Gaborone is situated betweenKgale Hill and Oodi Hill, near the confluence of theNotwane River and Segoditshane River in the southeastern corner of Botswana, within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the South African border.[13] The city is served by theSir Seretse Khama International Airport. It is an administrative district in its own right, but is the capital of the surroundingSouth-East District.[14] Locals often refer to the city asGC or Motse-Mshate.[15]
The city of Gaborone is named afterChief Gaborone of theTlokwa people, who once controlled land nearby.[16] Because it was not affiliated with any specific indigenous group and was close to fresh water, the city wasplanned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when theBechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation.[16] The centre of the city comprises a long strip of commercial businesses, called "Main Mall", with a semi-circular area of government offices to its east. Gaborone was once one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements. The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country fromZimbabwe andSouth Africa during the 1980s.
A postage stamp circa 1943, the postmark reading "Gaborone's Village"Rev.Derek Jones, the first mayor of Gaborone
Evidence shows that there have been inhabitants along theNotwane River for centuries. In more recent history, theTlokwa left theMagaliesberg ranges to settle in the area around 1880, and called the settlementMoshaweng. The word "Gaborone" literally means "it does not fit badly" or "it is not unbecoming".[18] The city was then called "Gaberones" by early European colonizers.[19] Gaberones, a shortening of "Gaborone's Village", was named afterChief Gaborone of the Tlokwa,[13] whose home village (now calledTlokweng) was across the river from the Government Camp, the name of the colonial government headquarters. The nickname, "GC", comes from the name "Government Camp".[15] In 1890,Cecil John Rhodes picked Gaberones to house a colonial fort.[20] The fort was where Rhodes planned theJameson Raid.[19] The city changed its name from Gaberones to Gaborone in 1969.[21][22]
The modern town was only founded in 1964, after a decision was taken to establish a capital for Botswana, which became a self governing territory in 1965, before becoming a fully independent republic on 30 September 1966.
In 1965, the capital of theBechuanaland Protectorate moved fromMafeking to Gaberones.[23] When Botswana gained its independence,Lobatse was the first choice as the nation's capital.[24] However, Lobatse was deemed too limited, and instead, a new capital city would be created next to Gaberones.[15] The city was chosen because of its proximity to a fresh water source, its proximity to the railway toPretoria, its central location among the central tribes, and its lack of association with those surrounding tribes.[25]
The city was planned underGarden city principles with numerous pedestrian walkways and open spaces.[26] Building of Gaborone started in mid-1964. During the city's construction, the chairman of Gaberones Township Authority, Geoffrey Cornish, likened the layout of the city to a "brandy glass" with the government offices in the base of the glass and businesses in the "mall", a strip of land extending from the base.[27]
Most of the early town was built within three years, as a small town designed to accommodate 20,000 people – only to later develop after independence into a modern city. Buildings in early Gaborone include assembly buildings, government offices, a power station, a hospital, schools, a radio station, a telephone exchange, police stations, a post office, and more than 1,000 houses.[28] Because the town was built so quickly, there was a massive influx of labourers who had built illegal settlements on the new city's southern industrial development zone. These settlements were named Naledi. The latter term literally means "the star", but could also mean "under the open sky" or "a community that stands out from all others". In 1971, because of the growth of illegal settlements, the Gaborone Town Council and the Ministry of Local Government and Lands surveyed an area called Bontleng, which would contain low-income housing. However, Naledi still grew, and the demand for housing was greater than ever. In 1973, the Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC) built a "New Naledi" across the road from the "Old Naledi". Residents from Old Naledi would be moved to New Naledi. However, the demand for housing increased yet again; moreover, the residents who relocated to New Naledi disliked the houses. The problem was solved in 1975 when SirSeretse Khama, the president of Botswana, rezoned Naledi from an industrial zone to a low-income housing area.[29]
In the mid-1980s, South Africa attacked Botswana and conducted raids on Gaborone and other border towns. TheRaid on Gaborone resulted in twelve deaths.
