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GNOME Shell

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Graphical shell of the GNOME desktop environment

GNOME Shell
GNOME Shell
GNOME Shell 46 (released in March 2024)
DeveloperThe GNOME Project
Initial releaseApril 6, 2011; 14 years ago (2011-04-06)
Stable release
49.3[1] Edit this on Wikidata / 21 January 2026; 28 days ago (21 January 2026)
Written inC andJavaScript[2][3]
Operating systemBSD,Linux,Unix
Available in75 languages[4]
List of languages
Afrikaans, Arabic, Aragonese, Assamese, Asturian, Basque, Belarusian, Bengali, Bosnian, Brazilian Portuguese, British English, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Estonian, Finnish, French, Friulian, Galician, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Interlingua, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, Kirghiz, Korean, Kurdish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Malay, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, Occitan, Oriya, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Serbian Latin, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tajik, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Uighur, Ukrainian, Uzbek (Cyrillic), Vietnamese
Type
LicenseGPL-2.0-or-later
Websitewww.gnome.org Edit this on Wikidata
Repositorygitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-shell

GNOME Shell is thegraphical shell of theGNOMEdesktop environment starting withversion 3,[5] which was released on April 6, 2011. It provides basic functions like launching applications and switching betweenwindows. GNOME Shell replacedGNOME Panel[6] and some ancillary components of GNOME 2.

GNOME Shell is written inC andJavaScript as a plugin forMutter.

In contrast to theKDE Plasma Workspaces, a software framework intended to facilitate the creation of multiple graphical shells for different devices, the GNOME Shell is intended to be used ondesktop computers with large screens operated viakeyboard andmouse, as well asportable computers with smaller screens operated via theirkeyboard,touchpad ortouchscreen.

History

[edit]

The first concepts for GNOME Shell were created during GNOME'sUser Experience Hackfest 2008 in Boston.[7][8][9]

After criticism of the traditional GNOME desktop and accusations of stagnation and lacking vision,[10] the resulting discussion led to the announcement ofGNOME 3.0 in April 2009.[11] Since then Red Hat has been the main driver of GNOME Shell's development.[12]

Pre-release versions of GNOME Shell were first made available in August 2009[13] and became regular, non-default part of GNOME in version 2.28 in September 2009.[14] It was finally shipped as GNOME's default user interface on April 6, 2011.[15][16]

Design

[edit]
See also:Adwaita (design language)

As graphical shell (graphical front-end/graphical shell/UX/UI) of the GNOME desktop environment, its design is guided by the GNOME UX Design Team.[17]

Design components

[edit]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
GNOME Shell Overview mode
1
Activities button
2
Dash
3
Search bar
4
Notifications and messaging tray
5
System status area
6
Workspace list
7
Indicators tray

The GNOME Shell comprises the following graphical and functional elements:[18]

  • Top bar
  • System status area
  • Activities Overview
  • Dash
  • Window picker
  • Application picker
  • Search
  • Notifications and messaging tray
  • Application switcher
  • Indicators tray (deprecated, waiting on new specification[19])

Software architecture

[edit]
GNOME Wiki
image iconProjects/GnomeShell/Technology

GNOME Shell is tightly integrated withMutter, acompositing window manager andWayland compositor. It is based upon Clutter to provide visual effects andhardware acceleration.[20] According to GNOME Shell maintainer[21] Owen Taylor, it is set up as a Mutter plugin largely written in JavaScript[22] and usesGUI widgets provided byGTK+ version 3.

Features

[edit]

Changes to theuser interface (UI) include, but are not limited to:

  • Clutter and Mutter supportmulti-touch gestures.[23]
  • Support forHiDPI monitors.[24]
  • A newActivities overview, which houses:
    • Adock (called "Dash") for quickly switching between and launching applications
    • A window picker, similar tomacOS'sMission Control, also incorporating a workspace switcher/manager
    • An application picker which allows for reordering application icons and creating application groups.
    • A search bar which handles launching applications, searching for files, and performing web searches.
  • "Snapping" windows to screen borders to make them fill up a half of the screen or the whole screen
  • A single window button by default, Close, instead of three (configurable). Minimization has been removed due to the lack of a panel to minimize to, in favor of workspace window management. Maximization can be accomplished using the afore-mentioned window snapping, or by double-clicking the window title bar.
  • A fallback mode is offered in versions 3.0–3.6 for those without hardware acceleration which offers the GNOME Panel desktop. This mode can also be toggled through the System Settings menu.[25] GNOME 3.8 removed the fallback mode and replaced it with GNOME Shell extensions that offer a more traditional look and feel.[26]

