Growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3), also known asVg-related gene 2 (Vgr-2) isprotein that in humans is encoded by theGDF3gene.[5] GDF3 belongs to thetransforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It has high similarity to other TGF-β superfamily members including Vg1 (found in frogs) andGDF1.[5]
Expression of GDF3 occurs inossifyingbone duringembryonic development and in thebrain,thymus,spleen,bone marrow andadipose tissue of adults.[6][7]
GDF3 is a bi-functional protein that has some intrinsic activity and also modulate other TGF-β superfamily members, e.g. potentiates the activity ofNODAL. It may also inhibit other TGF-β superfamily members (i.e.BMPs), thus regulating the balance between different modes of TGF-beta signaling.[8] It has been shown to negatively and positively controldifferentiation ofembryonic stem cells in mice and humans.[9] This molecule plays a role inmesoderm anddefinitive endoderm formation during the pre-gastrulation stages of development.[6]
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