After the1994 General Elections, riots started in Gaborone because of high unemployment and other issues.[31]
Today, Gaborone is growing very rapidly. In 1964, Gaborone only had 3,855 citizens;[32] seven years later, the city had almost 18,000 residents.[33] The city originally planned on 20,000 citizens, but by 1992, the city had 138,000 people. This has led to many squatter settlements on undeveloped land.[34] Former mayor Veronica Lesole has stated that Gaborone's development problems were caused by the original city planners.[35]
Satellite View of Gaborone. North is to the left of the image.Gaborone aerial
Gaborone is situated at24°39′29″S25°54′44″E / 24.65806°S 25.91222°E /-24.65806; 25.91222 betweenKgale and Oodi Hills, on theNotwane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana, and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the South African border.[13] The city lies at an elevation of 1,010 metres (3,310 ft) above sea level. Gaborone is surrounded by the following cities:Ramotswa to the southwest,Mogoditshane to the northwest, andMochudi to the east, andTlokweng across the river. Most of them arecommuter towns for Gaborone. Suburbs in Gaborone include Broadhurst, Gaborone West, The Village, Naledi.[13]Phakalane, an affluent suburb, lies about 13 km north of the city center.[36]
In the centre of the city lies the Main Mall which houses many diplomatic missions. At the eastern end of the Mall, one can find the Civic Centre along with the Pula Arch that commemorates Botswana's independence. TheBotswana Stock Exchange,National Museum and Art Gallery, and the main campus of theUniversity of Botswana also lie near the Main Mall. To the west of the Main Mall is the Government Enclave. This area contains the governmental buildings such as theNational Assembly of Botswana andNtlo ya Dikgosi buildings. TheNational Archives building is also found here.
Gaborone has a hotsemi-arid climate (Köppen climate classificationBSh). Most of the year, Gaborone is very sunny. The summers are usually hot. The nights are cool. Usually, the summers with little rainfall are warmer than summers with regular rainfall. If there is a drought, the hottest temperatures of the year are usually in January or February. If there is normal rainfall, the hottest temperatures are usually in October, right before the rain starts. During the winter, days are still warm, and the nights are cold.[37]
There are on average seventy-four days per year with temperatures above 32 °C (90 °F). There are on average 196 days per year with temperatures above 26 °C (79 °F). There are on average fifty-one days per year with temperatures below 7 °C (45 °F). There is on average one day per year with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).[38] The averagedew point peaks around January and February at 16 °C (61 °F) and hits the lowest levels in July at 2 °C (36 °F). The average dew point in a given year is 10 °C (50 °F).[38] The record high temperature ever registered in Gaborone was 43.9 °C (111.0 °F).[39] The lowest temperature registered in Gaborone was −6.5 °C (20.3 °F).[39]
Precipitation in Gaborone is scanty and erratic. Most of the rainfall in Gaborone falls during the summer months, between October and April.[37] There are on average forty days of thunderstorms per year, most of them happening during the summer months, and four days of fog, usually happening during the winter months.[38] Gaborone has been affected by three floods based on records going back to 1995, one in 2000, one in 2001 that caused an estimated 5,000,000Botswana pula worth of damage, and one in 2006.[40]
The highestrelative humidity occurs in June at 90% while the lowest is in September at 28%.[37]
Solar irradiance ranges from 4.1 kWh m−2 d−1 in June to 7.3 kWh m−2 d−1 in December.[37]
It is windier from September to November at 14 km/h (8.7 mph), and it is calmer from May to August at 8 km/h (5.0 mph). The average wind speed in a given year is 12 km/h (7.5 mph).[38]
The population, based on the 2022 census, is 246,325. There are 118,727 males and 127,598 females in the city.[4] There are 58,476 households in Gaborone.[43] In 2001, the average household size was 3.11 people. The city of Gaborone is home to over 10% of the population of Botswana.[11][31] Almost half of Botswana citizens live within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of Gaborone.[44]
Thepopulation growth rate of Gaborone is 3.4%, the highest in the country. This is most likely because the city has a more developed infrastructure, making it more livable.[45] Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.[13] Much of the growth is based on net in migration from the rest of Botswana.[46]
Thesex ratio of Gaborone is 96.3, meaning that there are 963 men for every 1,000 women.[42] Most of the marriages in Botswana are registered in Gaborone; about 15% of all marriages in Botswana were registered in Gaborone in 2007.[47] On average, there are 3.3 persons per household in Gaborone. This is a low number compared to the rest of Botswana.[11]
TheNational Museum and Art Gallery is located just northwest of the Mall along Independence Road.[49] The museum opened in 1968. It holds many things from traditional crafts to works of art by local artists. The museum houses original paintings byThomas Baines andLucas Sithole. Exhibits includeArtists in Botswana,Children's Art Competition andThapong International. Outside the museum, there are various forms of transportation such as wagons, sledges, andbakkies (pickup trucks). There is also an exhibit on theSan, the earliest inhabitants of southern Africa.[50] The museum opened a 3.6-hectare (9-acre)[51] botanical garden called theNational Botanical Garden on 2 November 2007.[52] The garden was built to protect Botswana's indigenous plant life, and 90% of its total plant species are native plants from Botswana.[51]
The Maitisong Festival was started in 1987 and is held every year for seven days on either the last week of March or the first week of April. The festival holds outdoor concerts, plays, and films in various venues around the city.[19]
"My African Dream" was a performing-arts competition during the 2000s that was held every year at the Gaborone International Convention Center. The show featured manykwaito dancers and musicians.[31]
The book seriesThe No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, written by Scottish authorAlexander McCall Smith, is set in Gaborone. The books followPrecious Ramotswe, the first female private detective in Botswana, and the mysteries that she solves. The Detective Kubu series, by Michael Stanley (South African co-writers Michael Sears and Stanley Trollip), features Assistant Superintendent David 'Kubu' Bengu of theBotswana Police Service Criminal Investigation Department.