Extensibility

[edit]

The functionality of GNOME Shell can be changed withextensions, which can be written inJavaScript. Users can find and install extensions using the GNOME extensions website. Some of these extensions are hosted in GNOME'sgit repository, though they are not official.[27]

Gallery

[edit]

Adoption

[edit]
  • Arch Linux dropped support of GNOME 2 in favor of GNOME 3 in itsrepositories in April 2011.[28]
  • Fedora Linux uses GNOME Shell by default since release 15, May 2011.[29]
  • CentOS Stream uses the latest version of GNOME Shell
  • Sabayon Linux uses the latest version of GNOME Shell.
  • openSUSE's GNOME edition has used GNOME Shell since version 12.1 in November 2011.[30]
  • Mageia 2 and later include GNOME Shell, since May 2012.[31]
  • Debian 8 and later features GNOME Shell in the default desktop, since April 2015.[32][33]
  • Solaris 11.4 replaced GNOME 2 with GNOME Shell in August 2018.[34][35]
  • Ubuntu uses GNOME Shell by default since 17.10, October 2017, after Canonical ceased development of Unity.[36] It has been available for installation in the repositories since version 11.10.[37] An alternative flavor,Ubuntu GNOME, was released alongside Ubuntu 12.10,[38] and gained official flavor status by Ubuntu 13.04.[39]

Reception

[edit]
See also:GNOME 3 § Reception

GNOME Shell has received mixed reviews: it has been criticized for a variety of reasons, mostly related to design decisions and reduced user control over the environment. For example, users in thefree software community have raised concerns that the planned tight integration withMutter will mean that users of GNOME Shell will not be able to switch to an alternativewindow manager without breaking their desktop. In particular, users might not be able to useCompiz with GNOME Shell while retaining access to the same types of features that older versions of GNOME allowed.[40]

Reviews have generally become more positive over time, with upcoming releases addressing many of the annoyances reported by users.[41][42]

See also

[edit]
Portals:

References

[edit]
  1. ^"49.3". January 21, 2026. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2026.
  2. ^"GNOME 3 Myths: GNOME 3.0 depends on Mono!",GNOME Live!,archived from the original on April 8, 2016, retrievedDecember 19, 2010
  3. ^"GNOME/gnome-shell".GitHub.Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. RetrievedMarch 4, 2017.C: 48.9%; #"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=GNOME%2Fgnome-shell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FGNOME%2Fgnome-shell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNOME+Shell">
  4. ^Module Statistics: gnome-shell,archived from the original on April 4, 2018, retrievedFebruary 14, 2011
  5. ^"Planning for GNOME 3.0",GNOME Live!,archived from the original on October 3, 2016, retrievedMarch 23, 2011
  6. ^Sharma, Apoorva (March 23, 2010),"Why does Gnome-shell replace the current gnome-panel",gnome-shell-list mailing list,archived from the original on January 25, 2018, retrievedAugust 18, 2012
  7. ^"My glimpse at Gnome-Shell". Mad for Ubuntu. Archived fromthe original on May 23, 2010.
  8. ^"User Experience Hackfest". GNOME. October 14, 2008.Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  9. ^"Timeline: The Greatest Show on Earth". Be the signal. March 15, 2011.Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  10. ^"gnome in the age of decadence". wingolog. June 7, 2008.Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  11. ^"Planning for GNOME 3.0". April 2, 2009.Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  12. ^Matthew Garrett (mjg59) wrote, October 26, 2010 18:39:00 (October 26, 2010)."mjg59: Fun facts". Mjg59.livejournal.com. Archived fromthe original on May 5, 2012. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^"ftp.gnome.org". Ftp.accum.se.Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  14. ^"GNOME 2.28 Release Notes". GNOME.Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  15. ^"GNOME 2.91.x Development Series". GNOME. March 24, 2011.Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  16. ^"GNOME 3.0 with GNOME Shell officially launched | ITProPortal.com". Thinq.co.uk. Archived fromthe original on December 27, 2011. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  17. ^"GNOME UX Design Team".Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. RetrievedNovember 13, 2014.
  18. ^"GNOME Shell Design".Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. RetrievedMay 21, 2014.
  19. ^"Update StatusNotifierItem/systemtray spec (#84) · Issues · xdg / xdg-specs · GitLab".GitLab. January 17, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2023.
  20. ^Kissling, Kristian (July 8, 2009),"Mutter: Window Manager in GNOME's Future",Linux Pro Magazine,archived from the original on October 12, 2018, retrievedMarch 23, 2011
  21. ^Cutler, Paul (July 1, 2009),Behind the Scenes with Owen Taylor,archived from the original on October 26, 2016, retrievedJanuary 16, 2016
  22. ^Taylor, Owen (March 23, 2009),"Metacity, Mutter, GNOME Shell, GNOME-2.28",desktop-devel-list mailing list,archived from the original on March 16, 2012, retrievedAugust 18, 2012,gnome-shell is set up as a Mutter plugin that is largely written in JavaScript
  23. ^"Mutter 3.13.4 release".Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. RetrievedJuly 26, 2014.
  24. ^"GNOME Shell 3.13.4".Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. RetrievedJuly 26, 2014.
  25. ^Ljubunčić, Igor (April 6, 2011),Gnome 3 Fallback mode - Get your productivity back, Dedoimedo,archived from the original on November 11, 2011, retrievedNovember 25, 2011
  26. ^"GNOME 3.7: what is happening now | Goings on". GNOME. December 5, 2012.Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  27. ^"Extensions",GNOME Live!,archived from the original on July 17, 2014, retrievedNovember 25, 2011
  28. ^Bîru, Ionuț Mircea (April 30, 2011),"GNOME3 in extra",Arch Linux,archived from the original on January 3, 2012, retrievedDecember 4, 2011
  29. ^Releases/15/FeatureList,Fedora Project,archived from the original on April 24, 2013, retrievedNovember 25, 2011
  30. ^Portal:12.1,OpenSuSE Project,archived from the original on June 1, 2011, retrievedNovember 25, 2011
  31. ^"Release Notes",Mageia Wiki, March 7, 2012,archived from the original on March 14, 2013, retrievedMarch 24, 2012
  32. ^"/ packages / sid (unstable) / gnome / gnome-shell",Debian,archived from the original on May 2, 2012, retrievedJuly 10, 2012
  33. ^"/ packages / wheezy (testing) / gnome / gnome-shell",Debian,archived from the original on July 9, 2012, retrievedJuly 10, 2012
  34. ^"Oracle Solaris 11.4 Officially Released - Phoronix".www.phoronix.com.Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. RetrievedJune 25, 2020.
  35. ^Coopersmith, Alan."Using GNOME 3 in Oracle Solaris 11.4".Oracle Solaris Blog.Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. RetrievedJune 25, 2020.
  36. ^"GNOME is now the Default Desktop in Ubuntu 17.10 Daily Builds". June 7, 2017.Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. RetrievedJuly 13, 2017.
  37. ^"OneiricOcelot/ReleaseNotes - Ubuntu Wiki",Ubuntu Wiki,archived from the original on December 23, 2011, retrievedApril 18, 2012
  38. ^Andrew (October 19, 2012)."Prefer GNOME Shell? Download Ubuntu GNOME Remix 12.10 ~ Web Upd8: Ubuntu / Linux blog". Webupd8.org.Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. RetrievedMarch 12, 2013.
  39. ^"Introduction to Ubuntu GNOME".Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. RetrievedApril 27, 2013.
  40. ^Taylor, Owen (March 24, 2009),"Re: Metacity, Mutter, GNOME Shell, GNOME-2.28",desktop-devel-list mailing list,archived from the original on August 31, 2012, retrievedAugust 18, 2012
  41. ^Wallen, Jack (March 28, 2014)."GNOME 3.10 has resurrected what was once the darling of the Linux desktop". TechRepublic.Archived from the original on March 28, 2014.
  42. ^Matt Hartley, Chris Fisher (January 5, 2014)."In Defense of Gnome 3".Linux Action Show. Jupiter Broadcasting.Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. RetrievedApril 2, 2014.

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