G. M. Trevelyan | |
|---|---|
 Trevelyan photographed byGeorge Charles Beresford in 1926 | |
| 6th Chancellor of Durham University | |
| In office 1950–1957 | |
| Preceded by | The Marquess of Londonderry |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Scarbrough |
| Master ofTrinity College, Cambridge | |
| In office 1940–1951 | |
| Preceded by | Sir J. J. Thomson |
| Succeeded by | Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian |
| Regius Professor of History University of Cambridge | |
| In office 1927–1943 | |
| Preceded by | J. B. Bury |
| Succeeded by | Sir George Clark |
| Personal details | |
| Born | George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876-02-16)16 February 1876[1] Stratford-upon-Avon,Warwickshire, England |
| Died | 21 July 1962(1962-07-21) (aged 86) Cambridge,Cambridgeshire, England |
| Resting place | Holy Trinity Church,Chapel Stile,Great Langdale,Cumbria |
| Spouse(s) | |
| Children | 3 |
| Occupation | Historian |
George Macaulay TrevelyanOM CBE FRS FBA (16 February 1876 – 21 July 1962) was an Englishhistorian and academic. He was a Fellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge, from 1898 to 1903. He then spent more than twenty years as a full-time author. He returned to theUniversity of Cambridge and wasRegius Professor of History from 1927 to 1943. He served asMaster of Trinity College from 1940 to 1951. In retirement, he wasChancellor ofDurham University.
Trevelyan was the third son ofSir George Otto Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet, and great-nephew ofThomas Babington Macaulay. He espoused Macaulay's staunch liberalWhig principles in accessible works of literate narrative unfettered by scholarly neutrality, his style becoming old-fashioned in the course of his long and productive career. The historianE. H. Carr considered Trevelyan to be one of the last historians of theWhig tradition.[2]
Many of his writings promoted theWhig Party, an important British political movement from the 17th to the mid-19th centuries, as well as its successor, the Liberal Party. Whigs and Liberals believed the common people had a more positive effect on history than did royalty and that democratic government would bring about steady social progress.[3]
Trevelyan's history is engaged and partisan. Of hisGaribaldi trilogy, "reeking with bias", he remarked in his essay "Bias in History": "Without bias, I should never have written them at all. For I was moved to write them by a poetical sympathy with the passions of the Italian patriots of the period, which I retrospectively shared."[3]
Trevelyan was born into late Victorian Britain inWelcombe House,Stratford-on-Avon, thelarge house and estate owned by his maternal grandfather,Robert Needham Philips,[5] a wealthyLancashire merchant and the LiberalMember of Parliament (MP) forBury. Today Welcombe is a hotel and spa for tourists visitingShakespeare's birthplace.[3] On his paternal side, he was the third son ofSir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet, who had served as Secretary for Scotland, under Liberal Prime MinistersWilliam Gladstone, and theEarl of Rosebery, and the grandson ofSir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet, who had served as a civil servant and had faced considerable criticism for his and the British government's handling of theGreat Famine of Ireland.
Trevelyan's parents used Welcombe as a winter resort after they inherited it in 1890. They looked uponWallington Hall, the Trevelyanfamily estate inNorthumberland, as their real home. After attendingWixenford andHarrow, where he specialised in history, Trevelyan studied atTrinity College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the secret society, theCambridge Apostles and founder of the still existing Lake Hunt, ahare and hounds chase where both hounds and hares are human.[3][6] In 1898, he won a fellowship at Trinity with a dissertation that was published the following year asEngland in the Age of Wycliffe.[3] One professor at the university,Lord Acton, enchanted the young Trevelyan with his great wisdom and his belief in moral judgement and individual liberty.[3]
Trevelyan made his own reputation by depicting Italian patriotGiuseppe Garibaldi as a great hero who stood for British ideals of liberty. According to historianDavid Cannadine:
[Trevelyan's] great work was his Garibaldi trilogy (1907–11), which established his reputation as the outstanding literary historian of his generation. It depicted Garibaldi as aCarlylean hero—poet, patriot, and man of action—whose inspired leadership created the Italian nation. For Trevelyan, Garibaldi was the champion of freedom, progress, and tolerance, who vanquished the despotism, reaction, and obscurantism of the Austrian empire and the Neapolitan monarchy. The books were also notable for their vivid evocation of landscape (Trevelyan had himself followed the course of Garibaldi's marches), for their innovative use of documentary and oral sources, and for their spirited accounts of battles and military campaigns.[7]
Historian Lucy Voakes argues that his Garibaldi project was part of a larger movement among English intellectuals to consolidate, celebrate and sometimes critique liberal culture and politics. She sees Trevelyan's conception of the hero, and his study of the Italian Risorgimento emerging from his promotion of a distinctly "English" patriotism based upon Whig gradualism, parliamentary monarchy and a hierarchical anti-republicanism.[8]
Trevelyan lectured at Cambridge until 1903, at which point he left academic life to become a full-time writer. In 1927, he returned to the university to take up a position asRegius Professor of Modern History, where the single student whose doctorate he agreed to supervise wasJ. H. Plumb (1936). During his professorship, he was also familiar withGuy Burgess – he gave a positive reference for Burgess when he applied for a post at theBBC in 1935, describing him as a "first rate man", but also stating that "He has passed through the communist measles that so many of our clever young men go through, and is well out of it".[9] In 1940 he was appointed as Master of Trinity College and served in the post until 1951 when he retired.
