| Gaana | |
|---|---|
| Stylistic origins | Tamil Sufi songs,siddhars of ancientTamilakam, music of rural Tamil Nadu |
| Cultural origins | North Chennai |
| Other topics | |
| Tamil film music | |
Gaana (or Gānā) is a genre ofTamil music, which is sung in theMadras Bashai dialect ofChennai,Tamil Nadu,India.[1][2] It israp-like "collection ofrhythms, beats and sensibilities native to the Madras people."[2] It evolved over the past two centuries, with influences ranging from thesiddhars (tantric adepts) of ancientTamilakam to rural Tamil folk music to Tamilsufi mystics.[2] Its popularity rose when it was brought to the music of the mainstream Tamil film industry.[2] Contemporary gaana bands are bringing the genre to new audiences while using it for social activism, especially againstcaste discrimination.[2]
The term "gaanaa" is thecolloquial word in Madras for "music", which is ofHindostani origin. In literaryTamil, the wordGaanam (கானம்) means "tune", and in modernHindi–Urdu gānā means "song".[2]
The genre arose in the slums and burial grounds of Madras.[2] Gaana singers have performed in the city for the past two centuries.[2] The art form can trace its descent from thesiddhars (tantric adepts) of ancientTamilakam, to the compositions of early nineteenth-centuryTamil Muslim Sufi mysticKunangudi Masthan Sahib, toSamuel Vedanayagam Pillai, popularly known as the first Tamil novelist.[2][3]Kunangudi Masthan Sahib's songs are still sung by gaana singers today.[2] Other strands of influence come from migrants from rural Tamil Nadu.[2]
With the arrival of recording technology, gaana artists have been able to record their songs for posterity and earn income from them.[2] In the 1990s, Tamil film composers brought gaana-inspired songs to movies.[2] ComposerDeva was instrumental in bringing gaana to blockbusters likeKadhal Kottai; his songs are still popular today.[4][5][6] This newfound exposure led to the genre's popularity in college campuses.[2] The genre's spread to campuses has led to criticism from gaana singers that its essence, "angst and melancholy" based in life's struggles, had been replaced by "themes of fun and romance."[2]
Types of gaana songs include:
Scholars like V. Ramakrishnan of the Government Arts College, Ponneri, map twenty types of gaana songs.[7] Other song types include those that glorify local heroes.[7] The most famous of those is about Alththota Bhupathi, a poor worker.[7] At times, the genre has been known to have sexual innuendo and misogyny, but many popular gaana singers reject these themes.[2][6]
In gaana competitions, one singer questions another with a lyric, and the other answers with a lyric of their own.[3] Participants aim to creatively "insist on life's instability".[3]
Gaana songs are performed at weddings, stage shows, political rallies, and funerals.[7][8] There are more than 500 performers in Chennai who earn their living from these events.[7] In 2016, around one hundred gaana performers formed the South Indian Gana Singers Association to promote the art form, earn respect for their art, and prevent their work from being stolen.[2][6] An earlier association, the Tamil Nadu Gana Artists Association was formed in 2007 and had 750 members as of 2012.[7]
Gaana has been a vehicle for social activism. In 2018, a band of gaana artists was brought together byPa. Ranjith, anAmbedkarite film-maker, to formThe Casteless Collective.[2] They sing againstcaste discrimination, aboutAmbedkar, the small joys of living in poverty in Chennai, and even have a lesbian song in their repertoire.[2] Artists have also used gaana songs to transmit information likeCOVID-19 health guidelines in an easily-accessible form.[9]
Though the major gaana artists are men, and gaana songs are usually written from a male viewpoint, women gaana artists are seeing increasing recognition.[7]Isaivani, a member of The Casteless Collective, was recognised for her pioneering women's involvement in the genre with one of theBBC 100 Women Awards.[10]