Orapa House, owned byDebswana, is where the diamonds mined from Debswana are sorted and valued. Orapa House is located at the intersection of Khama Crescent and Nelson Mandela Drive.[49] It has a unique style of architecture that allows the optimal amount of indirect sunlight to shine through the windows in order to accurately sort diamonds.[53]
A Diamond Technology Park was recently opened[when?], this is as part of Botswana Government's vision for establishment of downstream diamond industry.[citation needed] Companies dealing in diamonds have established their local operations in the park.
The Botswana Resource Conference is held annually at the Gaborone International Conference Centre.
The unemployment rate in Gaborone is 11.7% as of 2008[update].[54][needs update] 19.7% of the population in Gaborone is employed in the financial sector.[54][needs update]
TheBotswana Cricket Association, the governing body of cricket in Botswana, is headquartered in Gaborone. There are two Ovals where cricket is played in the city.
TheSteinmetz Gaborone Marathon, the secondmarathon in Botswana, was held for the first time on 18 April 2010. The route started at the Phakalane Golf Estate in Phakalane, north of the city, and went through Gaborone, passing theNational Assembly Building. The marathon, which was cancelled in 2011, has been held annually starting from 2012.[56]
TheGaborone Dam is located south of Gaborone along the Gaborone-Lobatse road, and provides water for both Gaborone and Lobatse. The dam is the second biggest in Botswana, able to hold 141,400,000cubic metres (184,900,000 cu yd).[59] It is also starting to be marketed as a recreational area. The northern end of the reservoir is planned to become an entertainment venue calledThe Waterfront. There is ayacht club, called Gaborone Yacht Club, also on the northern side of the lake. The southern end houses the Kalahari Fishing Club and a new public facility called City Scapes. City Scapes contains parks, playgrounds, and boating facilities.[60] The dam is popular withbirdwatchers,windsurfers, andanglers.[19] However, there is no swimming due to the presence ofcrocodiles and parasiticbilharzias.[53]
Kgale Hill is located a few hundred metres from the city. The hill is nicknamed theSleeping Giant and is 1,287 metres (4,222 ft). There are three different paths to reach the top, usually taking two hours.[19]
TheMokolodi Nature Reserve is a 30-square-kilometre (12 sq mi) reserve that was created in 1994.[61] It is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of Gaborone.[19] There are many different species of animals found in the park such ascommon warthogs,steenbok,kudu,zebras,giraffes,common eland,ostriches,hippos andrhinos. The park helps with wildlife projects in Botswana that include: the reintroduction of thewhite rhino and the relocation of "problem"cheetahs. Mokolodi also holds the Education Centre, which teaches children about the conservation projects.[61]
Somarelang Tikologo (Environment Watch Botswana) is a member-based environmental NGO housed inside an ecological park at the heart of Gaborone. The aim of the organization is to promote sustainable environmental protection by educating, demonstrating and encouraging best practices in environmental planning, resource conservation and waste management in Botswana. The park was officially opened by the Botswana Minister of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Onkokame kitso Mokaila on 27 February 2009. The park contains a playground for children to play on throughout the day, a community organic garden, a recycling drop-off center, and a shop where visitors can purchase products made of recycled material.[62]
Gaborone is controlled by theGaborone City Council, the wealthiest council in Botswana.[63] It is composed of 35 councillors representing the wards of Gaborone. The Townships Act mandates the structure of local governments in Botswana. Because Botswana is aunitary state, the power of the local councils are delegated from the national level. The Ministry of Local Government, Land and Housing has a major influence in terms of personnel hiring and training, budgeting, and development planning.[64]
Thecity commission-stylecouncil is run by the city clerk and the deputy city clerk. The city is governed by the mayor, deputy mayor, and several committees run by councillors: the financial and general purposes committee; the public health, social welfare and housing committee; the Self-Help Housing Agency (SHAA) management committee; the town planning committee; the trade licensing committee; and the education committee.[46] The councillors elect the mayor in afirst-past-the-post system and place each other in the committees yearly.[32] The council has 2,515 employees.[46]
