 GANEFO seal | |
 GANEFO flag | |
| Formation | 1962–1967 |
|---|---|
| Type | Sporting event organization |
| Purpose | To boycott theInternational Olympic Committee after the suspension ofIndonesia from that organisation |
| Headquarters | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Membership | 51 active members |
Official language | English and host country's official language when necessary |
Federation cofounder | Sukarno President of Indonesia |
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|---|---|---|
Pre-independence Domestic policy Foreign policy Media and legacy | ||
TheGames of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO;Indonesian:Pesta Olahraga Negara-Negara Berkembang) were the games set up byIndonesia as a counter to theOlympic Games. Established for the athletes of the so-called "emerging nations" (mainly socialist states and newly independent former colonies), GANEFO was the name given both to the games held inJakarta in 1963 and the 36-member sporting federation established the same year.[1] A second GANEFO scheduled forCairo in 1967 was cancelled and GANEFO had only one subsequent event, an "Asian GANEFO" held inPhnom Penh in 1966.
Indonesia established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged fourth edition ofAsian Games in 1962 inJakarta which Indonesia hosted and for whichTaiwan andIsrael were refused entry cards. This ran against the doctrine of theInternational Olympic Committee, which strove to separate politics from sport. The IOC's eventual reaction was to suspend Indonesia indefinitely from the IOC. Indonesia had “thrown down a challenge to all international amateur sports organizations, which cannot very well be ignored,” in the words of IOC presidentAvery Brundage. This was the first time the IOC suspended one of its members, although Indonesia was readmitted in time for the1964 Summer Olympics inTokyo.[2]
Indonesian presidentSukarno responded that the IOC was itself political because it did not have thePeople's Republic of China orNorth Vietnam as members; the IOC was simply "a tool of theimperialists andcolonialists."[1] In his words: “The International Olympic Games have proved to be openly an imperialistic tool… Now let’s frankly say, sports have something to do with politics. Indonesia proposes now to mix sports with politics, and let us now establish the Games of the New Emerging Forces, the GANEFO… against the Old Established Order.”[3] GANEFO itself would make it clear in its constitution thatpolitics andsport were intertwined. The event was inspired by theanti-Western,anti-colonial movement and the ideas of the1955 Bandung Conference.[4]
Ten countries (Cambodia, China,Guinea, Indonesia,Iraq,Mali,Pakistan, Vietnam, and theUSSR) announced plans to form GANEFO in April 1963, and another 36 signed on as members in November 1963.[1] Despite its doctrine of "separating sports and politics", the IOC nevertheless decreed that the athletes attending GANEFO would be ineligible to participate in the Olympic Games.
Sukarno would later form, with Chinese support, aConference of New Emerging Forces, orCONEFO (Conference of New Emerging Forces).[5]
 Participating states | |
| Host city | Jakarta, Indonesia |
|---|---|
| Nations | 51 |
| Athletes | 2,700 |
| Opening | 10 November 1963 (1963-11-10) |
| Closing | 22 November 1963 (1963-11-22) |
| Opened by | Sukarno President of Indonesia |
| Main venue | Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium |
The first edition of GANEFO was held inJakarta, Indonesia, on 10 to 22 November 1963. Athletes from 46 states dispatched about 2,700 athletes and seven nations sent staff and officials. In total, 51 states participated in the Games from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America such asAfghanistan,Albania,Algeria,Argentina,Belgium,Bolivia,Brazil,Bulgaria,Burma,Cambodia,Chile,Ceylon,Cuba,Czechoslovakia,DPR Korea, theDominican Republic,Finland,France, theGerman Democratic Republic,Guinea,Hungary,Indonesia,Iraq,Italy,Japan,Laos,Lebanon,Mexico,Mongolia,Morocco, theNetherlands,Nigeria,Pakistan, Palestine (theJordanian West Bank and theEgyptian Gaza Strip),People's Republic of China, thePhilippines,Poland,Republic of Mali,Romania,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Somalia,Thailand,Tunisia,Soviet Union,Syria,North Vietnam, theUnited Arab Republic,Uruguay, andYugoslavia. Unlike the Olympics, there was also a team representing "Arab Palestine."[6]
No country, however, was represented officially by its national Olympics committee, for fear of IOC reprisals.[2] For instance, theSoviet Union, in a show of solidarity, sent athletes to the first GANEFO, but in order not to jeopardise their position in the IOC, the Soviet athletes were not of Olympic calibre. Japan let their athletes of non-Olympic calibre attend the first GANEFO to take account of the host nation's position of1964 Summer Olympics. Nevertheless, in the lead-up to the first GANEFO, the Japanese NOC did receive a thinly veiled threat from the American IOC president at the time, Avery Brundage, regarding Japanese participation in the first GANEFO.[7]
A set of eight postage stamps were issued by Indonesia on November 10, 1963 to publicise the GANEFO.
