle, given to assure us of the incarnation.
^Saint Bernard,Four homilies on the Missus Est[1], first homily, paragraph 2.
^Kasser, Rodolphe;Meyer, Marvin; Wurst, Gregor, eds. (2006).The Gospel of Judas. Commentary by Bart D. Ehrman. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 40.ISBN978-1426200427.Jesus said, "This is why God ordered Michael to give the spirits of people to them as a loan, so that they might offer service, but the Great One ordered Gabriel to grant spirits to the great generation with no ruler over it—that is, the spirit and the soul.
^Romney, Joseph B."Noah, The Great Preacher of Righteousness".The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved22 September 2019.the Prophet Joseph Smith said: "Noah, who is Gabriel, … stands next in authority to Adam in the Priesthood;
^Jenott, Lance (2020). "The Investiture of the Archangel Gabriel: A New Translation and Introduction". In Burke, Tony (ed.).New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. Vol. 2. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 559–575.ISBN978-0-8028-7290-6.
^Nega Mezlekia,Notes from the Hyena's Belly: An Ethiopian Childhood (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 266.ISBN0-312-28914-6.
^abcS. Vernon McCasland, "Gabriel's Trumpet",Journal of Bible and Religion9:3:159–161 (August 1941)JSTOR1456405.
^In Judaism, trumpets are prominent, and they seem to be blown by God himself, or sometimes Michael. In Islamic tradition, it isIsrafil who blows the trumpet, though he is not named in theQur'an.
^The widespread understanding of Gabriel's horn as a symbol of the end of time in U.S. Southern culture, is apparent from its appearance in the University of Texas's school spirit song,The Eyes of Texas (1903):"The eyes of Texas are upon you, until Gabriel blows his horn." Likewise inMarc Connelly's play based on negro spirituals,The Green Pastures (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon.
^Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177
^Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177
^Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar (2003).Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā'(Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) - Story of Zakariyyā (Zechariah) (2 ed.). Riyadh: Darussalam.ISBN9960892263.
^Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar (2003).Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of ʻĪsá (Jesus) (2 ed.). Riyadh: Darussalam.ISBN9960892263.
^Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar (2003).Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of Ismāʻīl (Ishmael) (2nd ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Darussalam.ISBN9960892263.
^Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din (2021). Muhammad as Said Basyuni, Abu Hajir; Yasir, Muhammad (eds.).Misteri Alam Malaikat (in Indonesian). Translated by Mishabul Munir. Pustaka al-Kautsar. p. 20.ISBN9789795929512.Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book ofaz-Zuhd; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn Shihab (1/92)
^al-Yahsubi, Al-Qadi Iyad (2013).الشفا بتعريف حقوق المصطفى (ص) [عربي/انكليزي] ترجمة(Ash-Shifa: Healing Through Defining the Rights of Prophet Muhammad [may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him]) (2 ed.). Beirut: Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah.ISBN978-2-745-16073-7.
^al-Misri, Mahmud (2015).Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah [Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam] (in Indonesian and Arabic). Vol. 1: Zubair bin Awwan. Jawa Barat, Indonesia: Pustaka Ibnu Katsir.ISBN978-9791294386.
^abHakim, Saifuddin (2015)."Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1)".Muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved14 December 2021.[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."
^al-Nishapuri, al-Hakim. "Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr.".al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn. Islamweb: Islamweb.4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him
^Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i, Sirajuddin."كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي" [kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii].Islamweb. Retrieved14 December 2021.
^Hakim, Saifuddin (2015)."Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)" [Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2)].Muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved14 December 2021.Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba'dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-'Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-'Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).
^Bin Al-Hassan & Al-Dimashqi (2012, p. 622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban).
^Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (2021). Nayra, Abu (ed.).Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab [Medina period: military activity on the eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab](ebook) (Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference) (in Indonesian). Translated by Abu Ahsan. Hikam Pustaka. pp. 78–79.ISBN9786233114158. Retrieved12 March 2022.
^Longhurst, Dr., Christopher Evan (1 January 1970),"The Science of Angelology in the Modern World: The Revival of Angels in Contemporary Culture",The Catholic Response, September/October 2012, vol. IX, No. 2, Academia.edu, pp. 32–36,ISSN1553-0221
^Godwin, Malcolm (1990).Angels An Endangered Species. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 43.ISBN0671706500.But Gabri-el is unique amongst an otherwise male or androgynous host, for it is almost certain that this great Archangel is the only female in the higher echelons.
Bin Al-Hassan, Abi Al-Qasim Ali;Al-Dimashqi, Ibn Asaker (2012).تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1-37 ج10 [History of the city of Damascus]. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية.
Bunson, Matthew (1996).Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks.ISBN0-517-88537-9.
Cruz, Joan C. (1999).Angels and Devils. Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books & Publishers.ISBN0-89555-638-3.
Kreeft, Peter J. (1995).Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them?. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.ISBN978-0-89870-550-8.
Lewis, James R.; Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy (2008).Angels A to Z (2 ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. pp. 156–15.ISBN978-1-578592-12-8.
Ronner, John (1993).Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac With Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-And Much More!. Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Mamre Press.ISBN978-0-932945-40-2.
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