An income tax called the Local Government Tax used to be the main source of income of the city council, but it was abolished. Today, the city council derives most of its revenue from property rates. City councillors feel that because of recurrent obligations, they have little room to institute new solutions.[64]
The city council has been criticised by the Botswana Association of Local Authorities for its closed elections and minimal authority.[32] In 2010, the council had problems with waste management: Frenic, the waste management company hired by the city, sued the Gaborone City Council for unpaid compensation.[65] This has led to a buildup of uncollected garbage.[66] Haskins Nkaigwa, mayor of Gaborone from 2011, has stressed the importance of more local autonomy. He advocates for a stronger city council with the power to determine budgets and hire and fire clerks and officers.[67]
There are more people who have earned a degree or postgraduate qualifications in Gaborone than anywhere else in Botswana. 70.9% of the population of Gaborone have earned at least a secondary-level education[11] 2.6% of the population of Gaborone has never attended school.[54]
Botho University (which offers courses ranging from computing, accounting and finance, business, engineering and health information management)
Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, situated approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city centre[77]
Further, in year 2006, the Gaborone Universal College of Law, opened its main campus in Gaborone,[78] with its first group of students graduating in 2010.[79]
Newspapers published in Gaborone includeMmegi,The Botswana Gazette, The Monitor, Midweek Sun, The Patriot on Sunday, Sunday Standard, andThe Voice. Magazines published are Lapologa, Peolwane, Kutwlano among others.
Radio stationYarona FM broadcasts from Gaborone; its frequency in Gaborone is 106.6 FM. Another small, local radio station in Gaborone is Gabz FM, Duma FM & Yarona FM.[80] 86.6% of Gaborone households own a working radio.[54]
Before 2000, residents of Gaborone received television programming from BOP TV inMahikeng via a repeating transmitter on the summit ofKgale Hill.[80] Today, the Gaborone Broadcasting Company andBotswana TV provide television programming for Gaborone. 78.7% of the households in Gaborone have a working television. Other local channels based in Gaborone are Now TV, Khuduga HD, Access TV & Maru TV.[54]
93.7% of the households in Gaborone have a cell phone.[54]
Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. The growth of Gaborone, especially suburban growth, has caused much of the farmland surrounding the city to be absorbed into the city. Much of the food for Gaborone comes from north of the city with some smaller-scale farms on the southern end.[81]The city centre was planned to befunctionalist,[26] with major buildings designed and built in the style ofModern architecture. The city is surrounded by smaller buildings.[82] The city's central business district (CBD) is still under construction so when one saysdowntown, they actually mean theMain Mall andGovernment Enclave areas where tall buildings are usually found.[82][83] The Main Mall, a car-free shopping and commercial area, runs in an east–west direction with the Government Enclave and National Assembly on the west end and the Gaborone City Town Council complex on the east.[18]
Gaborone's CBD is home to the new Square Mall, The Tower, the newSADC headquarters, the Industrial Court,[84] a court specifically for settling trade disputes,[85] and theThree Dikgosi Monument, a landmark featuring the statues ofKhama III, Sebele I, andBathoen I,[86] threedikgosi, or chiefs, who traveled toGreat Britain to establish theBechuanaland Protectorate separate fromSouthern Rhodesia (present-dayZimbabwe) or theCape Colony (present-day South Africa). The monument was inaugurated on 29 September 2005.[87] While the statues represent famous historical figures, there has been some controversy over the cost of the construction, P12,000,000 (approx. US$1.7M, €1.4M, or £1.1M as of June 2010), and over the construction company,North KoreanMansudae Overseas Projects, putting the wrong inscription date.[88] Other buildings under construction in the CBD include the Holiday Inn Gaborone, retail space, and office space.[89]
The city gets most of its water from the reservoir formed from theGaborone Dam on the southeast side of the city, which has facilitated growth.[15] The city of Gaborone was originally constructed as a small town, so the Gaborone Dam needed to be built to provide water for all its citizens.[36]