Trevelyan declined the presidency of theBritish Academy but served as chancellor ofDurham University from 1950 to 1958.Trevelyan College at Durham University is named after him. He won the 1920James Tait Black Memorial Prize for the biographyLord Grey of the Reform Bill, was elected a fellow of theBritish Academy in 1925, made a fellow of theRoyal Society in 1950,[1] and was an honorary doctor of many universities including Cambridge.
Shocked by the horrors of the Great War he saw as an ambulance driver just behind the front lines, Trevelyan became more appreciative of conservatism as a positive force, and less insistent that progress was inevitable. InHistory of England (1926), he searched for the deepest meaning of English history. Cannadine says he reported they were "the nation's evolution and identity: parliamentary government, the rule of law, religious toleration, freedom from continental interference or involvement, and a global horizon of maritime supremacy and imperial expansion".[7]
Cannadine concluded inG.M. Trevelyan: A Life in History (1992):
During the first half of the twentieth century Trevelyan was the most famous, the most honored, the most influential and the most widely read historian of his generation. He was a scion of the greatest historical dynasty that (Britain) has ever produced. He knew and corresponded with many of the greatest figures of his time... For fifty years, Trevelyan acted as a public moralist, public teacher and public benefactor, wielding unchallenged cultural authority among the governing and the educated classes of his day.
Once called "probably the most widely read historian in the world; perhaps in the history of the world",[10] Trevelyan saw how two world wars shook the belief in progress. Historiography had changed and the belief in progress declined.Roy Jenkins argued:
Trevelyan's reputation as a historian barely survived his death in 1962. He is now amongst the great unread, widely regarded by the professionals of a later generation as a pontificating old windbag, as short on cutting edge as on reliable facts.[11]
On the other hand,J. H. Plumb argued:
What is perhaps most frequently forgotten, or ignored, is the skill of his literary craftsmanship. Trevelyan was a born writer and a natural storyteller; and this, among historians, is a rare gift ... If one quality is to be singled out, is should be this, for all historians he is the poet of English history ... His work has one other great and enduring merit: the tradition within which it was written. The Victorian liberals and their Edwardian successors have made one of the greatest contributions to science and to culture ever made by a ruling class. To these by birth and by instinct Trevelyan belonged.[12]
During World War I, Trevelyan commanded aBritish Red Cross ambulance unit on the Italian front;[13] his defective eyesight meant he was unfit for military service. On 24 December 1915, he was personally decorated by kingVictor Emmanuel III of Italy with theSilver Medal of Military Valor for having bravely cleared out a military hospital made the target of Austro-Hungarian fire.[14]
In 1919, he delivered the British Academy's Italian Lecture.[15][16]
Trevelyan was the first president of theYouth Hostels Association and the YHA headquarters are called Trevelyan House in his honour. He worked throughout his career on behalf of theNational Trust, in preserving not merely historic houses, but historic landscapes. He was an International Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences (1931)[17] and an International Member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.[18] Trevelyan was also a member of theCambridge Apostles.[19]
Trevelyan was a prolific author:
The third son, George Macaulay Trevelyan (b. 1876), became well known as a brilliant historical writer, notably with two books on Garibaldi (1907 and 1909)
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| Preceded by | Master of Trinity College, Cambridge 1940–1951 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chancellor of the University of Durham 1950–1957 | Succeeded by |
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