In the first edition of GANEFO,China was the highest-ranking country with 68 gold medals,Soviet Union the second, followed by theUnited Arab Republic on the third,Indonesia the fourth, andNorth Korea the fifth.[8] In all, 26 countries reportedly won medals.[2][9]
* Host nation (Indonesia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  China (CHN) | 68 | 58 | 45 | 171 |
| 2 |  Soviet Union (URS) | 27 | 21 | 9 | 57 |
| 3 |  United Arab Republic (UAR) | 22 | 18 | 12 | 52 |
| 4 |  Indonesia (INA)* | 21 | 25 | 35 | 81 |
| 5 |  North Korea (PRK) | 13 | 15 | 24 | 52 |
| 6 |  Argentina (ARG) | 5 | 0 | 4 | 9 |
| 7 |  Japan (JPN) | 4 | 10 | 14 | 28 |
| 8 |  Poland (POL) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 9 |  Iraq (IRQ) | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 10 |  Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 11 |  Cambodia (CAM) | 1 | 5 | 7 | 13 |
| 12 |  Pakistan (PAK) | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 |
| 13 |  Lebanon (LBN) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 14 |  Syria (SYR) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 15 |  Finland (FIN) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 16 |  Bulgaria (BUL) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 17 |  Algeria (ALG) | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 18 |  Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 19 |  Albania (ALB) | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 20 |  Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
 Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
| 22 |  Philippines (PHI) | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| 23 |  France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
 Guinea (GUI) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
 Morocco (MAR) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 26 |  West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (26 entries) | 175 | 174 | 190 | 539 | |
 Participating states | |
| Host city | Phnom Penh,Cambodia |
|---|---|
| Nations | 17 |
| Athletes | 2,000 |
| Opening | 25 November 1966 (1966-11-25) |
| Closing | 6 December 1966 (1966-12-06) |
| Opened by | Prince Sihanouk |
| Main venue | Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh |
The second edition of GANEFO had been planned to be held inCairo,United Arab Republic, in 1967, but this was cancelled for various political reasons.[4]
The second GANEFO was held inPhnom Penh,Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966.
About 2,000 athletes participated in the 2nd edition of GANEFO from 17 nations (Cambodia,Ceylon,China PR,Indonesia,Iraq,Japan,North Korea,Laos,Lebanon,Mongolia,Nepal,Pakistan,Palestine,Singapore,Syria,North Vietnam andYemen). The games were opened by thenPrince Sihanouk, the thenChief of State of Cambodia.
The second GANEFO was restricted to Asia, exceptGuinea which participated in the qualifying tournament inPyongyang,North Korea, on 1–11 August 1965. Consequently, only 17 Asian countries participated in the second tournament inPhnom Penh,Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966 which was named '1st Asian GANEFO'.
 | This list of sports fixtures or results isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(October 2021) |
In the second edition of GANEFO,China PR was the highest-ranking country with 108 gold medals,North Korea the second, and the host nation,Cambodia, the third.
* Host nation (Cambodia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China (CHN) | 108 | 57 | 34 | 199 |
| 2 | North Korea (PRK) | 30 | 42 | 32 | 104 |
| 3 | Cambodia (CAM)* | 13 | 42 | 10 | 65 |
| 4 | Japan (JPN) | 10 | 12 | 8 | 30 |
| Totals (4 entries) | 161 | 153 | 84 | 398 | |
In September 1967 was announced a second Asian GANEFO to be held inBeijing,China, in 1970, but later Beijing dropped the plans to host the Games, which were then awarded toPyongyang,North Korea. The Games never occurred, however, and theGANEFO organisation collapsed.
Authority control databases: National |
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