From 2007 to 2008, 23,963,000cubic metres (31,342,000 cu yd) of water was sold in Gaborone. The government sector bought the most water, 11,359,000cubic metres (14,857,000 cu yd). 8,564,000cubic metres (11,200,000 cu yd) of water was bought for domestic use, and 4,040,000cubic metres (5,280,000 cu yd) of water was bought by the commercial and industrial sectors. In 2008, the city of Gaborone consumed 25,657,363 kilolitres (33,558,564 cu yd) of water, and the water consumption per capita was 0.184cubic metres (0.241 cu yd) per person per year, the lowest rate since 1999.[59]
Gaborone has some of the highest water tariffs in the country because of high transportation costs and high water consumption. The high tariffs may also be due to the fact that some of Gaborone's water supply is imported from theLetsibogo Dam.[59]
The averagepH of the water in the Gaborone Dam is 7.95 as of February 2006. The concentration ofcalcium in the reservoir was 14.87milligrams per litre from April 2001 to August 2006. During the same period, the concentration ofcalcium carbonate (CaCO3) was 57.73 milligrams per litre, slightly over Botswana's ideal concentration which means the water ishard. Also during the same period, thechloride concentration was 6.44 mg/l, thefluoride concentration was 0.54 mg/l, thepotassium concentration was 6.72 mg/l, and thesodium concentration was 10.76 mg/l.[59]
TheBotswana Red Cross Society, established in 1968, is headquartered in Gaborone. The Princess Marina Hospital is the main referral hospital in Gaborone and houses 500 beds.[90]There is alsoGaborone Private Hospital and Sidilega Private Hospital all operating in the city of Gaborone. TheCancer Association of Botswana is a voluntary non-governmental organization established as a trust in 1998.
AIDS is a very serious problem in Gaborone. 17,773 Gaborone citizens, 17.1% of the total population of Gaborone, have tested positive for HIV. There is a higher prevalence of HIV among women; 20.5% of women have tested positive compared to 13.6% of men. The population between 45 and 49 years of age are most likely to have AIDS with 35.4% of the residents in that age group testing positive.[54]
HIV/AIDS education is extensive in Gaborone. However, a 2008 study shows that 14.5% of Gaborone residents between 10 and 64 who have heard of HIV/AIDS believe that HIV can be spread through witchcraft, and 31.3% of the residents believe HIV can be spread through mosquito bites.[54]
The railway that served the founding purpose of the city remains important, bisecting the city in a north–south direction.[13]Botswana Railways runs a line that goes fromCape Town toHarare viaBulawayo. The railway station in Gaborone is located south of the Parliament House in the city's centre.[49] The line stops at the following cities in and near Botswana:Ramatlabama on the South African border,Lobatse, Gaborone,Palapye,Serule,Francistown,Ramokgwebana, andPlumtree, Zimbabwe.[91] The line became a cargo-only line on 1 April 2009[92] but passenger services resumed in early 2016.[93]
In 2008, Sir Seretse Khama International Airport handled 15,844 aircraft movements, second only toMaun Airport(ICAO code: FMBN[96]IATA code: MUB[96]) Air traffic in Gaborone has decreased since 2006. However, Gaborone has the most air passenger traffic, accounting for 51.6% of all passenger movement in Botswana. International passengers total 244,073 passengers while domestic air passenger movement comes up to 333,390 passengers.[97] Gaborone International Airport terminal was rebuilt into a modern terminal in 2010.
Public transport in the city is generally reliable, when compared with major African cities.Kombis (small vans) and taxis ply the routes within the city, while buses serve surrounding villages and other towns in Botswana.[13]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2024)
Gaborone has several vehicle licensing stations. 15,538 newprivate motor vehicles, accounting for 46.5% of Botswana's total newvehicle registrations, were registered in Gaborone in 2008, of which 8,440 werepassenger cars, 440 wereminibuses, 204 were motorcycles, and 181 weretractors. The total has increased from 12,690 new vehicle registrations in 2007. Gaborone also has the highest number of vehicle registration renewals at 73,206 in 2008.[97]
Including the district of Gaborone West, Gaborone had 9,415vehicle accidents with 74human fatalities in 2008. Most of the traffic collisions in that year, 3,146 collisions, wereside collisions. 263 accidents involved animals. The city has also seen 679pedestrian casualties in 2008; 24 pedestrians were killed. The majority of vehicle accidentcasualties involved pedestrians, and most traffic accidents occur between 16:00 and 18:00.[97]
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